Chapter 14: Conclusions and Future Directions

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Be SMART is a campaign to prevent gun suicides by children under 17, as well as unintentional shootings of others by those under 17. The campaign educates parents about responsible gun storage, encourages them to model safe gun storage, and directs them to inquire about gun storage in the homes their children may visit. Be SMART is an example of ______ prevention.

A. tertiary

B. universal

C. primary

D. secondary

Learning Objective: 14-1: Describe strategies for preventing health problems.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Motivate Behavior Change

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. A clinic offers free HIV testing two evenings each week so that infection may be detected as early as possible. The clinic’s program is an example of ______ prevention.

A. secondary

B. primary

C. positive

D. tertiary

Learning Objective: 14-1: Describe strategies for preventing health problems.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Motivate Behavior Change

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. In general terms, states with restrictive gun legislation (e.g., background checks, gun locks, and restrictions on open carry) have suicide rates that are ______ lower than states without such legislation.

A. 0–10%

B. 10–30%

C. 30–60%

D. 40–70%

Learning Objective: 14-1: Describe strategies for preventing health problems.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Create Legislation

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. According to the textbook, laws require the immediate suspension of one’s driver’s license following a DUI arrest are responsible for saving ______ lives each year in the United States.

A. 400

B. 800

C. 1,000

D. 1,500

Learning Objective: 14-1: Describe strategies for preventing health problems.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Create Legislation

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Ariana has a GED; Marsha has a Ph.D. The chances are 1 in ______ that Ariana smokes cigarettes, and 1 in ______ that Marsha smokes cigarettes.

A. 3; 15

B. 3; 25

C. 5; 15

D. 5; 25

Learning Objective: 14-1: Describe strategies for preventing health problems.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Increase Education

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Nearly ______ of the GDP in the United States is spent on health care.

A. 7%

B. 13%

C. 18%

D. 24%

Learning Objective: 14-2: Explain methods of reducing health care costs.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reducing Health Care Costs

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Based on the textbook’s discussion, the MOST certain conclusion regarding the 2010 Affordable Health Care Act (“Obamacare”) is that it increased access to health care for ______.

A. all Americans

B. lower-income Americans

C. people of color

D. no one

Learning Objective: 14-2: Explain methods of reducing health care costs.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Reduce Administrative Costs

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. The textbook implies that the current reliance on state-of-the-art medical technology is LEAST beneficial for ______.

A. doctors

B. patients

C. technology providers

D. hospitals

Learning Objective: 14-2: Explain methods of reducing health care costs.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Decrease Reliance on Technology

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Donna’s physician recommends a pacemaker. Donna asks, “Why, exactly? My understanding is that ______ of those are actually unnecessary.”

A. 10%

B. 15%

C. 20%

D. 25%

Learning Objective: 14-2: Explain methods of reducing health care costs.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Decrease Reliance on Technology

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Which type of health-related program is probably LEAST viable from a health-promotion perspective?

A. screenings

B. health-care promotions

C. lifestyle interventions

D. wellness programs

Learning Objective: 14-2: Explain methods of reducing health care costs.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conduct Cost/Benefit Analyses

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. With respect to ethnicity, ______ Americans enjoy the longest life expectancies in the United States; ______ Americans, the second longest.

A. Asian; Latinx

B. Asian; European

C. European; Asian

D. European; Latinx

Learning Objective: 14-3: Summarize the impact of demographic factors on health and health outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Race/Ethnicity

Difficulty Level: Hard

12. Men in the top 1% socioeconomically live about ______ years longer than men in the bottom 1%.

A. 5

B. 7

C. 11

D. 15

Learning Objective: 14-3: Summarize the impact of demographic factors on health and health outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Socioeconomic

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. According to the textbook, the recent Medicaid expansion in many states was especially helpful for ______.

A. low-SES people below the poverty line

B. low-SES people just above the poverty line

C. middle-class people

D. upper-class people

Learning Objective: 14-3: Summarize the impact of demographic factors on health and health outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Socioeconomic

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Tori is among the youngest Millennials; she was born in 1995. She will become one of nearly ______ million people 65 or older in 2060.

A. 50

B. 65

C. 85

D. 100

Learning Objective: 14-3: Summarize the impact of demographic factors on health and health outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Age

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Marv was 45 on January 1, 2013. Actuarial tables published by the Social Security Administration indicate that his life expectancy at that point was just over 34 additional years. He can, however, expected fewer ______-adjusted life years, and even fewer ______-adjusted life years.

A. disability; satisfaction

B. quality; disability

C. disability; quality

D. satisfaction; quality

Learning Objective: 14-3: Summarize the impact of demographic factors on health and health outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Age

Difficulty Level: Hard

16. The life-expectancy gap between men and women is shrinking because ______ are ______ likely to participate in health-compromising behaviors.

A. men; decreasingly

B. men; increasingly

C. women; decreasingly

D. women; increasingly

Learning Objective: 14-3: Summarize the impact of demographic factors on health and health outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Judy is a Canadian woman whose death has been attributed to the effects of smoking. There is a 1 in ______ chance that Judy’s death reflects exposure to secondhand smoke.

A. 5

B. 7

C. 10

D. 12

Learning Objective: 14-4: Describe strategies for improving international health.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Reduce Rates of Smoking

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Worldwide, the number of people dying from AIDS each year is ______. The number of people who have the condition is ______.

A. decreasing; decreasing

B. decreasing; increasing

C. increasing; decreasing

D. increasing; increasing

Learning Objective: 14-4: Describe strategies for improving international health.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Decrease the Spread of HIV

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Increasing ______ is an example of ______ prevention in initiatives to decrease the spread of HIV.

A. access to antiretroviral therapy; tertiary

B. access to condoms; tertiary

C. increasing awareness about HIV; secondary

D. increasing HIV testing; primary

Learning Objective: 14-4: Describe strategies for improving international health.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Decrease the Spread of HIV

Difficulty Level: Hard

20. Biks and colleagues (2015) found that the single biggest predictor of infant survival in a rural part of Ethiopia is ______.

A. maternal weight

B. time since birth of most recent sibling

C. breastfeeding

D. maternal age

Learning Objective: 14-4: Describe strategies for improving international health.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Improve Maternal Health

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. According to the United Nations, the proportion of people worldwide who suffer from chronic malnourishment is ______.

A. about 5%

B. just over 10%

C. 15%

D. almost 20%

Learning Objective: 14-4: Describe strategies for improving international health.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Improve Maternal Health

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. Consider these two statements: (A) Doctors are less motivated to save patients who are potential organ donors and (B) donating an organ eliminates the option of having an open casket. Which of these statements is/are true?

A. Neither of these statements is true.

B. Only Statement A is true.

C. Only Statement B is true.

D. Both of these statement are true.

Learning Objective: 14-5: Explain current challenges in making ethical medical decisions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Organ Transplants

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. In India, it is legal to sell a kidney. Research indicates that MOST people in India who sell a kidney ______.

A. experience improved health

B. would recommend doing it

C. remain in poverty

D. experience a rift in their relationships with friends and family

Learning Objective: 14-5: Explain current challenges in making ethical medical decisions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Organ Transplants

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. DMV customers who interacted with clerks who had received training on organ and tissue donation were ______% more likely to register as organ donors.

A. 4–5%

B. 7–8%

C. 12–13%

D. 15–16%

Learning Objective: 14-5: Explain current challenges in making ethical medical decisions.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Organ Transplants

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Data presented in the textbook suggest that “sugary drink taxes” are largely ineffective.

Learning Objective: 14-1: Describe strategies for preventing health problems.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Create Legislation

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. The adoption of a single-payer system would do little to reduce the administrative costs of health care in the United States.

Learning Objective: 14-2: Explain methods of reducing health care costs.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Reduce Administrative Costs

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Mammograms are cost-ineffective for women in the 40s.

Learning Objective: 14-2: Explain methods of reducing health care costs.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conduct Cost/Benefit Analyses

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Estrogen replacement therapy is a low-risk way of countering the side effects of menstruation.

Learning Objective: 14-3: Summarize the impact of demographic factors on health and health outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. One-third of all women with incomes under $15,000 per year have never even heard of a mammogram.

Learning Objective: 14-3: Summarize the impact of demographic factors on health and health outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Socioeconomic

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The average life expectancy in Europe exceeds that in Africa by more than 15 years.

Learning Objective: 14-4: Describe strategies for improving international health.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Improving International Health

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The proportion of people living with HIV who use antiretroviral therapy has approximately doubled since the turn of the millennium.

Learning Objective: 14-4: Describe strategies for improving international health.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Decrease the Spread of HIV

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Most people in India who sold a kidney regretted it.

Learning Objective: 14-5: Explain current challenges in making ethical medical decisions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Organ Transplants

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Select two distinct health problems. For each problem, provide two examples of primary prevention strategies, each aimed at a different level (individual, group, organization, community, or institution).

Learning Objective: 14-1: Describe strategies for preventing health problems.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Motivate Behavior Change

Difficulty Level: Medium