Chapter 12: Leadership Perspectives

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. ______ is a process of providing general direction from a position of influence to individuals or groups toward the successful attainment of goals.

A. Management

B. Leadership

C. Empowerment

D. Motivation

Learning Objective: 12.1: Explain the basic concept of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Leadership?

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

2. When someone provides general direction from a position of influence to individuals or groups toward the attainment of goals one would be in a position of ______.

A. motivation

B. management

C. empowerment

D. leadership

Learning Objective: 12.1: Explain the basic concept of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Is Leadership?

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

3. Leader ______ occurs when someone naturally becomes the leader of a leaderless group.

A. authority

B. effectiveness

C. emergence

D. popularity

Learning Objective: 12.1: Explain the basic concept of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Leadership?

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

4. The CEO of Demix, Chris, is absent or not engaged with day-to-day activities. Out of the two department heads, Giselle and Bryton, Giselle takes on the responsibilities of leading the two groups. What concept does this represent?

A. leader popularity

B. leader effectiveness

C. leader empowerment

D. leader emergence

Learning Objective: 12.1: Explain the basic concept of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: What Is Leadership?

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

5. If the day manager of a restaurant goes home for the rest of the day, leaving the waitstaff without a leader, it is likely that leader ______ will occur.

A. popularity

B. authority

C. emergence

D. effectiveness

Learning Objective: 12.1: Explain the basic concept of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: What Is Leadership?

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

6. Which type of leadership is officially designated by the organization?

A. official leader

B. formal leader

C. authorized leader

D. endorsed leader

Learning Objective: 12.2: Distinguish between formal and informal leadership and between leadership and management.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Formal and Informal Leadership

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

7. Annette is part of the nursing staff in St. Joseph’s emergency room. Her coworkers often look to her for guidance when assisting patients because of her high clinical competencies. Annette has become a/an ______.

A. unofficial leader

B. natural leader

C. management leader

D. informal leader

Learning Objective: 12.2: Distinguish between formal and informal leadership and between leadership and management.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Formal and Informal Leadership

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

8. How would you classify a leader who has certain rights and privileges that allow him or her to reward or discipline employees?

A. formal

B. official

C. informal

D. authorized

Learning Objective: 12.2: Distinguish between formal and informal leadership and between leadership and management.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Formal and Informal Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

9. To be a formal leader, one must ______.

A. be officially designated by the organization

B. have a higher level degree than other employees

C. have androgynous traits

D. extensive leadership training

Learning Objective: 12.2: Distinguish between formal and informal leadership and between leadership and management.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Formal and Informal Leadership

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and Individual Behaviors

10. Which of the following statements is true regarding the differences between managing and leading?

A. Managing focuses on the day-to-day activities.

B. Leading maintains status quo.

C. Managing looks at the big picture.

D. Leading focuses on the day-to-day activities.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Distinguish between formal and informal leadership and between leadership and management.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Management Versus Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

11. Which of the following statements is true regarding leading in comparison to managing?

A. Leading focuses on stability and the smooth running of operations.

B. Leading is a product of the 20th century and the industrialization era.

C. Leading consists of creating a vision and influencing others to achieve goals.

D. Leading focuses on the day-to-day activities to get a job done.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Distinguish between formal and informal leadership and between leadership and management.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Management Versus Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

12. Which characteristic is more associated with leaders than managers?

A. visionary

B. trains and develops

C. promote stability

D. ensure operations run smoothly

Learning Objective: 12.2: Distinguish between formal and informal leadership and between leadership and management.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Management Versus Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

13. Which of the following statements is true of both managers and leaders?

A. If someone is a leader, then they are also a manager and vice versa.

B. Both leaders and managers work with people, set goals, and influence others to achieve goals.

C. Both leaders and managers create a vision and introduce change.

D. Both leaders and managers maintain the status quo and work to keep things stable.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Distinguish between formal and informal leadership and between leadership and management.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Management Versus Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

14. Which of the following characteristics is associated with transactional leadership?

A. develop skills of followers

B. making decisions without asking for suggestions

C. focus on the technical task

D. motivate with rewards

Learning Objective: 12.3: Contrast the four basic types of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Basic Leadership Types

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

15. Willis from Popits Press has created a list of sales goals. When employees reach each level of sales goal, they receive a reward. What type of leadership is being represented?

A. directive leader

B. visionary leader

C. transactional leader

D. empowering leader

Learning Objective: 12.3: Contrast the four basic types of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Basic Leadership Types

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

16. Of the four basic types of leaders, which one is also called to Superleadership?

A. transactional leadership

B. empowering leadership

C. directive leadership

D. visionary leadership

Learning Objective: 12.3: Contrast the four basic types of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Basic Leadership Types

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

17. ______ leadership is the process of leading others to lead themselves.

A. Transactional

B. Visionary

C. Empowering

D. Directive

Learning Objective: 12.3: Contrast the four basic types of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Basic Leadership Types

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

18. Lucinda implements guidelines and provides information about what is expected for her employees. She also makes decisions without asking for suggestions from others. What type of leader is Lucinda?

A. directive

B. transactional

C. visionary

D. empowering

Learning Objective: 12.3: Contrast the four basic types of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Basic Leadership Types

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

19. Of the four leadership types, which one encourages their followers to share in the mission and expects them to commit to him or her as they work toward the desired goal?

A. directive

B. transactional

C. visionary

D. empowering

Learning Objective: 12.3: Contrast the four basic types of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Basic Leadership Types

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

20. Which leadership type is most closely related to production-oriented leadership and an autocratic style?

A. directive

B. transactional

C. visionary

D. empowering

Learning Objective: 12.3: Contrast the four basic types of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Basic Leadership Types

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

21. ______ leadership shifts the focus from the leader to the follower through the idea of self-leadership.

A. Directive

B. Transactional

C. Visionary

D. Empowering

Learning Objective: 12.3: Contrast the four basic types of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Basic Leadership Types

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

22. ______ leader is one who tends to focus on the technical or task aspects of the job.

A. Productive-oriented

B. Transactional

C. Visionary

D. Empowering

Learning Objective: 12.3: Contrast the four basic types of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Basic Leadership Types

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

23. What are the three early leadership perspectives that focus on different ways in which a great leader is created?

A. trait, behavioral, and contingency theories

B. drive, knowledge, and cognitive theories

C. initiating structure, consideration, and cognitive theories

D. transactional, visionary, and empowering theories

Learning Objective: 12.4: Describe the trait, behavioral, and contingency leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Leadership Perspectives

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

24. Which leadership perspective theory explores the relationship between leaders’ personal qualities and characteristics and the way their traits differentiate leaders from nonleaders?

A. contingency leadership perspective

B. knowledge leadership perspective

C. trait leadership perspective

D. behavioral leadership perspective

Learning Objective: 12.4: Describe the trait, behavioral, and contingency leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Trait Leadership Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

25. Behavioral leadership perspective proposes that ______.

A. behaviors and traits are the same thing

B. specific behaviors distinguish leaders from non-leaders

C. behaviors can be nurtured over time

D. characteristics of a leader are not as important as behaviors

Learning Objective: 12.4: Describe the trait, behavioral, and contingency leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Behavioral Leadership Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

26. Which university research included a two-dimensional view of leadership behavior including initiating structure and consideration?

A. Arizona State University

B. University of Michigan

C. University of Oregon

D. Ohio State University

Learning Objective: 12.4: Describe the trait, behavioral, and contingency leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Behavioral Leadership Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

27. What were the two main styles of leadership behavior that the University of Michigan study developed?

A. job-centered and employee-centered

B. employee-centered and performance-centered

C. job-centered and human resource-centered

D. employee-centered and product-centered

Learning Objective: 12.4: Describe the trait, behavioral, and contingency leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Behavioral Leadership Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

28. The Ohio State and University of Michigan studies researched which concept?

A. the leadership characteristics perspective

B. trait leadership perspective

C. contingency leadership perspective

D. behavioral leadership perspective

Learning Objective: 12.4: Describe the trait, behavioral, and contingency leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Behavioral Leadership Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

29. The Blake Mouton Grid, which was an extension of the results published from the Ohio State studies, plots ______.

A. concern for motivation and concern for leadership

B. concern for planning and concern for organizing

C. concern for influencing and concern for communicating

D. concern for production and concern for people

Learning Objective: 12.4: Describe the trait, behavioral, and contingency leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Behavioral Leadership Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

30. What did the Blake Mouton Grid reaffirm with the findings of the Ohio State studies?

A. Consideration of production is more important than employee’s consideration.

B. Consideration of employees leads to a higher performing workforce.

C. Consideration is the most important aspect of leadership.

D. Produce or perish is the most important concern of leadership.

Learning Objective: 12.4: Describe the trait, behavioral, and contingency leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Behavioral Leadership Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

31. Which leadership perspective claimed that the effectiveness of the leader depended on there being an appropriate match between the leader’s traits or behaviors and the demands and characteristics of the situation?

A. contingency leadership perspective

B. knowledge leadership perspective

C. trait leadership perspective

D. behavioral leadership perspective

Learning Objective: 12.4: Describe the trait, behavioral, and contingency leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Contingency Leadership Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

32. Fred E. Fielder claimed that leadership style was dependent on what three situational variables?

A. task structure, centralization of process, and position power

B. leader–member relations, task structure, and leader’s position power

C. centralization of process, power position, and task structure

D. team–member relations, task structure, and political strength

Learning Objective: 12.4: Describe the trait, behavioral, and contingency leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contingency Leadership Perspective

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

33. The Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) questionnaire measures which of the following?

A. the communication style of a leader

B. the ability to lead teams

C. whether a leader is task-orientated or relationship-orientated

D. the best and worst possible team members with a self-managing team

Learning Objective: 12.4: Describe the trait, behavioral, and contingency leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Contingency Leadership Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

34. In Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership Model, ______ is a directive approach in which leaders give clear instructions and guidance to followers.

A. telling

B. selling

C. participating

D. delegating

Learning Objective: 12.4: Describe the trait, behavioral, and contingency leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Contingency Leadership Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behavior

35. House’s path–goal theory includes the interaction between which leadership styles?

A. telling, selling, participating, and delegating

B. directive, transactional, visionary, and empowering

C. directive, supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented

D. country club, impoverished, middle-of-the-road, and team leadership

Learning Objective: 12.4: Describe the trait, behavioral, and contingency leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contingency Leadership Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behavior

36. Louis is a military leader and his team often encounters emergency situations. When in emergency situations, Louis should use which of the following leadership styles?

A. Hersey and Blanchard’s telling style

B. Blake and Mouton’s “produce or perish” style

C. House’s directive leadership style

D. Fiedler’s high LPC approach

Learning Objective: 12.4: Describe the trait, behavioral, and contingency leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Contingency Leadership Perspective

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

37. Myla is in charge of producing 100 air conditioning units a day. Her team knows that if they do not meet this requirement, they could possibly get a pay cut or lose their jobs. Using the Blake Mouton Grid, Myla has a ______ concern for people and a ______ concern for production.

A. low; high

B. low; low

C. high; low

D. high; high

Learning Objective: 12.4: Describe the trait, behavioral, and contingency leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Contingency Leadership Perspective

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

38. Leader–member exchange theory explains that people are often subconsciously placed into two different groups of followers. What are the two groups?

A. minority group and majority group

B. leadership group and follower group

C. telling group and selling group

D. in-group exchange and out-group exchange

Learning Objective: 12.5: Compare the inspirational, relational, and follower-centered leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

39. Tre concludes that he has been placed in his superior Gwyneth’s out-group. Which of the following statements is likely true?

A. Tre should do nothing, he will have plenty of career opportunities in the out-group.

B. It will be hard for Tre to move into Gwyneth’s in-group, so he should consider leaving the organization.

C. If he works hard, he will soon be able to easily move to the in-group.

D. Tre is likely perceived as loyal, trustworthy, and skilled by Gwyneth.

Learning Objective: 12.5: Compare the inspirational, relational, and follower-centered leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

40. The ______ leader inspires followers to transcend their self-interests for the good of the organization and commit to a shared vision.

A. inspirational

B. transactional

C. transformational

D. intellectual

Learning Objective: 12.5: Compare the inspirational, relational, and follower-centered leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transformational Leadership

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

41. One of the four dimensions of transformational leadership, ______ promotes commitment to a shared vision of the future.

A. idealized influence

B. inspirational motivation

C. intellectual stimulation

D. individualized consideration

Learning Objective: 12.5: Compare the inspirational, relational, and follower-centered leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transformational Leadership

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

42. What contemporary leadership perspective represents the direct opposition to transformational leadership?

A. laissez-faire leadership

B. visionary leadership

C. superleadership

D. charismatic leadership

Learning Objective: 12.5: Compare the inspirational, relational, and follower-centered leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Transformational Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

43. What is the main difference between transformational leaders and charismatic leaders?

A. Charismatic leaders have idealized and inspirational motivations.

B. Transformational leaders may place more emphasis on their own needs and interests.

C. Transformational leaders fully delegate responsibility to others.

D. Charismatic leaders may place more emphasis on their own needs and interests.

Learning Objective: 12.5: Compare the inspirational, relational, and follower-centered leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Charismatic Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

44. Which contemporary leadership perspective is associated with the risk that the leader will become caught up in their own hype and get convinced of their own infallibility?

A. charismatic

B. transactional

C. transformational

D. leader–member exchange

Learning Objective: 12.5: Compare the inspirational, relational, and follower-centered leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contemporary Leadership Perspectives

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

45. ______ is defined as the capacity of individuals to cooperate with leaders.

A. Compliance

B. Commitment

C. Followership

D. Participating

Learning Objective: 12.5: Compare the inspirational, relational, and follower-centered leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Follower-Centered Leadership Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

46. Which of the following statements is true regarding follower-centered leadership perspectives?

A. First impressions can quickly prejudice our views of others and create negativity within groups.

B. Motivational process are very important to understanding implicit followership and leadership theories.

C. Communication methods have the largest impact on followership and leadership impressions.

D. First impressions matter very little as others impressions of us can easily be influenced over time.

Learning Objective: 12.5: Compare the inspirational, relational, and follower-centered leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Follower-Centered Leadership Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

47. Which of the following statements defines “empowering leadership”?

A. It is the practice of delegating power that motivates employees and inspires them to achieve goals.

B. It distributes influence among organizational leaders to achieve organizational goals.

C. It uses behavior-focused and natural reward strategies to achieve organizational goals.

D. It is a process whereby people intentionally influence their thinking and behavior to achieve their objectives.

Learning Objective: 12.6: Discuss the power-distributing leadership perspectives of empowering, shared, and self-leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Empowering Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

48. Camille’s leadership style includes delegating power. Her employees feel motivated and inspired to achieve goals. She leads by example, coaches, informs, and shows concern for her employees. She is practicing ______.

A. shared leadership

B. transformational leadership

C. empowering leadership

D. transactional leadership

Learning Objective: 12.6: Discuss the power-distributing leadership perspectives of empowering, shared, and self-leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Empowering Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

49. ______ distributes influence among groups and individuals to achieve organizational or team goals.

A. Transactional leadership

B. Empowering leadership

C. Transformational leadership

D. Shared leadership

Learning Objective: 12.6: Discuss the power-distributing leadership perspectives of empowering, shared, and self-leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Shared Leadership

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

50. Alex has decided to lead his followers by sharing responsibility with the group, which distributes influence among his workgroup. Alex is demonstrating ______.

A. transformational leadership

B. shared leadership

C. empowering leadership

D. self-leadership

Learning Objective: 12.6: Discuss the power-distributing leadership perspectives of empowering, shared, and self-leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Shared Leadership

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

51. Which two leadership perspectives facilitate and encourage self-leadership?

A. transactional and shared

B. empowering and shared

C. emotional and liberating

D. authoritarian and participative

Learning Objective: 12.6: Discuss the power-distributing leadership perspectives of empowering, shared, and self-leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Self-Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

52. ______ is a process whereby people intentionally influence their thinking and behavior to achieve their objectives.

A. Shared leadership

B. Transformational leadership

C. Self-leadership

D. Empowering leadership

Learning Objective: 12.6: Discuss the power-distributing leadership perspectives of empowering, shared, and self-leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Self-Leadership

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

53. One way to practice self-leadership is through ______ strategies, which include increasing one’s own self-awareness and managing one’s own conduct.

A. natural reward

B. cognitive dissonance

C. behavior-focused

D. constructive thought pattern

Learning Objective: 12.6: Discuss the power-distributing leadership perspectives of empowering, shared, and self-leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Self-Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

54. Although parts of Martin’s job are tedious, he tends to approach the tasks so that he still finds them pleasurable. That is, he completes the most boring parts of the task first so that he can look forward to the more interesting tasks. He also schedules a coffee break to treat himself after the tasks are complete. Martin exemplifies which strategy of self-leadership?

A. natural reward

B. cognitive dissonance

C. behavior focused

D. constructive thought pattern

Learning Objective: 12.6: Discuss the power-distributing leadership perspectives of empowering, shared, and self-leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Self-Leadership

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

55. Genevieve realizes that she has a particularly arduous task ahead of her. Before she starts working, Genevieve visualizes the project in its completed form. She also decides to set a goal of completing the more tedious tasks first. Then, once she has completed the project, she sets a reward for herself. Genevieve is practicing ______.

A. authentic leadership

B. self-determination

C. self-confidence

D. self-leadership

Learning Objective: 12.6: Discuss the power-distributing leadership perspectives of empowering, shared, and self-leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Self-Leadership

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

56. When practicing self-leadership, ______ strategies involves modification of certain key mental thought processes to be more positive and optimistic in our thinking patterns.

A. natural reward

B. cognitive dissonance

C. behavior focused

D. constructive thought pattern

Learning Objective: 12.6: Discuss the power-distributing leadership perspectives of empowering, shared, and self-leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Self-Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

57. ______ is a pattern of values-based leadership behavior based on honesty, practicality, and ethicality.

A. Ethical leadership

B. Authentic leadership

C. Spiritual leadership

D. Servant leadership

Learning Objective: 12.7: Describe the values-based leadership perspectives of authentic, spiritual, servant, and ethical leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Authentic Leadership

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning

58. ______ is a values-based style of leadership that motivates employees through faith, hope, and vision.

A. Ethical leadership

B. Authentic leadership

C. Spiritual leadership

D. Servant leadership

Learning Objective: 12.7: Describe the values-based leadership perspectives of authentic, spiritual, servant, and ethical leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Spiritual Leadership

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning

59. When leaders practice ______, they influence others through personal values, morals, and beliefs.

A. authentic leadership

B. spiritual leadership

C. servant leadership

D. ethical leadership

Learning Objective: 12.7: Describe the values-based leadership perspectives of authentic, spiritual, servant, and ethical leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethical Leadership

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning

60. Servant leaders place an emphasis on ______ rather than on the leader.

A. organizations and teams

B. profits and revenues

C. the homeless and the hungry

D. employees and community

Learning Objective: 12.7: Describe the values-based leadership perspectives of authentic, spiritual, servant, and ethical leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Servant Leadership

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning

61. Jason has no need for recognition in his job. He is more interested in his team succeeding and the greater good of their community. What type of values-based leadership style is he exhibiting?

A. authentic leadership

B. spiritual leadership

C. servant leadership

D. ethical leadership

Learning Objective: 12.7: Describe the values-based leadership perspectives of authentic, spiritual, servant, and ethical leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Servant Leadership

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

62. Bernie and Co’s employees know that their leader, Elizabeth, rewards behavior that upholds organizational values and ethical behavior more so than the bottom line. Elizabeth is fair and honest, and she practices what she preaches. Elizabeth is an example of what leadership style?

A. authentic leadership

B. spiritual leadership

C. servant leadership

D. ethical leadership

Learning Objective: 12.7: Describe the values-based leadership perspectives of authentic, spiritual, servant, and ethical leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Spiritual Leadership

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

63. When there is conflict at work, Bob always turns the attention of the employees toward the future and talks about forgiveness and the positive things that have been accomplished rather than the negative. His style unites followers and causes them to keep focusing on what will happen good in the future. Bob is an example of what leadership style?

A. authentic leadership

B. spiritual leadership

C. servant leadership

D. ethical leadership

Learning Objective: 12.7: Describe the values-based leadership perspectives of authentic, spiritual, servant, and ethical leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

Difficulty Level: Hard

Answer Location: Ethical Leadership

64: Values-based leaders tend to elicit which of the following from employees?

A. increased commitment

B. increased turnover

C. increased burnout

D. increased church membership

Learning Objective: 12.7: Describe the values-based leadership perspectives of authentic, spiritual, servant, and ethical leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Values-Based Leadership Perspectives

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning

65. ______ is the process of leading across different cultures.

A. Multicultural leadership

B. Cross-cultural leadership

C. Ethnic leadership

D. GLOBE leadership

Learning Objective: 12.8: Discuss leadership across cultures.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Leadership

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Contexts of organizations in a global society

66. ______ concluded that individuals from different cultures or societal clusters associate certain sets of beliefs or preconceived notions with leaders.

A. Project Excellence

B. Project GLOBE

C. Project Leadership

D. Project International

Learning Objective: 12.8: Discuss leadership across cultures.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Leadership

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Contexts of organizations in a global society

67. Of the six dimensions of the culturally endorsed leadership theory, which one of these focuses on the leaders’ capacity to inspire and motivate others?

A. charismatic/value-based

B. team-oriented

C. participative

D. autonomous

Learning Objective: 12.8: Discuss leadership across cultures.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Contexts of organizations in a global society

68. The key findings of the GLOBE project are collectively referred to as the ______ theory.

A. diversity culture

B. international endorsed

C. super leadership endorsed

D. culturally endorsed leadership

Learning Objective: 12.8: Discuss leadership across cultures.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Contexts of organizations in a global society

69. Hana was just promoted to a new division outside of her country. She is nervous about leading people outside of her norm. What theory should Hana use to help assess how she should communicate and lead in this new country?

A. diversity culture

B. international endorsed

C. super leadership endorsed

D. culturally endorsed leadership

Learning Objective: 12.8: Discuss leadership across cultures.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Leadership

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: AACSB Standard: Application of knowledge

70. Of the six dimensions of the culturally endorsed leadership theory, which one of these is the dimension that signifies supportive, considerate compassionate and generous leadership?

A. charismatic/value-based

B. team-oriented

C. humane-oriented

D. autonomous

Learning Objective: 12.8: Discuss leadership across cultures.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Leadership

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: AACSB Standard: Contexts of organizations in a global society

71. Of the six dimensions of the culturally endorsed leadership theory, which one of these is thought to impede outstanding leadership?

A. charismatic/value-based

B. team-oriented

C. participative

D. autonomous

Learning Objective: 12.8: Discuss leadership across cultures.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Contexts of organizations in a global society

72. Of the six dimensions of the culturally endorsed leadership theory, which one of these is thought to inhibit outstanding leadership?

A. charismatic/value-based

B. team-oriented

C. participative

D. self-protective

Learning Objective: 12.8: Discuss leadership across cultures.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Contexts of organizations in a global society

73. Of the six dimensions of the culturally endorsed leadership theory, which one of these were found to be a major contributor to outstanding leadership across cultures?

A. charismatic/value-based and team-oriented

B. team-oriented and autonomous

C. participative and self-protective

D. autonomous and charismatic/value-based

Learning Objective: 12.8: Discuss leadership across cultures.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Leadership

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: AACSB Standard: Contexts of organizations in a global society

74. Which of the following statements is true regarding gender and career demands?

A. The burden of balancing domestic responsibilities with work typically falls to men.

B. The burden of balancing domestic responsibilities with work typically falls to women.

C. Women receive more challenging tasks because of assumed domestic responsibilities.

D. Because women are assumed to be multitaskers, they receive more promotions than men.

Learning Objective: 12.9: Identify gender issues in the context of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Leadership and Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Diverse and multicultural work environments

75. Which of the following statements is true regarding LBGT in the workplace?

A. In the United States, it is illegal in most states to fire employees if they are LBGT.

B. Most Americans support laws that allow companies to fire LBGT employees.

C. In the United States, it is legal in most states to fire employees if they are LBGT.

D. Fewer than 10% of LBGT employees report harassment and discrimination at work.

Learning Objective: 12.9: Identify gender issues in the context of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: LBGT Employees in the Workplace

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Diverse and multicultural work environments

76. Which of the following statements represents something leaders should do to address gender inequality?

A. measure the number of hours worked rather than the quality of work

B. send employees, especially women and lower-level employees, to diversity training

C. make active efforts to recruit and promote women to leadership positions

D. Only allow women to use family–friendly benefits.

Learning Objective: 12.9: Identify gender issues in the context of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Leadership and Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Diverse and multicultural work environments

77. According to studies, men tend to follow a ______ leadership style and women follow a ______ leadership style.

A. participative; transformational

B. autocratic; transformational

C. transformational; participative

D. transformational; autocratic

Learning Objective: 12.9: Identify gender issues in the context of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Leadership and Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Diverse and multicultural work environments

78. What should be altered to change stereotypes in the workplace?

A. emotional regulation

B. attitudes and perceptual distortions

C. leadership styles

D. behavioral intentions

Learning Objective: 12.9: Identify gender issues in the context of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Leadership and Gender

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Diverse and multicultural work environments

79. According to recent estimates, how many CEOs of fortune1000 companies are women?

A. 5

B. 32

C. 50

D. 77

Learning Objective: 12.9: Identify gender issues in the context of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Leadership and Gender

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Diverse and multicultural work environments

80. When women do embrace more autocratic styles, they are often perceived ______.

A. as acting a role rather than as sincere

B. the same as a man displaying similar characteristics

C. more positively than a man displaying similar characteristics

D. more negatively than a man displaying similar characteristics

Learning Objective: 12.9: Identify gender issues in the context of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Leadership and Gender

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Diverse and multicultural work environments

81. Christopher, the president of Fruit Fresh Direct, noticed that the majority of managers were men. This scenario seems to address which issue described in the textbook?

A. gender inequality

B. time achievement

C. improvement of organization success

D. personality advancement

Learning Objective: 12.9: Identify gender issues in the context of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Leadership and Gender

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: AACSB Standard: Diverse and multicultural work environments

True/False

1. With enough online resources to access most corners of the world, almost anybody can be a leader, with or without formal authority, given the right skills and a strong initiative.

Learning Objective: 12.1: Explain the basic concept of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Leadership?

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

2. Informal leaders must act in the best interests of the organization and have certain rights and privileges that allow them to reward or discipline employees.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Distinguish between formal and informal leadership and between leadership and management.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Formal and Informal Leadership

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and Individual behaviors

3. Management and leadership mean the same thing.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Distinguish between formal and informal leadership and between leadership and management.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Management Versus Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

4. A visionary leader sets performance standards and ensures rules are followed.

Learning Objective: 12.3: Contrast the four basic types of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Basic Leadership Types

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

5. Trait leadership perspective theory assumes effective leaders are born, not made.

Learning Objective: 12.4: Describe the trait, behavioral, and contingency leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Trait Leadership Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

6. Adolf Hitler is an example of a charismatic leader who inspired devotion in others to carry out his own extreme political agenda.

Learning Objective: 12.5: Compare the inspirational, relational, and follower-centered leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Charismatic Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

7. Empowering leadership is the ultimate example of teamwork because rather than one person being solely responsible for decision-making, the leader shares responsibility with the group as members strive to complete common goals.

Learning Objective: 12.6: Discuss the power-distributing leadership perspectives of empowering, shared, and self-leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Shared Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

8. Spiritual leadership motivates through faith, hope, and vision. It is closely connected with religion.

Learning Objective: 12.7: Describe the values-based leadership perspectives of authentic, spiritual, servant, and ethical leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Spiritual Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

9. Project GLOBE is closely related to implicit leadership theory.

Learning Objective: 12.8: Discuss leadership across cultures.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Contexts of organizations in a global society

10. In general, the culturally endorsed leadership theory shows that outstanding leadership looks the same across cultures.

Learning Objective: 12.8: Discuss leadership across cultures.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Contexts of organizations in a global society

11. Men and women do not differ in their leadership styles.

Learning Objective: 12.9: Identify gender issues in the context of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Leadership and Gender

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Diverse and multicultural work environments

12. The United States shares the same maternity leave policies as Papua New Guinea and Suriname.

Learning Objective: 12.9: Identify gender issues in the context of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Leadership and Gender

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Diverse and multicultural work environments

13. Most CEOs in the United States are men.

Learning Objective: 12.9: Identify gender issues in the context of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Leadership and Gender

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Diverse and multicultural work environments

Short Answer

1. ______ occurs when someone naturally becomes the leader of a leaderless group.

Learning Objective: 12.1: Explain the basic concept of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Leadership?

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

2. ______ maintain the status quo, promote stability, and ensure the smooth running of operations.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Distinguish between formal and informal leadership and between leadership and management.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Formal and Informal Leadership

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

3. ______ occurs when targets of influence agree to readily carry out the requests of their leader.

Learning Objective: 12.3: Contrast the four basic types of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Basic Leadership Types

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

4. Directive leaders tend to rule with an ______ style, making decisions without asking for suggestions from others.

Learning Objective: 12.3: Contrast the four basic types of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Basic Leadership Types

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

5. In Hersey & Blanchard’s Situational Leadership Model, ______ is a leadership behavior in which both leaders and followers work together and share in the decision-making responsibilities of the task.

Learning Objective: 12.4: Describe the trait, behavioral, and contingency leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Contingency Leadership Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

6. In House’s path–goal theory, ______ leadership is characterized by setting challenging goals, improving performance, and assisting training.

Learning Objective: 12.4: Describe the trait, behavioral, and contingency leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Contingency Leadership Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

7. In House’s path-goal theory, ______ characteristics are situational contingencies such as anxiety, perceived ability, locus of control, and close-mindedness.

Learning Objective: 12.4: Describe the trait, behavioral, and contingency leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Contingency Leadership Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

8. ______ are preconceived notions about the types of behaviors that characterize followers and nonfollowers.

Learning Objective: 12.5: Compare the inspirational, relational, and follower-centered leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Follower-Centered Leadership Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

9. What type of values-based leader would be described as someone who “leads from behind”?

Learning Objective: 12.7: Describe the values-based leadership perspectives of authentic, spiritual, servant, and ethical leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Servant Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Ethical understanding and reasoning

10. The acronym Project “GLOBE” stands for ______.

Learning Objective: 12.8: Discuss leadership across cultures.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Leadership

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: AACSB Standard: Contexts of organizations in a global society

Essay

1. Compare and contrast management and leadership.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Distinguish between formal and informal leadership and between leadership and management

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Management Versus Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

2. Define the four basic types of leaders.

Learning Objective: 12.3: Contrast the four basic types of leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Basic Leadership Types

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

3. What does the substitutes for leadership model propose? Give an example of a situation that might serve as a substitute for leadership.

Learning Objective: 12.4: Describe the trait, behavioral, and contingency leadership perspectives.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Contingency Leadership Perspective

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: AACSB Standard: Group and individual behaviors

4. What is empowering leadership? Describe behaviors that empowering leaders use.

Learning Objective: 12.6: Discuss the power-distributing leadership perspectives of empowering, shared, and self-leadership.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Empowering Leadership

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: AACSB Standard: Interpersonal relations and teamwork

5. What were Project GLOBE‘s findings and why is it similar to implicit leadership theory?

Learning Objective: 12.8: Discuss leadership across cultures.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Cross-Cultural Leadership

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: AACSB Standard: Contexts of organizations in a global society