Chapter 14: Preventing the Bad and Promoting the Good

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Which term refers to actions intended to stop physical or psychological problems before they appear?

A. primary preventions

B. secondary preventions

C. primary enhancements

D. secondary enhancements

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: In the Words of a Psychotherapy Client . . .
Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Which term refers to actions that lessen or eliminate problems after they have appeared?

A. primary preventions

B. secondary enhancements

C. secondary preventions

D. primary enhancements

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: In the Words of a Psychotherapy Client . . .
Difficulty Level: Easy

3. What is the purpose of primary enhancements?

A. to stop problems before they appear

B. to establish optimal functioning and satisfaction

C. to eliminate problems after they appear

D. to build on already optimal functioning to achieve peak experiences

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: In the Words of a Psychotherapy Client . . .
Difficulty Level: Easy

4. What is the purpose of secondary enhancements?

A. to eliminate problems after they appear

B. to prevent problems from happening in the first place

C. to make things good

D. to make things the very best they can be

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: In the Words of a Psychotherapy Client . . .
Difficulty Level: Medium

5. When prevention is aimed at an entire community, what is it called?

A. universal prevention

B. community prevention

C. selective prevention

D. secondary prevention

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: In the Words of a Psychotherapy Client . . .
Difficulty Level: Easy

6. What is selective prevention?

A. when prevention is focused on stopping problems before they appear

B. when prevention is aimed at an entire community

C. when prevention is focused on an at-risk population

D. when prevention is focused on eliminating problems after they occur

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: In the Words of a Psychotherapy Client . . .
Difficulty Level: Easy

7. What is an example of the government passing laws for primary prevention?

A. raising taxes to fund a current construction project

B. passing the Affordable Care Act

C. enacting a curfew in response to delinquent acts

D. increasing funds for education

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: In the Words of a Psychotherapy Client . . .
Difficulty Level: Medium

8. What was the result of a cost–benefit analysis done for primary prevention programs that focused on child abuse and neglect?

A. The analysis demonstrated a need for decreased funding due to high volunteerism rates.

B. The analysis confirmed that there are negligible costs for these programs.

C. The analysis verified that the cost of the programs is highly variable.

D. The analysis showed that the benefits outweighed the costs at a societal level.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Is Primary Prevention Effective?
Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Which of the following did Collins and Dozois cite as a key component in the change process?

A. inclusion of parents in treatment

B. medication management

C. financial stability

D. intellectual capacity to understand change

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Components of Effective Primary Preventions
Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Head Start is a government-sponsored program that provides poor children with a level of preparation that is equivalent to their economically more advantaged counterparts. What types of prevention is Head Start an example of?

A. secondary prevention

B. universal prevention

C. primary prevention

D. principal prevention

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Head Start: An Example of Primary Prevention

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Which part of the Head Start program proved to be especially effective?

A. high-quality meals

B. parental involvement

C. academic enrichment

D. medical screenings

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Head Start: An Example of Primary Prevention

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. In discussing the advantages and disadvantages of the Head Start program, which of the following is true?

A. Latin Americans received the greatest level of intervention.

B. Children from single-parent households did not see any change in achievement.

C. Rural children received the lowest quality of care, but still saw improvements in academic settings.

D. African Americans received the lowest quality of care.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Head Start: An Example of Primary Prevention

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. What component is emphasized in successful prevention programs for ethnic minorities?

A. the support of the community

B. the strengths of the individual

C. group differences

D. the role of their peers

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Head Start: An Example of Primary Prevention

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Which of the following is a characteristic of the Chicago Urban Resiliency Building Program?

A. It is an intervention for preschool children.

B. It attempts to reduce substance use disorders.

C. It is Internet-based.

D. It is implemented in schools.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Head Start: An Example of Primary Prevention

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Who would benefit from primary prevention programs that focused on finding constructive ways to handle inappropriate, impulsive responses toward interpersonal problems?

A. adults who are not careful about their words or actions

B. children at-risk for resorting to crimes and using aggressive behaviors

C. teenagers who have been in detention or suspended multiple times

D. young adults who have been jailed for assault or battery

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Primary Preventions for Children

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. The program created by Reivich, Jaycox, and Seligman has been lauded for its positive outcomes for children who would have otherwise been at risk for ______.

A. schizophrenia

B. delinquency

C. dropping out of school

D. serious depression

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Primary Preventions for Children

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. What is the name of the program that is based on the premise that keeping the elderly involved and actively participating in their families prevents them from experiencing isolation and depression?

A. Grandma Please

B. the Penn Resiliency Program

C. Project Active Elderly

D. the Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC)

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Primary Preventions for the Elderly
Difficulty Level: Easy

18. In recent years, primary prevention programs for the elderly have seen a greater focus on recognizing and treating ______.

A. dementia

B. anxiety

C. depression

D. phobias

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Primary Preventions for the Elderly
Difficulty Level: Medium

19. What is a factor that makes it difficult to implement primary prevention programs?

A. normalizing

B. illusion of uniqueness

C. government funding

D. participation

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Caveats About Primary Preventions
Difficulty Level: Easy

20. What approach has been suggested to counter the illusion of uniqueness?

A. giving participants an opportunity to interact with others similar to them

B. giving participants stories about negative things that have happened to other people

C. giving participants hope that they will get past their problem

D. giving participants actuarial information about how typical the problem is

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Caveats About Primary Preventions
Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Which of the following has been identified as a force that undermines prevention activities?

A. people’s passivity

B. lack of long-term benefits

C. lack of trust

D. difficulty accessing services

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Caveats About Primary Preventions
Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Psychotherapy is an example of what type of prevention?

A. primary prevention

B. secondary prevention

C. selective prevention

D. universal prevention

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Secondary Prevention (Psychotherapy): “Fix the Problem”
Difficulty Level: Medium

23. What distinguishes secondary prevention from primary prevention?

A. Primary prevention focuses on problems that are most serious.

B. Secondary prevention takes place after the problem has developed.

C. Primary prevention involves parents, referred to as primary caregivers.

D. Secondary prevention emphasizes underlying medical issues.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Secondary Prevention (Psychotherapy): “Fix the Problem”
Difficulty Level: Medium

24. On average, how much better off on a variety of outcomes are clients who undergo psychotherapy as opposed to those who have not received treatment?

A. 75%

B. 98%

C. 10%

D. 34%

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Is Secondary Prevention Effective?
Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Which of the following is of greatest importance in determining whether therapy is effective?

A. the level of effectiveness of the therapist

B. the resources available to the client to facilitate change

C. matching the therapeutic technique to the problem in question

D. the affordability of the program

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Is Secondary Prevention Effective?
Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Identify which of the following presents the greatest difficulty in defining good therapeutic outcomes.

A. greater emphasis on symptomology than on growth

B. Not enough is known about the biological underpinnings of disorders.

C. The definition of a good outcome is culturally biased.

D. the lack of research done for determining therapeutic outcomes

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Is Secondary Prevention Effective?
Difficulty Level: Hard

27. According to Jerome Frank, what is the underlying process common to all successful psychotherapy approaches?

A. empathy

B. hope

C. determination

D. efficacy

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Common Components of Secondary Preventions

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. Which of the following outcomes would be expected for someone who has successfully been treated with goal-focused positive psychotherapy?

A. The person can interact with others effectively.

B. The person is more productive at work.

C. The person can teach others about this type of therapy.

D. The person is more hopeful.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Common Components of Secondary Preventions

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. Many psychotherapy programs have been identified as using what is called ______.

A. “problem talk”

B. “self-valuation”

C. “mood enhancement”

D. “narrative reconstruction”

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Secondary Prevention Programs for Adults
Difficulty Level: Easy

30. The belief that clients can learn efficacy beliefs through modeling and actual performance accomplishments is congruent with which model?

A. Seligman’s resiliency model

B. Meichenbaum’s self-instructional model

C. Bandura’s self-efficacy model

D. Kanfer’s self-control model

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Secondary Prevention Programs for Adults

Difficulty Level: Hard

31. What problem is Meichenbaum’s self-instructional training aimed at?

A. self-efficacy

B. anxiety

C. self-control

D. depression

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Secondary Prevention Programs for Adults

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. Which of the following is a stage of Kanfer’s self-control model?

A. the client gathers information about the problem, including maladaptive cognitions

B. verbal persuasion by the helper

C. teaching the client more adaptive internal dialogues

D. the client learns how to reinforce herself for controlling the desired behavior

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Secondary Prevention Programs for Adults

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Your authors suggest Seligman’s book on learned optimism as a guide for ______.

A. secondary prevention

B. primary prevention

C. primary enhancement

D. secondary enhancement

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Secondary Prevention Programs for Adults

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. In Seligman’s attributional retraining model what do the ABCDs stand for?

A. adversity, behavior, consequence, dissonance

B. attitude, beliefs, concern, disagreement

C. adversity, beliefs, consequence, disputation

D. actualization, behavior, concern, disruptiveness

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Secondary Prevention Programs for Adults

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. In Seligman’s attributional retraining model, which stage is associated with replacing depression-producing beliefs with compelling, accurate evidence?

A. adversity

B. disputation

C. belief

D. consequence

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Secondary Prevention Programs for Adults

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. How does hope therapy work?

A. by pointing out blockages to people’s goals

B. by looking for exceptions to the client’s problems

C. by pointing out the client’s irrational beliefs

D. by probing clients for their goals in different areas of their lives

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Secondary Prevention Programs for Adults

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. What is the overall goal of hope therapy?

A. to teach clients how to attain ongoing life goals, especially when encountering blockages

B. to treat depression in at-risk children and adolescents

C. to treat depression by having clients exercise and get more light exposure

D. to increase self-awareness, self-control, and self-efficacy

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Secondary Prevention Programs for Adults

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. What is the biggest problem in attempting to draw conclusions about the best approaches to therapy with minority populations?

A. There is a lack of interest.

B. The research is lacking in quality.

C. There is too little research.

D. There are not enough minorities to study.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Secondary Preventions for Racial and Ethnic Minorities

Difficulty Level: Hard

39. What might affect the number of therapy sessions attended by a Mexican American client?

A. a disagreement of what the modality of therapy should be

B. the lack of racial match between the client and the therapist

C. the difference in religious background

D. a difference in orientation to time

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Secondary Preventions for Racial and Ethnic Minorities

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. In the book The Optimistic Child, Martin Seligman shows teachers and parents how to teach children the necessary skills to diminish depression and enhance self-esteem. What have these strategies been found to improve?

A. children’s school performance, self-efficacy, and psychological health

B. children’s social relationships, self-reliance, and happiness

C. children’s social relationships, self-efficacy, and acting out behaviors

D. children’s school performance, self-reliance, and physical health

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Secondary Preventions for Children

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. In his book The Optimistic Child, what does Seligman propose teaching children to help diminish depression?

A. how to attain necessary life skills

B. how to decrease negative thoughts and increase positive thoughts

C. how to master one specific area of interest

D. how to get better grades in school

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Secondary Preventions for Children

Difficulty Level: Medium

42. Which of the following statements is true about the nature of how the elderly experience depression?

A. Depression is a normal part of the aging process.

B. Older people are as likely to get depression but are better at overcoming it.

C. Depression is the most frequent problem among older people who go for psychotherapy.

D. Older people experience lower levels of depression than younger people.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Secondary Preventions for the Elderly

Difficulty Level: Hard

43. Secondary preventions for the elderly should include which of the following?

A. having sessions move quickly so as not to lose the attention of the clients

B. making sure the elderly can see and hear clearly in sessions

C. decreasing reliance on psychoeducational approaches

D. having extremely high expectancies so the clients have something to aim for

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Secondary Preventions for the Elderly

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. What is a caveat of secondary preventions?

A. Not enough of the programs have not been found to be effective, leading to loss of funding.

B. The programs are based on unsound or speculative psychological theories.

C. The programs are typically only available for the wealthy or for people from mainstream cultures.

D. There is a stigma related to mental health treatment that may impede people from seeking treatment.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: A Caveat About Secondary Preventions

Difficulty Level: Hard

45. Which term is defined as the indulgence of pleasure and the satisfaction of appetites and needs?

A. hedonic primary enhancement

B. selective enhancement

C. eudemonic primary enhancement

D. universal enhancement

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Primary Enhancement: “Make Life Good”

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. Which of the following your authors suggest is the MOST crucial for life satisfaction?

A. religion and spirituality

B. a good standard of living

C. relationships

D. leisure activities

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Primary Enhancement: “Make Life Good”

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. From an evolutionary perspective, where do researchers believe happiness stems from?

A. remaining sedentary and relaxed

B. an environment that is fertile and productive of food

C. a disorganized and insecure environment

D. the pursuit of material goals

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Primary Enhancement: Psychological Health

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. “Emphasizing effective functioning and happiness as a desirable result of the goal pursuit process” is the definition of which term?

A. universal enhancement

B. selective enhancement

C. eudemonic enhancement

D. hedonic primary enhancement

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Primary Enhancement: “Make Life Good”

Difficulty Level: Easy

49. Which of the following statements about religiosity and spirituality is true?

A. Satisfaction for religion probably stems from the social contacts it provides.

B. Prayer is related to a more meaningful life.

C. Religion produces positive benefits by removing the burden of decision-making.

D. Religiosity must be included in a primary prevention program to be effective for well-being.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Primary Enhancement: Psychological Health

Difficulty Level: Medium

50. The degree to which people are satisfied with their work is related to happiness. What is one possible reason for this finding?

A. Work has been found to be necessary to balance family.

B. Work provides a sense of purpose.

C. Work allows for the testing of talents and skills.

D. Work provides people with an internal motivation.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Primary Enhancement: Psychological Health

Difficulty Level: Medium

51. How do researchers believe leisure activities bring people pleasure?

A. They allow us time to reflect on the goals we have achieved.

B. They act as a recharging process.

C. They are equivalent to being in a meditative state.

D. They provide a social network and allow for the testing of talents and skills.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Primary Enhancement: Psychological Health

Difficulty Level: Medium

52. What is a characteristic of a flow experience?

A. People stay within their comfort zones and their talents are not challenged.

B. People focus their attention on a single thought or object.

C. People can only experience flow on time in their lives.

D. People lose track of themselves and the passage of time.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Primary Enhancement: Psychological Health

Difficulty Level: Medium

53. Having thoughts or actions that are aimed at appreciating and amplifying on a positive experience is referred to as ______.

A. savoring

B. meditation

C. flow

D. mindfulness

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Primary Enhancement: Psychological Health

Difficulty Level: Easy

54. Although short-term exercise can help raise positive moods, long-term exercise habits have been shown to produce ______.

A. lower neuroticism

B. higher narcissism

C. greater happiness

D. improved goal-setting

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Primary Enhancement: Physical Health

Difficulty Level: Medium

55. How does secondary enhancement enable people to maximize their pleasures?

A. by pointing out their strengths and limitations

B. by building on their preexisting positive mental health

C. by building on their social support systems

D. by building on their previous physical health

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Secondary Enhancement: Psychological Health

Difficulty Level: Easy

56. The high level of pleasure that winners experience is an example of ______.

A. mindfulness

B. primary psychological enhancements

C. flow experiences

D. secondary psychological enhancements

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Secondary Enhancement: Psychological Health

Difficulty Level: Medium

57. Viktor Frankl claimed that when people are suffering, the ultimate life satisfaction comes from ______.

A. contemplating our purpose

B. getting help from others

C. talking to a loved one

D. remaining patient

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Secondary Enhancement: Psychological Health

Difficulty Level: Medium

58. Which of the following would be an example of secondary enhancement through witnessing another person do something awe-inspiring or elevating?

A. seeing a friend exercising

B. viewing a gaming channel on YouTube

C. watching someone perform CPR

D. observing a dog swimming

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Secondary Enhancement: Psychological Health

Difficulty Level: Medium

59. What is a potential caveat about secondary enhancement?

A. When seduced by the pleasures derived from building strengths, a person may lose a sense of balance in his or her life.

B. People can become almost addicted to peak experiences.

C. It has not been proven to be helpful, so people are unwilling to fund secondary enhancement programs.

D. It is difficult to convince people that secondary enhancements are beneficial.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Secondary Enhancement: Psychological Health

Difficulty Level: Hard

60. What two processes are at work in prevention and enhancement?

A. dynamic and stable processes

B. internal and external processes

C. subjective and objective processes

D. avoidant and approach processes

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Balance of Prevention and Enhancement Systems

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Prevention aimed at an entire population is called universal prevention.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Primary Prevention: “Stop the Bad Before It Happens”

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Research shows that costs outweigh benefits of using primary prevention programs.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Is Primary Prevention Effective?

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. The Head Start program was created during Lyndon Johnson’s War on Poverty.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Head Start: An Example of Primary Prevention

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Several primary prevention programs target children who are doing well in hopes of building upon success.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Primary Preventions for Children

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Primary prevention programs for the elderly have yet to show uniformity in beneficial results.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Primary Preventions for the Elderly

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Primary prevention programs have traditionally been viewed as effective by participants and sponsors.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Caveats About Primary Preventions

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The term secondary prevention is synonymous with psychotherapy interventions.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Secondary Prevention (Psychotherapy): “Fix the Problem”

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. The effectiveness of therapy has been shown to be the responsibility of the client.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Is Secondary Prevention Effective?

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Hope is the factor that underlies the process of successful psychotherapy.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Common Components of Secondary Preventions

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Self-management approaches to psychological treatment have been unsuccessful.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Secondary Prevention Programs for Adults

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. The lack of research on psychotherapy for research and ethnic minorities makes it difficult to make conclusions about the usefulness of secondary prevention for these groups.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Secondary Preventions for Racial and Ethnic Minorities

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Shared activities are helpful in enhancing psychological well-being.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Primary Enhancement: Psychological Health

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Short-term exercise is responsible for producing greater happiness and long-term exercise raises positive moods.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Primary Enhancement: Physical Health

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. People can get high levels of pleasure by being involved in causes that require involve multiple people to be successful.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Secondary Enhancement: Psychological Health

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Enhancement is aimed at avoiding harmful outcomes, and prevention is aimed at attaining positive outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Balance of Prevention and Enhancement Systems

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Identify the five components of effective primary preventions.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Components of Effective Primary Preventions

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Discuss the factors that undermine both the implementation and the effectiveness of prevention activities.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Caveats About Primary Preventions

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Describe which of the three self-management models you would use with a client and explain your reasoning.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Secondary Prevention Programs for Adults

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Discuss the benefits of using relationships for primary enhancement of psychological health.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Primary Enhancement: Psychological Health

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Describe the benefits of existentialism as they relate to secondary enhancement of psychological health.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Secondary Enhancement: Psychological Health

Difficulty Level: Hard