Ch12 Full Test Bank How Do Anthropologists Study Political

Chapter 12: How Do Anthropologists Study Political Relations?

Test Bank

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 01]

1) Transformative capacity is the text’s definition of

Feedback: Human societies are able to organize human interdependency successfully only if they find ways to manage relations of power among the different individuals and groups they comprise. Power may be understood broadly as “transformative capacity” (Giddens 1979, 88).

Page reference: How Are Culture and Politics Related?

a. domination.

b. free agency.

c. power.

d. social organization.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 02]

2) The study of social power in human society is called

Feedback: The study of social power in human society is the domain of political anthropology.

Page reference: How Are Culture and Politics Related?

a. political anthropology.

b. social anthropology.

c. cultural anthropology.

d. sociocultural anthropology.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 03]

3) The freedom of self-contained individuals to pursue their own interests above everything else and to challenge one another for dominance is known as

Feedback: Free agency is the freedom of self-contained individuals to pursue their own interests above everything else and to challenge one another for dominance.

Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Study Politics?

a. free agency.

b. waivers.

c. independence.

d. hegemony.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 04]

4) A world view that justifies the social arrangements under which people live is called

Feedback: Ideology refers to a worldview that justifies the social arrangements under which people live.

Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Study Politics?

a. hegemony.

b. ideology.

c. domination.

d. autonomy.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 05]

5) According to Gramsci, rulers who provide some genuine benefits to their subjects, spread an ideology that justifies their rule, and nevertheless succeed in protecting their privileges are exercising

Feedback: Hegemony is the persuasion of subordinates to accept the ideology of the dominant group by mutual accommodations that nevertheless preserve the rulers’ privileged position.

Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Study Politics?

a. hegemony.

b. domination.

c. motivation.

d. autonomy.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 06]

6) Where national identity and political territory coincide:

Feedback: Nation-state is an ideal political unit in which national identity and political territory coincide.
Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Study Politics of the Nation-State?

a. hegemony.

b. governmentality.

c. ideology.

d. nation-state.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 07]

7) A sense of identification with and loyalty to the nation-state is called

Feedback: Nationality is a sense of identification with and loyalty to a nation-state.

Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Study Politics of the Nation-State?

a. heritage.

b. nationality.

c. ideology.

d. ethnicity.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 08]

8) The actions taken by many contemporary nation-states to identify the level of terrorist threats, take action to stop them, and institute policies to minimize damage and disruption in the event of a terrorist attack would be considered examples of

Feedback: Governmentality is the art of governing appropriately to promote the welfare of populations within a state.

Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Study Politics of the Nation-State?

a. domination.

b. governmentality.

c. hegemony.

d. too little too late.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 09]

9) Forms of power preoccupied with bodies, both the bodies of citizens and the social body of the state itself is called

Feedback: Biopower includes forms of power preoccupied with bodies, both the bodies of citizens and the social body of the state itself.

Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Study Politics of the Nation-State?

a. biopower.

b. governmentality.

c. culture.

d. ideology.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 10]

10) The term ________ is commonly used to refer to migrant populations with a shared identity who live in a variety of different locales around the world.

Feedback: Diaspora refers to migrant populations with a shared identity who live in a variety of different locales around the world; a form of transborder identity that does not focus on nation building.
Page reference: How Does Globalization Affect the Nation-State?

a. diaspora

b. nationalists

c. free agents

d. peasants

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 11]

11) Migrant populations with a shared identity who live in a variety of different locales around the world are called

Feedback: Diaspora refers to migrant populations with a shared identity who live in a variety of different locales around the world; a form of transborder identity that does not focus on nation building.
Page reference: How Does Globalization Affect the Nation-State?

a. immigrants.

b. diasporas.

c. nationalists.

d. transnationalists.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 12]

12) Members of a diaspora organized in support of nationalist struggles in their homeland or to agitate for a state of their own are known as

Feedback: Should members of a diaspora begin to organize in support of nationalist struggles in their homeland, or to agitate for a state of their own, they become long-distance nationalists (Schiller and Fouron 2002, 360–61).

Page reference: How Does Globalization Affect the Nation-State?

a. long-distance nationalists.

b. flexible citizens.

c. trans-border citizens.

d. mass migrants.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 13]

13) A group made up of citizens of a country who continue to live in their homeland plus the people who have emigrated from the country and their descendants, regardless of their current citizenship make up a

Feedback: Trans-border citizenry is a group made up of citizens of a country who continue to live in their homeland plus the people who have emigrated from the country and their descendants, regardless of their current citizenship.

Page reference: How Does Globalization Affect the Nation-State?

a. diaspora.

b. flexible citizenry.

c. long-distance nation.

d. trans-border citizenry.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 14]

14) The rights and obligations of citizenship accorded by the laws of a state make up the concept of

Feedback: Legal citizenship is accorded by state laws and can be difficult for migrants to obtain.

Page reference: How Does Globalization Affect the Nation-State?

a. flexible citizenship.

b. legal citizenship.

c. substantive citizenship.

d. transnational citizenship.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 15]

15) The actions people take, regardless of their citizenship status, to assert their membership of a state are referred to as peoples’

Feedback: Substantive citizenship includes the actions people take, regardless of their legal citizenship status, to assert their membership in a state and to bring about political changes that will improve their lives.

Page reference: How Does Globalization Affect the Nation-State?

a. flexible citizenship.

b. legal citizenship.

c. substantive citizenship.

d. transnational citizenship.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 16]

16) A nation-state in which the relationships between citizens and the state extend to wherever citizens reside is a(n)

Feedback: Transnational nation-state is a nation-state in which the relationships between citizens and the state extend to wherever citizens reside.
Page reference: How Does Globalization Affect the Nation-State?

a. diaspora.

b. postnational nation-state.

c. transnational nation-state.

d. trans-border citizenry.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 17]

17) The strategies and effects employed by managers, technocrats, and professionals who move regularly across state boundaries and seek both to circumvent and to benefit from different nation-state regimes are called

Feedback: Flexible citizenship refers to the strategies and effects employed by managers, technocrats, and professionals who move regularly across state boundaries who seek both to circumvent and benefit from different nation-state regimes.

Page reference: How Does Globalization Affect the Nation-State?

a. flexible citizenship.

b. legal citizenship.

c. substantive citizenship.

d. diasporic citizenship.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 18]

18) A new form of citizenship developing among residents of indigenous territories who have been granted full control and authority over lands that are located within the boundaries of nation-states is called

Feedback: As we saw in Aihwa Ong’s study of elite Chinese migrants, Michel Foucault’s concept of governmentality has proved extremely helpful in analyzing processes of citizenship formation. Erazo also uses this concept in her analysis of territorial citizenship in Rukullakta, but doing so requires modifying the way governmentality is applied.

Page reference: What Happens to Citizenship in a Globalized World?

a. flexible citizenship.

b. substantive citizenship.

c. postnational citizenship.

d. territorial citizenship.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 19]

19) According to Erazo, negotiating the specific responsibilities and duties associated with territorial citizenship is one of the key sites of enacting

Feedback: One example of such creativity is a new form of citizenship that is developing among residents of indigenous territories who have been granted full control and authority (or sovereignty) over lands that are located within the boundaries of nation-states. The responsibilities that come with territorial sovereignty may be new to both leaders and residents of indigenous territories and may carry burdens that they are unaccustomed to or unwilling to assume. Juliet S. Erazo has studied the new ways of thinking and acting that have developed in the indigenous territory of Rukullakta, in Ecuador, as its Amazonian Kichwa residents fashion a sense of territorial citizenship. According to Erazo (2013), “Negotiating the specific responsibilities and duties associated with territorial citizenship is one of the key sites of enacting sovereignty” (10).

Page reference: What Happens to Citizenship in a Globalized World?

a. sovereignty.

b. flexible citizenship.

c. a postnational ethos.

d. multiculturalism.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 20]

20) Which of the following terms is used by Eric Wolf to refer to the form of social power that organizes social settings and controls the allocation of social labor?

Feedback: Structural power organizes social settings themselves and controls the allocation of social labor.
Page reference: How Are Culture and Politics Related?

a. Interpersonal power

b. Organizational power

c. Structural power

d. Social power

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 21]

21) In traditional Western thought, the prototype of power in human social relations is based on

Feedback: Domination is coercive rule.
Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Study Politics?

a. physical coercion.

b. negotiation.

c. the ability to convince.

d. “survival of the fittest.”

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 22]

22) According to James Scott, foot-dragging, desertion, pilfering, slander, arson, and sabotage are examples of

Feedback: Scott quickly realized that the poor peasants of “Sedaka” were not about to rise up against their oppressors. But this was not because they accepted their poverty and low status as natural and proper. For one thing, organized overt defense of their interests was difficult because local economic, political, and kinship ties generated conflicting loyalties. For another, the peasants knew that overt political action in the context of routine repression would be foolhardy. Finally, they had to feed their families. Their solution was to engage in what Scott called “everyday forms of peasant resistance”: this included “foot dragging, dissimulation, desertion, false compliance, pilfering, feigned ignorance, slander, arson, sabotage, and so forth” (1987, xvi). These actions may have done little to alter the peasants’ situation in the short run; however, Scott argued, in the long run they had the potential to be more effective than overt rebellion in undercutting state repression.

Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Study Politics?

a. everyday forms of peasant resistance.

b. unusual forms of peasant resistance.

c. unusual forms of repression.

d. routine repression.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 23]

23) According to Evans-Pritchard, Azande commoners did not accuse chiefs of witchcraft because

Feedback: Consider, for example, the Azande belief that people use witchcraft only against those they envy. The psychological insight embodied in this belief makes it highly plausible to people who experience daily friction with their neighbors. At the same time, however, this belief makes it impossible to accuse Azande chiefs of using witchcraft against commoners—because, as the Azande themselves told Evans-Pritchard, why would chiefs envy their subjects? In this way, hegemonic ideology deflects challenges that might be made against those in power.

Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Study Politics?

a. they feared retribution if they made their suspicions public.

b. witches bewitch people they envy, and chiefs do not envy commoners.

c. their belief system offered no way of coping with witchcraft.

d. chiefs did not believe in witchcraft and thought that people who did were irrational.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 24]

24) Nations are groups of people who

Feedback: A nation is a group of people believed to share the same history, culture, language, and even physical substance.
Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Study Politics of the Nation-State?

a. share the same genetic information.

b. have always lived in the same territory.

c. believe they share a set of common attributes.

d. fight for the survival of the group.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 25]

25) Governmentality can best be understood as a way to

Feedback: Governmentality is the art of governing appropriately to promote the welfare of populations within a state.

Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Study Politics of the Nation-State?

a. keep rulers in power.

b. insure that people respect and obey the law.

c. establish long-distance trading companies.

d. manage individuals, goods, and wealth.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 26]

26) When nationalist leaders define nationality in a way that preserves the cultural domination of the ruling group but also includes enough cultural features from subordinated groups to insure their loyalty, they are engaging in a process called

Feedback: Nationalist ideologies typically include some cultural features of subordinate cultural groups. Thus, although nationalist traditions are invented, they are not created out of thin air. That is, those who control the nation-state will try to define nationality in ways that “identify and ensure loyalty among citizens . . . the goal is to create criteria of inclusion and exclusion to control and delimit the group” (Williams 1989, 407). The hope seems to be that if at least some aspects of their ways of life are acknowledged as essential to national identity, subordinated groups will identify with and be loyal to the nation. Following Gramsci, Brackette Williams calls this process a transformist hegemony in which nationalist ideologues are attempting to “create purity out of impurity” (1989, 429, 435).

Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Study Politics of the Nation-State?

a. nation-building.

b. state socialism.

c. ethnic domination.

d. transformist hegemony.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 27]

27) During the last half of the twentieth century, the countries of ________ were the target of large waves of immigration from all over the world.

Feedback: The Schengen Agreement, adopted in 1999 by the European Union, eliminated passport controls between all member states except for Ireland and the United Kingdom, and it was hailed as a positive achievement. Fifteen years later, however, enormous pressure was put on the European Union by waves of refugees escaping economic and political pressures in their home nations: thousands of refugees have died attempting to cross the Mediterranean Sea from points in North Africa.

Page reference: How Does Globalization Affect the Nation-State?

a. Asia

b. Europe

c. The Middle East

d. Africa

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 28]

28) There is a move by some transborder citizenries to call for the establishment of new political forms that represent the realities of their experiences of national identity. These new forms are called

Feedback: Flexible citizenship refers to the strategies and effects employed by managers, technocrats, and professionals who move regularly across state boundaries who seek both to circumvent and benefit from different nation-state regimes.

Page reference: How Does Globalization Affect the Nation-State?

a. regional carriers.

b. transnational nation-states.

c. substantive citizenship.

d. flexible citizenship.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 29]

29) According to Aihwa Ong, the ways in which overseas Chinese business families seek both to benefit from and get around different nation-state regimes illustrates

Feedback: When the British decided to award citizenship to some Hong Kong residents in the 1990s, they used a point system that favored applicants with education, fluency in English, and training in professions of value to the economy, such as accountancy and law. These attributes fitted well the criteria for citizenship valued under the government of Margaret Thatcher, while other applicants for citizenship who lacked such attributes were excluded. Citizenship, or at least a passport, could be purchased by those who had the money: “well-off families accumulated passports not only from Canada, Australia, Singapore, and the United States but also from revenue-poor Fiji, the Philippines, Panama, and Tonga which required in return for a passport a down payment of U.S. $200,000 and an equal amount in installments” (Ong 2002, 183).
Page reference: What Happens to Citizenship in a Globalized World?

a. flexible citizenship.

b. the rise of transnational nation-states.

c. substantive citizenship.

d. great business skills.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 30]

30) The French approach to multiculturalism is characterized by the promise to immigrants of

Feedback: According to Melotti, the French project is ethnocentric assimilationism: Since early in the nineteenth century, when French society experienced a falling birthrate, immigration was encouraged and immigrants were promised all the rights and privileges of native-born citizens as long as they adopted French culture completely, dropping other ethnic or cultural attachments and assimilating the French language, culture, and character (1997, 75).

Page reference: What Happens to Citizenship in a Globalized World?

a. toleration in the exercise of their cultural differences as long as they do not disrupt law and order or expect to become French.

b. all the rights and privileges of native-born citizens as long as they adopt French culture and language.

c. work and legal protection but not citizenship.

d. increasing autonomy as they assert their rights.

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 31]

31) The British approach to multiculturalism is characterized by the promise to immigrants of

Feedback: The British project, by contrast, is uneven pluralism: that is, the pragmatic British expect immigrants to be loyal and law-abiding citizens, but they do not expect immigrants to “become British: and they tolerate private cultivation of cultural differences as long as these do not threaten the British way of life (1997, 79–80).

Page reference: What Happens to Citizenship in a Globalized World?

a. toleration in the exercise of their cultural differences as long as they do not disrupt law and order or expect to become British.

b. all the rights and privileges of native-born citizens as long as they adopt British culture and language.

c. work and legal protection but not citizenship.

d. increasing autonomy as they assert their rights.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 32]

32) The German approach to multiculturalism is characterized by the promise to immigrants of

Feedback: Melotti describes the German project as the institutionalization of precariousness, by which he means that despite the fact that Germany has within its borders more immigrants than any other European country, and began receiving immigrants at the end of the nineteenth century, its government continues to insist that Germany is not a country of immigrants. Immigrants were always considered “guest workers,” children born to guest workers are considered citizens of the country from which the worker came, and it remains very difficult for guest workers or their children born in Germany to obtain German citizenship.

Page reference: What Happens to Citizenship in a Globalized World?

a. toleration in the exercise of their cultural differences as long as they do not disrupt law and order or expect to become German.

b. all the rights and privileges of native-born citizens as long as they adopt German culture and language.

c. work and legal protection but not citizenship.

d. increasing autonomy as they assert their rights.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 33]

33) According to the text, a central theme in multicultural debates within Europe is

Feedback: Coming to terms with increasing numbers of Muslims living in countries where Christianity has historically been dominant has been central to cultural debates within Europe for the past quarter century. Although all European states consider themselves secular in orientation (see Asad 2003), the relation between religion and state is far from uniform.

Page reference: What Happens to Citizenship in a Globalized World?

a. coming to terms with increasing numbers of Muslims living in countries where Christianity has historically been dominant.

b. whether to accept the model of multiculturalism predominant in the United States.

c. providing a single, European response to migration.

d. assuring state intervention to resolve disputes involving Muslims and Christians in historically Christian nations.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 34]

34) In recent years, the anthropology of politics has addressed questions about

Feedback: Beginning in the 1960s, political anthropologists developed new ways of thinking about political issues and new theoretical orientations to guide them, inaugurating in the 1970s and 1980s a third phase in which the anthropology of politics posed broader questions about power and inequality (Vincent 2002, 3).

Page reference: How Are Culture and Politics Related?

a. how former colonies have become states.

b. how the process of alienation works.

c. power and inequality.

d. free agency.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 35]

35) In Sedaka, rich and poor villagers alike agreed that

Feedback: Scott tells us that both sides agreed that using the machines hurt the poor and helped the rich. When each side was asked whether the benefits of the machines outweighed their costs, however, consensus evaporated. The poor offered practical reasons against the use of combine harvesters: they claimed that the heavy machines were inefficient and that their operation destroyed rice paddies. They also offered moral reasons: they accused the rich of being “stingy,” of ignoring the traditional obligation of rich people to help the poor by providing them with work and charity. The rich denied both the practical and the moral objections of the poor. They insisted that using harvesters increased their yield. They accused the poor people of bad faith. They claimed that the poor suffered because they were bad farmers and lazy, and they attributed their own success to hard work and prudent farm managements.

Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Study Politics?

a. the benefits of combine harvesters outweigh their costs.

b. the costs of combine harvesters outweigh their benefits.

c. using combine harvesters hurts the poor and helps the rich.

d. using combine harvesters helps the poor and hurts the rich.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 36]

36) The state of Freedonia is concerned by the threat posed by its increasingly warlike neighbor, Sylvania. After the latest census figures are considered, the Freedonian government realizes that it will need both more soldiers and more factory output of military materials. The government introduces laws to reward larger families with tax credits, reforms the educational system to increase the number of students in vocational training, and institutes a military draft. According to the text, the government of Freedonia is engaging in

Feedback: According to Foucault, European states began to govern in terms of biopolitics, using statistics to inform their political policies.

Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Study Politics?

a. autonomy.

b. biopolitics.

c. realpolitik.

d. resistance.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 37]

37) According to Alonso, Mexican nationalist ideology completely ignores the contributions of which group that was part of colonial Mexican society?

Feedback: Unfortunately, the practices of subordinated groups that are not incorporated into nationalist ideology are regularly marginalized and devalued. Continued adherence to such practices may be viewed as subversive, and practitioners may suffer persecution and even extermination. Other groups, by contrast, may be totally ignored. Ana Maria Alonso has pointed out, for example, that Mexican nationalism is “mestizo nationalism” rooted in the official doctrine that the Mexican people are a hybrid of European whites and the indigenous people they conquered. African slaves were also a part of early colonial Mexican society, but nationalist ideology erases their presence entirely (Alonso 1994, 396).

Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Study Politics of the Nation-State?

a. European whites

b. African slaves

c. Creoles

d. Conquered indigenous peoples

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 38]

38) Kelly and Kaplan, as cited in the text, emphasize that the united Fijian nation projected at the time of independence was undercut by

Feedback: Kelly and Kaplan insist that the image of a united Fijian nation projected at independence was severely undermined by legal mechanisms of political representation carried over from the colonial period, particularly the race-based voting rolls. What became apparent in the years after independence was the fact that Indo-Fijians and ethnic Fijians had imagined very different national communities. Indo-Fijians had supported the image of a nation in which all citizens, Indo-Fijian or ethnic Fijian or “general elector,” would have equal status, voting on a single roll, working together to build a constitutional democracy.

Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Study Politics of the Nation-State?

a. mechanisms of political representation carried over from the colonial period.

b. a military that was still under the control of the colonial power.

c. a lack of institutions that could provide unity.

d. strong ties to India.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 39]

39) In recent years, political candidates from Mexico, the Dominican Republic, and elsewhere have come to the United States to seek votes from migrants from those countries who have migrated to the United States. In the terms used in the text, this signals the emergence of

Feedback: Trans-border state is a form of state in which it is claimed that those people who left the country and their descendants remain part of their ancestral state, even if they are citizens of another state.

Page reference: How Does Globalization Affect the Nation-State?

a. associated citizenship.

b. a cosmopolitan state.

c. a transborder state.

d. a collapsing state.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 40]

40) In recent years, political candidates from Mexico, the Dominican Republic, and elsewhere have come to the United States to seek votes from migrants from those countries who have migrated to the United States. According to the text, likely voters (who in some cases can vote in the United States; in other cases they must return to their homeland to vote) can be called

Feedback: Trans-border citizenry is a group made up of citizens of a country who continue to live in their homeland plus the people who have emigrated from the country and their descendants, regardless of their current citizenship.

Page reference: How Does Globalization Affect the Nation-State?

a. dual nationals.

b. a transborder citizenry.

c. guilty of voter fraud.

d. contemporary voting elites.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 41]

41) Aihwa Ong writes that wealthy overseas Chinese elites are loyal to the family business, not whichever nation-state they are living in. She calls this

Feedback: Ong concludes that, for these elite Chinese, the concept of nationalism has lost its meaning. Instead, she says, they seem to subscribe to a postnational ethos in which they submit to the governmentality of the capitalist market while trying to evade the governmentality of nation-states, ultimately because their only true loyalty is to the family business (Ong 2002, 190). Such flexible citizenship, however, is not an option for nonelite migrants: “whereas for bankers, boundaries are always flexible, for migrant workers, boat people, persecuted intellectuals and artists, and other kinds of less well-heeled refugees, this . . . is a harder act to follow” (190).

Page reference: What Happens to Citizenship in a Globalized World?

a. governmentality.

b. substantive citizenship.

c. a postnational ethos.

d. multiculturalism.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 42]

42) According to John Bowen, as discussed in the text, how are French legal scholars working to craft solutions to the challenges Muslim marriage practices present to French law?

Feedback: In recent years, Bowen reports, French judges have devised two ways of crafting a solution to these unwelcome consequences. One has been to modify the concept of public order by making so-called practical exceptions for Muslims who emigrate to France. The other is to be more flexible with Muslim marriage and family practices as long as these arrangements involve individuals who are not French citizens. These pragmatic solutions are an improvement over what Bowen calls the “more blunt-instrument approach” associated with the older understanding of public order. Bowen concludes that in France today, Muslim and French jurists alike are both struggling to craft “the legal conditions for common life that are capacious enough to ‘reasonably accommodate’ people living in different conditions and with differing beliefs, yet unitary enough to retain the hope that such a common life is conceivable” (2010, 178).

Page reference: What Happens to Citizenship in a Globalized World?

a. They are refusing to recognize any marriages or divorces that are not in keeping with French law.

b. They will only recognize Islamic marriages or divorces that were made outside France.

c. They are making “practical exceptions” to the concept of public order.

d. They are allowing polygamous marriages to occur, in certain circumstances.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 43]

43) According to Rudy Colloredo-Mansfeld, vernacular statecraft is

Feedback: Vernacular statecraft is the repurposing of state administrative procedures by local communities under circumstances where state institutions are weak, unreliable, or absent.

Page reference: What Happens to Citizenship in a Globalized World?

a. state-initiated “conduct of conduct” of its subject population.

b. an attitude toward the world in which people submit to the governmentality of the capitalist market while trying to evade the governmentality of nation-states.

c. the repurposing of state administrative procedures by local communities under circumstances where state institutions are weak, unreliable, or absent.

d. based on the constant, powerful presence of a state that actively intervenes in local affairs.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 44]

44) Define the anthropological concept of power and how it is understood in state and stateless societies. Provide examples from the text.

Feedback: Human societies are able to organize human interdependency successfully only if they find ways to manage relations of power among the different individuals and groups they comprise. Power may be understood broadly as “transformative capacity” (Giddens 1979, 88).

Page reference: How Are Culture and Politics Related?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 45]

45) Why would the concept of biopolitics be useful to anthropologists doing ethnographic research?

Feedback: According to Foucault, European states began to govern in terms of biopolitics, using statistics to inform their political policies. Eventually, a new art appropriate to biopolitical management of the state emerged, which Foucault called governmentality.

Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Study Politics?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 12 Question 46]

46) The text state, “Politics is . . . very much a matter of struggling over meaning, not just of physical coercion.” Discuss what this means, identifying concepts of power and politics used in the text. Support your discussion with examples.

Feedback: Decolonization drew attention to emerging national-level politics in new states and the effects of “modernization” on the “traditional” political structures that had formerly been the focus of anthropological investigation. The turbulent politics of the 1960s and early 1970s, however, called this approach into question. Beginning in the 1960s, political anthropologists developed new ways of thinking about political issues and new theoretical orientations to guide them, inaugurating in the 1970s and 1980s a third phase in which the anthropology of politics posed broader questions about power and inequality (Vincent 2002, 3).

Page reference: How Are Culture and Politics Related?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: [Analysis and Synthesis: Chapter 12 Question 47]

47) Describe the forms of “everyday peasant resistance” as articulated by Scott. Identify examples of behavior in American society that could be described in similar terms. Discuss what this suggests about the circumstances in which practitioners of these actions live?

Feedback: Scott quickly realized that the poor peasants of “Sedaka” were not about to rise up against their oppressors. But this was not because they accepted their poverty and low status as natural and proper. For one thing, organized overt defense of their interests was difficult because local economic, political, and kinship ties generated conflicting loyalties. For another, the peasants knew that overt political action in the context of routine repression would be foolhardy. Finally, they had to feed their families. Their solution was to engage in what Scott called “everyday forms of peasant resistance”: this included “foot dragging, dissimulation, desertion, false compliance, pilfering, feigned ignorance, slander, arson, sabotage, and so forth” (1987, xvi). These actions may have done little to alter the peasants’ situation in the short run; however, Scott argued, in the long run they had the potential to be more effective than overt rebellion in undercutting state repression.

Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Study Politics?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: [Analysis and Synthesis: Chapter 12 Question 48]

48) Discuss the ways in which both Islamic and French legal scholars are working to address the issues raised by Islamic marriage in France.

Feedback: In recent years, Bowen reports, French judges have devised two ways of crafting a solution to these unwelcome consequences. One has been to modify the concept of public order by making so-called practical exceptions for Muslims who emigrate to France. The other is to be more flexible with Muslim marriage and family practices as long as these arrangements involve individuals who are not French citizens. These pragmatic solutions are an improvement over what Bowen calls the “more blunt-instrument approach” associated with the older understanding of public order. Bowen concludes that in France today, Muslim and French jurists alike are both struggling to craft “the legal conditions for common life that are capacious enough to ‘reasonably accommodate’ people living in different conditions and with differing beliefs, yet unitary enough to retain the hope that such a common life is conceivable” (2010, 178).

Page reference: What Happens to Citizenship in a Globalized World?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: [Analysis and Synthesis: Chapter 12 Question 49]

49) Discuss the concepts of nationalism and citizenship as they have are developing under the effects of globalization. Provide examples from the text in your discussion. Analyze how these concepts interrelate and where they diverge. What do you think the future of globalization will look like in these contexts?

Feedback: Nationality is a sense of identification with and loyalty to a nation-state. Schiller and Fouron contrast legal citizenship with what they call substantive citizenship and point out that, for trans-border citizens, the two often do not coincide. Legal citizenship is accorded by state laws and can be difficult for migrants to obtain. But even those trans-border citizens who obtain legal citizenship often experience a gap between what legal citizenship promises and the way they are treated by the state. For example, people of color and women who are United States citizens are not treated by the state the same way white male citizens are treated. By contrast, substantive citizenship is defined by the actions people take, regardless of their legal citizenship status, to assert their membership in a state and to bring about political changes that will improve their lives. Some trans-border citizens call for the establishment of full-fledged transnational nation-states.

Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Study Politics of the Nation-State?