Chapter 12: Attachment, Love, Flourishing Relationships, and Forgiveness

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. How does Maslow describe how people feel when their basic needs for love, affection, and belongingness are not met?

A. lonely and worthless

B. hurt and afraid

C. tired and frustrated

D. angry and desperate

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Attachment, Love, Flourishing Relationships, and Forgiveness
Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Which of the following are two of the necessary components of flourishing relationships?

A. honesty and intimacy

B. intimacy and caring

C. attachment and love

D. commitment and understanding

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Attachment, Love, Flourishing Relationships, and Forgiveness
Difficulty Level: Easy

3. When does the attachment process begin?

A. after the child’s first birthday

B. during the first moment of an infant’s life

C. when the mother returns to work

D. immediately following conception

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Infant Attachment
Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Which of the following would John Bowlby consider to be an adaptive parental behavior?

A. reading to a child every night before bed

B. giving a child a chance to choose between two options

C. feeding a child healthy food

D. responding to a child’s behavior cues with a smile

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Infant Attachment
Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Bowlby saw that insecure attachment is a precursor to ______.

A. developmental struggles

B. eating disorders

C. mental instability

D. splitting

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Infant Attachment

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. What is linked to consistency in caregivers’ responses to children’s behavioral cues?

A. development of high self-esteem

B. the ability to make friends

C. development of trust

D. academic achievement

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Infant Attachment
Difficulty Level: Medium

7. A child is having difficulty cooperating with others and regulating moods. What pattern of attachment might this child be demonstrating?

A. fearful

B. insecure

C. secure

D. dismissive

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Infant Attachment
Difficulty Level: Medium

8. What pattern of attachment is characterized by a balance between exploration of the environment and contact with the caregiver?

A. insecure

B. confident

C. avoidant

D. secure

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Infant Attachment
Difficulty Level: Easy

9. What is the name of the classic behavioral assessment strategy designed by Mary Ainsworth?

A. the “strange situation”

B. the “positive behavior support and functional assessment”

C. the “functional behavioral assessment”

D. the “experience sampling method”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Infant Attachment
Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Which of the following is one of the four patterns of attachment identified by Ainsworth?

A. secure-confident

B. loving-understanding

C. insecure-avoidant

D. anxious-fearful

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Infant Attachment
Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Children who passively or actively demonstrate hostility toward the caregiver while simultaneously wanting to be held and comforted are demonstrating what pattern of attachment?

A. insecure-avoidant

B. insecure-resistant/ambivalent

C. anxious-fearful/frustrated

D. anxious-impatient

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Infant Attachment
Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Relationship problems, emotional disorders, and conduct problems have all been identified as some of the long-term consequences of what type of attachment?

A. secure attachment

B. dismissive attachment

C. fearful attachment

D. insecure attachment

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Infant Attachment
Difficulty Level: Easy

13. What is a possible reason why Western concepts of attachment may not apply in collectivist cultures?

A. Parental absence and other factors may have different meanings for children from collectivist cultures.

B. In collectivist cultures, children have more chances to be separated from their mothers.

C. The behavior of parents in collectivist cultures toward their children is incompatible with ideas of attachment.

D. There is more meaning in attachment outside of the family than family members.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Infant Attachment
Difficulty Level: Hard

14. What differentiates insecure-avoidant attachment from insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment?

A. Children who exhibit the insecure-avoidant style avoid nonfamily members.

B. Children who display behaviors related to the insecure-avoidant style desire comfort from peers.

C. Children demonstrating the insecure-resistant/ambivalent style are simultaneously hostile and desire comfort from the caretaker.

D. Children expressing the insecure-resistant/ambivalent style are hostile unless presented with a reinforcer.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Infant Attachment
Difficulty Level: Hard

15. According to data from the Cross-National Adolescent Project, what do adolescents as a group regard as a sign that their parents love them?

A. trust

B. encouragement

C. money

D. guidance

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Infant Attachment
Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Which group of adolescents most often cited trust, respect, and guidance as actions that made it clear to them that they were loved by their parents?

A. male adolescents

B. adolescents from Western cultures

C. female adolescents

D. adolescents from Eastern cultures

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Infant Attachment
Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Which of the following are included in Mary Main and colleagues’ four-category system of adult attachment?

A. preoccupied and disorganized

B. secure and dependent

C. dismissing and self-sufficient

D. preoccupied and independent

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Adult Attachment Security

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. How did Bartholomew and Horowitz expand Hazan and Shaver’s three categories of adult attachment?

A. by including a novel category of adult attachment (insecure)

B. by expanding secure attachment to include realistic and unrealistic types

C. by differentiating between two types of avoidant attachment

D. by making a distinction between anxious and apprehensive attachments

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Adult Attachment Security

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. What is significant about adults having a secure attachment style?

A. It can help adults find ways to self-soothe.

B. It can help both adults and children become more adept at coping with threats.

C. It can help regulate other adults who have an insecure style of attachment.

D. It can help adults avoid modeling problem behaviors.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Adult Attachment Security

Difficulty Level: Hard

20. The concept of compassionate love is most related to ______.

A. religious love

B. the parent–child bond

C. mature love

D. romantic relationships

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Adult Attachment Security

Difficulty Level: Hard

21. How can compassionate love be useful in improving race relations?

A. It helps provide compassion and understanding toward those who have faced prejudice or discrimination.

B. It can bring together people from different races who then have the chance to develop a romantic relationship.

C. It shows that at least some people from the majority culture are caring.

D. It may allow for the display of less vulnerability and bolster the positive emotions of minorities.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Adult Attachment Security

Difficulty Level: Hard

22. What are the four historical traditions that define the experience of love?

A. romantic, passionate, intimate, and agape

B. thanatos, pathos, eros, and libidos

C. eros, philia, nomos, and agape

D. passionate, complementary, intimate, and companionate

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Love

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. What is the type of love called agape?

A. the search for the beautiful

B. it is bestowed by the divine

C. submission and obedience to the divine

D. the affection in friendship

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Love

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. What do Susan and Clyde Hendrick believe is central to a life well-lived?

A. altruistic love

B. self-love

C. agape love

D. romantic love

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Love

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Which form of romantic love is the strongest predictor of marital satisfaction?

A. the passionate form

B. the companionate form

C. the intimate form

D. the romantic form

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Passionate and Companionate Aspects of Romantic Love

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Which type of love is best described as warm and steady?

A. compassionate love

B. platonic love

C. companionate love

D. societal love

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Passionate and Companionate Aspects of Romantic Love

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Romantic love is a complex emotion that is the result of which two components?

A. intimate and platonic

B. passionate and companionate

C. compassionate and platonic

D. passionate and intimate

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Passionate and Companionate Aspects of Romantic Love

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. Who developed the triangular theory of love?

A. Mary Main

B. Daniel Goleman

C. Martin Seligman

D. Robert Sternberg

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Triangular Theory of Love

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. How do passionate and companionate love differ from consummate love?

A. Passionate and companionate love are types of romantic love.

B. Passionate and companionate love each contains intimacy.

C. Passionate and companionate love are grounded in strong scientific theory.

D. Passionate and companionate love both contain passion.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Triangular Theory of Love

Difficulty Level: Hard

30. What does someone who feels passion and intimacy need in addition to these to reach consummate love?

A. to propose to the person that they are in a relationship with

B. to spend more time with the person and move past the “honeymoon phase”

C. to initiate and sustain their relationship

D. to have had a strong foundation of friendship prior to feeling passion and intimacy

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Triangular Theory of Love

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. Which personality factor was found to be associated with all three components of Sternberg’s model of love?

A. openness

B. agreeableness

C. extraversion

D. conscientiousness

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Triangular Theory of Love

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. Which of the following is true about the application of Sternberg’s triangular theory of love from a multicultural perspective?

A. It applies across most ethnic groups.

B. It is seen in Western cultures but not in Eastern cultures.

C. It operates within most cultures depending on the component used.

D. It has been found in young adult, male, same-sex couples.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Triangular Theory of Love

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. According to Arthur and Elaine Aron, the natural byproduct of expansive love is _____.

A. relationship satisfaction

B. compassionate love

C. romantic affection

D. consummate love

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Self-Expansion Theory of Romantic Love

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. What is at the core of the self-expansion theory of romantic love?

A. overcoming one’s own perceived weaknesses as guided by a partner

B. acting in ways that will garner more attention and love from a partner

C. the reinforcement of positive feelings of love that lead to increased commitment

D. learning to handle the negative traits that a partner has and display more romantic behaviors

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Self-Expansion Theory of Romantic Love

Difficulty Level: Hard

35. Largely unconscious views of romance and relationships that guide our interpersonal choices is the definition of ______.

A. emotional intelligence

B. love stories

C. love language

D. agape love

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Self-Expansion Theory of Romantic Love

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Which of the following is an example of someone engaging in minding in a relationship?

A. ignoring the problem behaviors of their partner while being more attentive to the positive actions

B. being aware of their own biases and expressing this to their partner

C. fully expressing their own thoughts to avoid a lack of clarity in the relationship

D. someone attempting to learn more about their partner while not focusing on detailing their own personal information

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Building a Mindful Relationship Connection

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Which component of the minding model requires an empathic connection?

A. accepting and respecting

B. knowing and being known

C. maintaining reciprocity

D. continuity in minding

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Building a Mindful Relationship Connection

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Which component of the minding model requires planning and strategizing to become closer as the relationship matures?

A. accepting and respecting

B. knowing and being known

C. maintaining reciprocity

D. continuity in minding

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Building a Mindful Relationship Connection

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. What is the “magic ratio” of positive:negative events for successful marriages according to John Gottman?

A. 3:3

B. 5:1

C. 2:4

D. 10:1

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Creating a Culture of Appreciation

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. What should someone expect when creating a culture of appreciation in their relationship?

A. the need to continue to show appreciation or risk termination of the relationship

B. having an implicit understanding of being thankful for being in a relationship

C. a careful examination of each other’s traits to determine the underlying reasons for being appreciative

D. an environment where positive interactions and a sense of security are the norms

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Creating a Culture of Appreciation

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. In their study, what question did Gable, Reis, Impett, and Asher ask to address the appetitive relationship process?

A. What do you do when things go right?

B. What do you do when things go wrong?

C. What do you do when you and your partner have an argument?

D. What do you do when you can’t agree?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Capitalizing on Positive Events

Difficulty Level: Medium

42. Which of these statements best describes aversive and appetitive processes?

A. An aversive process involves avoiding stressors in the relationship; an appetitive process involves taking on stressors despite consequences.

B. An aversive process consists of unexplained emotional distance; an appetitive process consists of overexplaining emotions.

C. An aversive process involves eliminating negative relationship behaviors; an appetitive process involves promoting positive relationship behaviors.

D. An aversive process consists of shunning those outside of the relationship; an appetitive process consists of allowing too much feedback from those outside of the relationship.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Capitalizing on Positive Events

Difficulty Level: Medium

43. What region of the right cortex is influenced by interactions between the child and the caregiver?

A. the medial prefrontal cortex

B. the orbitofrontal cortex

C. the lateral cortex

D. the auditory cortex

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Neurobiology of Interpersonal Connection

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. According to your authors, sound relationships are built on a foundation of secure attachments and are maintained with ______.

A. love and autonomy

B. discipline and reinforcement

C. praise and support

D. love and purposeful behaviors

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: More on Flourishing Relationships

Difficulty Level: Easy

45. Lewandowski and Bizzoco found that for people who recently ended a relationship, the dissolution of the relationship was related to ______.

A. positive growth

B. promiscuity

C. rumination

D. selflessness

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: When Love Ends

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. On which of the following statements about the nature of forgiveness do researchers most agree?

A. Forgiveness cannot occur without first feeling anger.

B. Transgressors get more value from forgiveness than do victims.

C. Forgiveness is beneficial to people.

D. Forgiveness is more common in collectivist cultures than in individualistic cultures.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Defining Forgiveness

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. A man is angry and resentful toward a snowstorm that caused his wife to get into a terrible car accident, and she becomes paralyzed from the waist down. Which of the following forgiveness theorists would accept forgiveness of a nonhuman?

A. Tangney and colleagues

B. Thompson and colleagues

C. McCullough and colleagues

D. Enright and colleagues

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Defining Forgiveness

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. What is one of the core concepts of the theory of forgiveness posited by Tangney and colleagues?

A. forgive everyone

B. forgive only humans

C. increase one’s own empathy

D. give up negative emotions

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Defining Forgiveness

Difficulty Level: Hard

49. Which of the following statements about forgiveness and culture is true?

A. Forgiveness may be an interpersonal process or an intrapersonal process, depending on the culture.

B. Forgiveness is likely to be more common in Western cultures than Eastern cultures.

C. White Americans were more likely to practice forgiveness than African Americans.

D. Social harmony predicts forgiveness in Western cultures.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Individual and Cultural Variations in Forgiveness

Difficulty Level: Hard

50. What perspective on forgiveness in religion differs from the psychological perspective?

A. Encouraging reconciliation as part of the forgiveness process is more likely to be promoted in psychology.

B. Psychology is more likely to promote the idea that forgiveness can occur with or without an apology from the transgressor.

C. Encouraging reconciliation as part of the forgiveness process is more likely to be promoted in religion.

D. Religion is more likely to promote the idea that forgiveness will lead to personal growth.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Individual and Cultural Variations in Forgiveness

Difficulty Level: Hard

51. What health benefit can be experienced by men who are high in trait forgiveness?

A. decreased cancer risk

B. increased cardiovascular health

C. increased cognitive activity

D. lower risk of migraines

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Individual and Cultural Variations in Forgiveness

Difficulty Level: Hard

52. What has been shown to be useful in forgiving a partner for infidelity?

A. intentional forgetting

B. in-home counseling

C. the empty chair technique

D. mindfulness

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Forgiving Another Person

Difficulty Level: Hard

53. According to the forgiveness model of Gordon and colleagues, when someone is in the stage of feeling negative emotions involving hurt, fear, and anger, which stage of forgiveness are they in?

A. the impact stage

B. the recovery stage

C. the meaning stage

D. the transition stage

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Forgiving Another Person

Difficulty Level: Easy

54. What feelings is someone likely to have before employing self-forgiveness?

A. love and acceptance

B. hostility and anger

C. shame and guilt

D. no remorse or regrets

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Forgiving Oneself

Difficulty Level: Easy

55. Which of the following is true about the consequences of not forgiving another versus not forgiving oneself?

A. In Eastern cultures, there are greater consequences for not forgiving oneself.

B. The consequences for not forgiving oneself tend to be more severe.

C. Individual personality differences determine the severity of not forgiving another or oneself.

D. In Western cultures, there are greater consequences for not forgiving another person.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Forgiving Oneself

Difficulty Level: Hard

56. What is the correct order of Jacinto and Edwards’ therapeutic stages on the road to self-forgiveness?

A. expression, recreating, recognition, and appreciation

B. expression, recognition, recreating, and restoration

C. regulation, expression, recreating, and responsibility

D. recognition, responsibility, expression, and recreating

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Forgiving Oneself

Difficulty Level: Easy

57. In which of the following situations is forgiveness most likely to have negative consequences?

A. someone who has forgiven their spouse for abusive behaviors

B. someone who has forgiven the person who stole their purse

C. someone who has forgiven the tornado that flattened their home

D. someone who has forgiven their father for remarrying

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Forgiveness of a Situation

Difficulty Level: Medium

58. Which of the following is a measure for forgiveness?

A. the self-forgiveness multidimensional assessment

B. the Mercy Scale

C. the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory

D. the multicultural forgiveness battery

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Measuring Forgiveness

Difficulty Level: Easy

59. What is the evolutionary advantage of forgiveness?

A. It allows more people to join a group and strengthen it.

B. It lowers the overall level of hostility and enhances the chance of survival.

C. It can be reciprocated at another time if one group is indebted to another.

D. It is useful for forcing others to lower their guard and increase their vulnerability.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Evolutionary and Neurobiological Bases of Forgiveness

Difficulty Level: Medium

60. What physical health benefit is associated with those who practice forgiveness?

A. virility

B. lower risk of obesity

C. increase in stamina

D. longevity

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Forgiveness of a Situation

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Adaptive parental behaviors include responding to a child’s behavioral cues.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Infant Attachment
Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Studies of insecurely attached children showed that they could interact readily with strangers.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Infant Attachment
Difficulty Level: Medium

3. One of Mary Main’s four categories of adult attachment is preoccupied.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Adult Attachment Security
Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Philia and nomos are related to relationship satisfaction across the life span.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Love
Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Passionate love refers to an intense arousal that fuels romance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Passionate and Companionate Aspects of Romantic Love
Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Sternberg’s triangular theory of love is culminated by reaching companionate love.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Triangular Theory of Love
Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Women report falling in love more than men, due to gender differences in views on love.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Self-Expansion Theory of Romantic Love
Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Couples who feel high levels of love report less Facebook maintenance behaviors.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Building a Mindful Relationship Connection
Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Same-sex couples who face stigma about their relationship have framed it as a stimulus that strengthened their relationships.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Capitalizing on Positive Events
Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Enright claimed that forgiveness is restricted to being directed at people.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Defining Forgiveness
Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Restorative justice indicates that a victim is less likely to forgive their transgressor when the transgressor agrees that they were wrong.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Individual and Cultural Variations in Forgiveness
Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Men in relationships have been shown to view their opposite-sex partner as more forgiving.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Individual and Cultural Variations in Forgiveness
Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Jacinto and Edwards describe four stages of forgiveness, the first of which is recognition.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Forgiving Oneself
Difficulty Level: Easy

14. The Enright Forgiveness Inventory (EVI) describes 16 different scenarios that involve transgressions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Measuring Forgiveness
Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Neurobiology research has shown that forgiveness involves the sense of self because it is damaged when transgressed by another.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Evolutionary and Neurobiological Bases of Forgiveness
Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Identify and describe the three different styles of attachment that resulted from Mary Ainsworth’s study.

Insecure-avoidant is characterized by avoiding the caregiver when he or she is reintroduced into the situation. Insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment is characterized by passively or actively demonstrating hostility toward the caregiver while simultaneously wanting to be held and comforted.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Infant Attachment
Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Discuss how attachment is related to adults experiencing compassionate love.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Adult Attachment Security
Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Identify and briefly explain each component of the five-component model of minding relationships.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Building a Mindful Relationship Connection
Difficulty Level: Hard

4. How would you explain the difference in Eastern and Western conceptualizations of forgiveness to someone who is not well-versed in understanding cultural differences?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Individual and Cultural Variations in Forgiveness
Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Describe the potential negative consequences to forgiveness.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Forgiveness of a Situation
Difficulty Level: Hard