Ch12 War, Terrorism, And Torture Test Bank

Chapter 12: War, Terrorism, and Torture

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 01

1) A war that involves actual fighting is known as*a. a hot war.

b. a cold war.

c. a war simpliciter.

d. none of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 02

2) A war over ideological differences carried out by methods short of sustained overt military action and usually without breaking off diplomatic relations is known asa. a war simpliciter.

b. a hot war.

*c. a cold war.

d. none of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 03

3) The view that moral considerations do not apply to war is known asa. jus ad bellum.

b. antiwar pacifism.

c. just war theory.

*d. moral nihilism.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 04

4) The view according to which wars are always (or at least nearly always) morally wrong is known as a. just war theory.

*b. antiwar pacifism.

c. moral nihilism.

d. jus ad bellum.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 05

5) Just war theory’s principle of military necessity belongs to*a. jus in bello.

b. jus ad bellum.

c. moral nihilism.

d. all of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 06

6) Thomas Nagel call the two kinds of moral considerations he discusses in “War and Massacre”a. consequentialist and dignity-based

b. forward-looking and backward-looking

*c. utilitarian and absolutist

d. All of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 07

7) Nagel thinks that the core of the absolutist position is thata. human persons have a right to life.

b. it is permissible to harm as a foreseen but unintended consequence of action.

c. the ends justify the means.

*d. the hostility should be directed at its true object.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 08

8) Nagel clarifies that absolutism is the view that we shoulda. prevent murder at all costs

*b. avoid murder at all costs

c. only sometimes prevent murder

d. only sometimes avoid murder

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 09

9) Since Nagel thinks there can be genuine moral dilemmas, he denies the moral principle thata. can implies should.

b. can implies ought.

*c. ought implies can.

d. ought implies should.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 10

10) Which of the following is not one of the four main excuses for terrorism that Michael Walzer discusses?*a. Terrorism is a form of freedom of speech.

b. Terrorism is a last resort.

c. Terrorism benefits oppressed groups.

d. All political activity is terroristic.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 11

11) According to Walzer, “in the absence of political support, terrorism may indeed be the one available strategy, but it is hard to see how its evils can then be excused” because*a. the absence of political support implies that the terrorists do not represent the weak.

b. terrorism can never be the only available strategy.

c. evils, by definition, cannot be excused.

d. none of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 12

12) In responding to terrorism, says Walzer, it is particularly important thata. we make an effort to convince the terrorists that they are acting wrongly.

b. we avoid harming terrorists to the same extent that we would avoid harming innocent civilians.

c. we attack the lower-ranking terrorists first.

*d. we do not repeat the wrongs of terrorism in the process.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 13

13) The only way to break out of the “terrorist cycle,” says Walzer, is to

a. attack quickly, swiftly, and with full force.

b. use the same tactics the terrorists use.

*c. avoid playing the terrorism game.

d. use psychological rather than military tactics.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 14

14) The “double standard” with which states and nonstate entities are judged, according to Andrew Valls, is thata. violence by nonstate entities is more easily accepted than state violence.

b. state violence is treated differently from nonmilitary action by the state (e.g., economic sanctions).

*c. state violence is more easily accepted than violence by nonstate entities.

d. state violence is evaluated via just war theory, but violence by nonstate entities is evaluated via consequentialism.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 15

15) In his definition of terrorism, Valls defines “violence” as

a. including only bodily harm to persons.

*b. including bodily harm to persons and the destruction of property.

c. including only the destruction of property.

d. none of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 16

16) According to Valls, a just cause for political violence is usually*a. Defensive..

b. Offensive.

c. Territorial.

d. economically motivated.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 17

17) In his discussion of discrimination in war, Valls suggests thata. there is no difference between combatants and noncombatants.

*b. the difference between combatants and noncombatants is a matter of degree.

c. the difference between combatants and noncombatants is categorical and clear.

d. “terrorism” should be defined as indiscriminate violence.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 18

18) What kind of consequentialist theory does Dershowitz think can justify terrorism in certain extreme particular cases?a. act-based deontology

b. rule-based hedonism

c. rule utilitarianism

*d. act utilitarianism

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 19

19) Which of the following is a method of torture that Dershowitz believes is appropriate in those cases where torture is permissible?*a. having a sterilized needle shoved under the victim’s fingernails

b. electrocution at nonlethal levels

c. submerging the victim in water so he or she feels as if he or she is drowning

d. none of the above; Dershowitz thinks torture is wrong in all cases

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 20

20) Which of the following is a view that Dershowitz argues for?a. Torture is permissible in the “ticking bomb” case.

b. No democratic society should allow public officials to engage in illegal actions “off the books.”

c. “Torture warrants” should be part of a legal system regulating the practice of torture.

*d. all of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 21

21) Dershowitz discusses the hypothetical case where the hijacked planes of 9/11 must be shot down to argue that important decisions like thesea. often have to be made quickly and without immediate authorization.

*b. should be made with visibility and accountability by the highest-level officials.

c. have no objective answer.

d. none of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 22

22) Marcia Baron argues that the artificiality of ticking bomb cases is problematic because*a. the artificial assumptions are, in fact, empirical claims that are central to the debate

b. all artificial thought experiments are philosophically useless.

c. it leads us to believe that torture is always permissible.

d. all of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 23

23) Baron cites a summary of Ali Soufan’s Senate testimony to suggest that

a. torture works in only limited situations.

b. endorsing a single act of torture requires endorsing torture as a practice.

*c. successful interrogation may not require torture.

d. torture is always wrong without exception.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 24

24) One problem with treating the ticking bomb case as involving only a single instance of torture, according to Baron, is thata. justifying one instance of torture requires justifying the practice of torture.

b. it is virtually impossible for torture to be limited to just one instance.

*c. both A and B

d. neither A nor B

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 12 Question 25

25) Baron admits that the versions of the ticking bomb hypothetical she discusses are “stunningly stupid,” but she claims this is actually evidence ofa. the stupidity of most traditional philosophical examples.

b. a general lack of intelligence among people with advanced degrees.

c. the wrongness of torture.

*d. the readiness on the part of many intelligent people to see torture as the best solution to deal with terrorism.

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 01

1) Examples of hot wars include World Wars I and II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the Gulf War.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 02

2) Jus in bello is that part of just war theory that sets forth moral requirements for going to war.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 03

3) Just war pacifism is a form of antiwar pacifism according to which, because of the stringent requirements of just war theory, the massive use of lethal force is almost always morally wrong.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 04

4) Thomas Nagel accepts the difference between doing and allowing.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 05

5) Nagel defends an unqualified form of absolutism which denies utilitarian moral reasonsa. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 06

6) Nagel thinks that in cases of conflict between utilitarian and absolutist moral reasons, absolutist reasons should always win out.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 07

7) Nagel endorses the doctrine of double effect as part of his absolutist positiona. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 08

8) On the form of absolutism Nagel defends, pacifism is the only permissible course of action in warfare.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 09

9) Nagel defends the view that both utilitarian and absolutist moral considerations are an important part of moral reasoning.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 10

10) Michael Walzer thinks that, if terrorists complain of oppression, addressing that oppression would only confirm the effectiveness of their tactics.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 11

11) Walzer argues that the fourth excuse he discusses (that terrorism is a proper response to aggression) relies on an overly cynical view of political life.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 12

12) Walzer argues that terrorism is rarely, if ever, truly a last resort.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 13

13) Andrew Valls dismisses some definitions of terrorism because they entail that terrorism is intrinsically wrong or morally unjustifiable.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 14

14) According to Valls, the right to self-determination can justify political violence for states but not for nonstate actors.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 15

15) Valls claims that if states can justifiably discriminate between combatants and noncombatants when using political violence, then so can nonstate entities.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 16

16) According to Dershowitz, act utilitarianism could even justify some acts of terrorism.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 17

17) Dershowitz argues that a warrant requirement for torture would not reduce instances of torture.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 18

18) In Dershowitz’s view, all cases of torture should be illegal, though the law should allow for the exoneration of individuals who can morally justify their actions.a. True

*b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 19

19) The point of ticking bomb cases, according to Marcia Baron, is to weaken absolutist commitments against torture.*a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 20

20) Baron discusses her hypothetical case of catastrophe-preventing rape to show that rape is also a form of torture.a. True

*b. False

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 01

1) The textbook defines a(n) _________ as a state of usually open and declared armed hostile conflict between states or nation.a. war

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 02

2) The textbook defines terrorism as the use of threat or violence against innocent people to elicit terror in them or in some other group of people to further a(n) _________ objective.a. political

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 03

3) The textbook defines _________ as activities involving the infliction of intense pain on a victim with the aim of punishing, coercing, or deriving sadistic satisfaction.a. torture

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 04

4) Thomas Nagel defines _________ as the view that good should be maximized and evil minimized.a. utilitarianism

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 05

5) Nagel thinks that absolutism does not entail that one ignore the _________ of one’s actions.a. consequences

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 06

6) According to Nagel’s version of absolutism, hostility towards someone can be justified as part of absolutism when it is, among other things, _________ at it’s true objecta. directed

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 07

7) Nagel thinks that there are genuine moral _________ when utilitarian and absolutist considerations conflicta. dilemmas

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 08

8) On Michael Walzer’s view, there is no _________ for terrorism.a. excuse

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 09

9) According to Walzer, the idea that all politics is really terrorism betrays our _________ about political lifea. cynicism

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 10

10) According to Walzer, the third excuse (that terrorism is effective on behalf of oppressed groups) is essentially a consequentialist argument and thus provides a(n) _________ of terrorism rather than an excuse.a. justification

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 11

11) The best ways of responding to terrorism, says Walzer, involve retaliation and _________.a. repression

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 12

12) Regarding the link between terrorism and repression, Walzer claims, “Oppression is not so much the cause of terrorism as terrorism is one of the primary _________ of oppression.”a. means

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 13

13) Andrew Valls defines _________ as violence committed by nonstate actors against persons or property for political purposes.a. terrorism

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 14

14) Valls argues that if the right to _________ gives states just cause for going to war (e.g., to defend against an aggressors attack), then this same right can give nonstate entities just case for political violencea. self-determination

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 15

15) Valls mentions the distinction between using violence to target innocent civilians and using violence merely with the knowledge that innocent civilians would be harmed as a side effect. This distinction corresponds to the principle of _________, and Valls argues that if the principle is rejected, then terrorism and war will seem even more similar.a. double effect

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 16

16) Dershowitz argues that “tolerating an off-the-book system of secret torture can . . . establish a dangerous _________.”a. precedent

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 17

17) Dershowitz mentions three values that are pitted against each other when considering torture, the first of which is the safety and security of a nation’s _________.a. citizens

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 18

18) In his discussion of the “ticking bomb” case, Dershowitz focuses on the utilitarian philosophy of Jeremy _________.a. Bentham

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 19

19) Marcia Baron says, “The ticking time bomb hypothetical is marred by the very feature that is supposed to make it so compelling: that there is no _________ to lose.”a. time

Type: fill-in-blank

Title: Chapter 12 - Question 20

20) Baron argues that catastrophe-preventing torture is treated differently from catastrophe-preventing rape because “we are still bedeviled into thinking that torture is generally _________.”a. effective