Ch13 Exam Questions Civil Society And Development

Chapter 13

Civil Society and Development

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Civil society has NOT been traditionally conceived of as which of the following?
   1. A tool for political development
   2. A tool for structural change
   3. A form of popular resistance
   4. A form of international cooperation for development
   5. Civil society has been conceived of as all of the above.
2. Which of the following is NOT a dynamic factor of social change?
   1. Agency
   2. Structure
   3. Context
   4. Economics
   5. None of these is a dynamic factor.
3. Which of the following is NOT said to have shaped the emergence, growth, and strengthening of civil society in the 1980s?
   1. The spread of democracy
   2. Increased privatization
   3. Decentralization
   4. Economic liberalization
   5. A strengthening of trade regulations
4. What did the 1980s movement towards decentralization mean?
   1. Deconstructing power in society
   2. An approach to decision making which legally mandates inclusiveness
   3. A formulaic approach to power distribution
   4. A more participatory form of politics and development
   5. Strong regulatory framework for private sector activity
5. From a liberal perspective, civil society is based on what principles?
   1. Human rights
   2. Citizenship
   3. Democratic representation
   4. Rule of law
   5. All of the above
6. The new international division of labour is the result of _______________.
   1. the relocation of labour-intensive industrial production overseas
   2. the increase in service-oriented jobs in the developing world
   3. commodities being produced in the developing world and manufactured in developed countries
   4. uneven access to education
   5. uneven access to technology and information
7. Which of the following is a key tenant of the post-Washington Consensus?
   1. A recognition of the need for fundamental reform in the IFIs
   2. A consensus on the need to bring the state back into the development process
   3. A movement towards a sustainable model for inclusionary growth
   4. A clear repudiation of economic orthodoxy
   5. An emphasis on the principle of subsidiarity
8. How was development defined during the eighteenth-century Enlightenment?
   1. Social Darwinism
   2. Granting universal recognition of all people’s right to political participation
   3. The right to access political, social, economic, and human rights
   4. Freedom from tyranny, superstition, and poverty, and attaining some degree of social equality
   5. Identifying obstacles to good citizenship
9. Social movements in the Global South have NOT typically been led by which of the following groups?
   1. Indigenous communities
   2. Peasant farmers
   3. Rural landless workers
   4. Educated elites
   5. Social movements in the Global South have been led by all of the above.
10. Who has typically been involved in the anti-globalization movement in the North?
    1. Wealthy
    2. Middle class
    3. Poor
    4. Those involved in environmental issues
    5. Disadvantaged factory workers
11. The turn towards a new economic model prioritizing the free market in the 1980s catalyzed a development paradigm that did what?
    1. Emphasized aid not trade
    2. Emphasized trade not aid
    3. Was top-down to control for corruption
    4. Was community based, and localized
    5. Prioritized the benefits of liberalization
12. “Social capital” does NOT acknowledge the structured nature of ____________.
    1. the capitalist system
    2. poverty
    3. economic and political power
    4. the social world
    5. personal choice
13. Which of the following is true about the way the concept of “social capital” is used?
    1. It hinders the possibility of radical change.
    2. It promotes the possibility of social re-development.
    3. It promotes political mobilization.
    4. It removes the burden of personal responsibility in economic matters.
    5. It allows for a multi-faceted approach to development policy.
14. Major expressions of civil society in the 1980s did NOT come from which of the following?
    1. Voluntary private association
    2. Non-governmental organization
    3. Private-sector enterprises
    4. Expressions of civil society came from all of the above
    5. Expressions of civil society came from none of the above
15. How does the Brazilian MST movement seek to accomplish land reform?
    1. The use of “mother’s marches” against coercive state policy.
    2. The allying of movements in the Global North and South.
    3. The occupation of land and organizing for agricultural production.
    4. The use of paramilitary force to bring the state to the negotiating table.
    5. The use of non-violent resistance.
16. Which of the following is NOT a reason for the recruitment of NGOs?
    1. To mediate between aid donors and poor communities
    2. To promote the virtues of private enterprise and reform
    3. To encourage confrontational class politics in rural areas
    4. All of the above are reasons for the recruitment of NGOs.
    5. None of the above is a reason for the recruitment of NGOs.
17. Positive interpretations of the work of NGOs in the 1990s see them as which of the following?
    1. Catalysts of an alternative form of development that is participatory
    2. Empowering of women and the poor
    3. Equitable and inclusive
    4. Sustainable
    5. All of the above
18. Sectors of civil society do NOT include which of the following?
    1. International lending organizations
    2. Associational-type organizations
    3. Community organizations
    4. Private-sector interest groups
    5. Sectors of civil society include all of the above.
19. The MST in Brazil is a good example of which of the following?
    1. A complex of associational-type organization
    2. A community or localized type organization
    3. A private-sector interest group
    4. A profit-oriented organization
    5. None of the above
20. To what extent has the MST grown?
    1. Not too much
    2. To a certain natural limit
    3. To be the largest in Latin America
    4. To be the largest on the world
    5. To an unbearable size

21. Where are the MST origins to be found?

• 1. To the 1960s
  2. Religious groups in the 1950s
  3. Evangelicals
  4. Religious groups in Brazil
  5. To the Left parties in Brazil

22. How does the MST and other movements oppose IMF and World Bank policies?

• 1. By confronting the tenets of neoliberalism
  2. By guerillas movements
  3. By signing manifestos
  4. By giving land only to some
  5. They actually support neoliberalism

23. Does the MST format represent the only alternative in CSOs relations to the states?

• 1. Yes, it is the only option
  2. Yes, and the most successful
  3. It depends on the state
  4. No, it is only one of several options
  5. No, but it is the only one that has been successful

24. When are NGOs sometimes counterproductive?

• 1. When they represent imperial capitalist objectives
  2. When they make a lot of money
  3. When poverty grows
  4. When they become strategic partners
  5. When they stop working in a region or country

25. Why is globalization seen as dysfunctional and unethical?

• 1. When it responds to SGOs
  2. Because the benefits of globalization go to a small group of super-billionaires
  3. Because it has become ethical
  4. Because it pretends to tax billionaires
  5. It is not dysfunctional at all

26. What is the role of education in globalization?

• 1. It allows the poor to access the benefits of globalization
  2. It has no role among urban and rural poor
  3. It is an efficient tool for the global middle-class
  4. It is an efficient tool for the global rural poor
  5. It is exclusive for the superrich

27. What does it mean to have a balance between market and state?

• 1. To restrict the power of public institutions
  2. To restore the authority of the state
  3. To return to welfare states policies
  4. To restate the authority of big capitals
  5. To bail out big corporations

29. How can the relationship between states and CSOs be characterized?

• 1. As one full of satisfaction
  2. As a powerful tool to end poverty in the world
  3. As that of constant tensions
  4. As belligerent
  5. As that of conflict and cooperation

30. In 1970 there were 250 development NGOs working in Latin America, by the end of the 1990s that number had ______________.

• 1. stayed constant at 250
  2. grown to 500
  3. grown to thousands
  4. grown to tens of thousands
  5. declined to 175

31. NGOs are seen by some scholars as ________________.

• 1. depoliticizing the poor in their struggle for change
  2. turning the rural poor away from joining social movements
  3. being the agents of outside forces and interests
  4. encouraging the rural poor to improve their lives by “empowering” themselves, not challenging the power structures
  5. All of the above

True or False Questions

1. It is possible to think of the turn towards civil society as a form of privatization.
2. Civil society operates in the public sphere.
3. The media is an element of civil society.
4. Civil society does not include any profit-oriented corporations.
5. Civil society strengthens as governments become more responsive to society’s needs.
6. A retreat of the state corresponds with a strengthening of civil society.
7. Civil society weakened in the 1980s.
8. In comparison to social movements, NGOs tend to have a more confrontational approach in challenging economic and political power.
9. Socio-economic conditions improved in the 1960s because of wealth and income distribution by the state and through protectionism.
10. Liberalization had the positive effect of weakening predatory state structures and limiting rent-seeking behaviours in some contexts.
11. Neoliberal globalization has weakened global civil society.
12. The Oaxaca Rebellion was at the helm of the Brazilian MST social movement.
13. Development depends on sustainable livelihoods.
14. In 1990, most countries were still not aligned with free market capitalism.
15. Social capital is constituted by the norms, institutions, and organizations that promote trust and co-operation among persons in communities and in the wider society.
16. NGOs are said to belong to the “third sector.”
17. Some argue that the war on poverty is simply a charade to mask the real agenda: to create a world safe for capital.
18. Private sector interest groups are NOT part of “civil society.”
19. A successful project only needs to acquire government support to have high levels of success.
20. The MST’s “Popular Project” is a program of agrarian reform focused on creating large agro-businesses.
21. The world’s poor lack the education and opportunity to benefit from neoliberal globalization.
22. The relationship between the state and organizations is characterized by conflict and not by cooperation.
23. The Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) is a grassroots movement of rural peasants in Brazil.
24. Conditions for the emergence of the MST could be found in the early 21^st century.
25. Liberation theology played a part in the origin of MST.
26. The relationship between the state and grassroots CSOs is easy to generalize.
27. The MST is Africa’s largest and most dynamic grassroots movement.
28. The role of NGOs in the development process raises questions and critics.
29. There is no relevant difference between old and new Morococha.
30. Ecuador is the only South American country where major Chinese investments exist in an area with extremely high biodiversity in four differ­ent species groups as well as traditional Indigenous territory.
31. All NGOs are seen as agents of the World Bank and other international organizations (as well as of governments in the Global North), engaged in the project of “international cooperation” for the purpose of economic and social development as defined by these major proponents of globalization.
32. MST has been unable to help hundreds of thousands of landless small peasant farmers to reclaim their connection to the land and their rural livelihoods.

Short Answer Questions

• 1. How might civil society be viewed as a sort of privatization of public goods and services?
  2. Discuss the three traditions in the use of the concept “civil society”?
  3. Identify and discuss the three dynamic factors of social change.
  4. Describe the contextual elements which led to the emergence, growth, and strengthening of civil society.
  5. What led to the creation of the “new international division of labour”?
  6. Discuss the context that shaped the reinvention of the concept of development in 1948.
  7. Discuss reasons for the emergence and strengthening of civil society in the 1980s.
  8. Describe the concept of development being initiated “from below,” as championed by organizations such as the World Bank. How was this related to the global economic crisis?
  9. What has been the impact of liberalization on civil society?
  10. What criticisms have been levelled against the promotion of “social capital” in the developing world?
  11. Briefly discuss the role of non-governmental organizations in civil society.
  12. What is the main difference between NGOs and social movements, and what is the significance of this to critical approaches to development?
  13. Identify and describe the three forms of civil society.
  14. Discuss the relationship between the state and grassroots organizations and identify an example.
  15. Are NGOs agents of capitalism or agents of democracy? Explain.
  16. What is the utility in comparing/contrasting the Toromocho copper mine owned by Chinalco in Peru and Andes Petroleum in Ecuador?
  17. Do people need to assert their “right to development and to organize”? Explain your answer.
  18. What is the MST movement?
  19. What is the role of NGO’s as expressions of civil society?
  20. Through what mechanism did development associations create alternative development frameworks?
  21. Why is the figure of Trojan horse applied to NGOs?
  22. In what ways have MNCs conflicted with civil society organizations?

Essay Questions

1. How and why did civil society change in the 1980s?
2. How do multinational corporations affect civil society in Latin America?
3. Why and how has the role of NGOs been controversial in the field of development?
4. Explain in detail the origin and evolution of MST.
5. What are the key elements for the success of the Toromocho project?