How Do We Make Meaning? Exam Prep Lavenda Ch.10

Chapter 10: How Do We Make Meaning?

Test Bank

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 01]

1) An orienting context that is consciously adopted by the actors, somehow pleasurable, and systemically related to what is considered to be the normal or everyday context is called

Feedback: Play is a framing (or orienting context) that is (1) consciously adopted by the players, (2) somehow pleasurable, and (3) systemically related to what is non-play by alluding to the nonplay world and by transforming the objects, roles, actions, and relations of ends and means characteristic of the nonplay world.
Page reference: What Is Play?

a. art.

b. myth.

c. play.

d. ritual.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 02]

2) Metacommunication refers to

Feedback: Metacommunication is communication about the process of communication itself.
Page reference: What Is Play?

a. communication systems in advanced societies.

b. communication about communication.

c. ordinary communication studied out of context.

d. such e-mail practices as the sideways smiley faces, for example, :-).

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 03]

3) A cognitive boundary that marks certain behaviors as “play” or as “ordinary life” is called

Feedback: Framing is a cognitive boundary that marks certain behaviors as “play” or as “ordinary life.”
Page reference: What Is Play?

a. framing.

b. metacommunication.

c. openness.

d. reflexivity.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 04]

4) Critical thinking about the way one thinks is called

Feedback: Reflexivity is critical thinking about the way one thinks; reflection on one’s own experience.
Page reference: What Is Play?

a. framing.

b. metacommunication.

c. openness.

d. reflexivity.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 05]

5) Play with form producing some aesthetically successful transformation-representation is a definition of

Feedback: Art refers to play with form producing some aesthetically successful transformation-representation.
Page reference: What Is Art?

a. games.

b. art.

c. sport.

d. ritual.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 06]

6) The term anthropologists use for stories that recount how various aspects of the world came to be the way they are is

Feedback: Myths are stories that recount how various aspects of the world came to be the way they are. The power of myths comes from their ability to make life meaningful for those who accept them. The truth of myths seems self-evident because they effectively integrate personal experiences with a wider set of assumptions about how the world works.
Page reference: What Is Myth?

a. folktales.

b. metaphors.

c. myths.

d. narrative.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 07]

7) When myths and related beliefs that are taken to be self-evident truths are highly codified and deviation from the code is considered a serious matter, we may call this

Feedback: Orthodoxy refers to “correct doctrine”; the prohibition of deviation from approved mythic texts.

Page reference: What Is Myth?

a. liminality.

b. orthodoxy.

c. orthopraxy.

d. ritual.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 08]

8) A repetitive social practice composed of a sequence of culturally-recognizable symbolic activities in the form of dance, song, speech, gestures, or the manipulation of objects, set off from the routines of everyday life, and closely connected with a specific set of ideas is known as a

Feedback: Ritual is a repetitive social practice composed of a sequence of symbolic activities in the form of dance, song, speech, gestures, or the manipulation of objects; adhering to a culturally defined ritual schema; and closely connected to a specific set of ideas that are often encoded in myth.
Page reference: What Is Ritual?

a. ritual.

b. myth.

c. play.

d. art.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 09]

9) A ritual that serves to mark the movement and transformation of an individual from one social position to another is called

Feedback: Rite of passage is a ritual that serves to mark the movement and transformation of an individual from one social position to another.
Page reference: What Is Ritual?

a. a transformative ritual.

b. orthopraxy.

c. a rite of passage.

d. orthodox.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 10]

10) The ambiguous transitional state in a rite of passage in which the person or persons undergoing the ritual are outside their ordinary social positions is called

Feedback: Liminality is the ambiguous transitional state in a rite of passage in which the person or persons undergoing the ritual are outside their ordinary social positions.

Page reference: What Is Ritual?

a. transformativity.

b. orthopraxy.

c. reaggregation.

d. liminality.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 11]

11) An intense comradeship in which the social distinctions among participants in a rite of passage disappear or become irrelevant is called

Feedback: Communitas is an unstructured or minimally structured community of equal individuals found frequently in rites of passage.
Page reference: What Is Ritual?

a. liminality.

b. communitas.

c. transition.

d. reaggregation.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 12]

12) Encompassing pictures of reality created by the members of a particular society are called

Feedback: Worldviews are encompassing pictures of reality created by the members of societies.
Page reference: How Are Symbolic Practice And Society Related?

a. schemas.

b. experiential gestalts.

c. worldviews.

d. metaphors.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 13]

13) What term describes symbols that sum up, express, or represent for people in an emotionally powerful way what the system means to them?

Feedback: Some symbols, which anthropologist Sherry Ortner calls summarizing symbols, sum up, express, or represent for people “in an emotionally powerful . . . way what the system means to them” (1973,1339).
Page reference: What Are Symbols?

a. Static symbol

b. Summarizing symbol

c. Representative symbol

d. Emotional symbol

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 14]

14) The ideas and practices that postulate reality beyond that which is immediately available to the senses are known in anthropology as

Feedback: Religion refers to “ideas and practices that postulate reality beyond that which is immediately available to the senses” (Bowen 2008). from other meals by its religious context. Even everyday meals may be seen to have a religious quality if they begin or end with prayer.

Page reference: What Is Religion?

a. metaphors.

b. worldviews.

c. religion.

d. orthodoxy.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 15]

15) When nearly every act of everyday life is ritualized and other forms of behavior are strongly discouraged, anthropologists and religious scholars sometimes speak of

Feedback: Orthopraxy refers to “correct practice”; the prohibition of deviation from approved forms of ritual behavior.

Page reference: What Is Religion?

a. worldview.

b. orthodoxy.

c. orthopraxy.

d. secularism.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 16]

16) The principle that sacred things are to be touched so that power may be transferred refers to which of the following minimal categories of religion?

Feedback: Mana refers to an impersonal superhuman power that is sometimes believed to be transferable from an object that contains it to one that does not.

Page reference: What Is Religion?

a. Prayer

b. Sacrifice

c. Mana

d. Taboo

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 17]

17) In some religious systems, certain objects or people may not be touched, or else the cosmic power in them may drain away. This feature is captured in the minimal category of religion called

Feedback: Objects or people that may not be touched are taboo. Some people believe that the cosmic power in such objects or people may “drain away” if touched or may injure the toucher.

Page reference: What Is Religion?

a. physiological exercise.

b. mana.

c. sacrifice.

d. taboo.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 18]

18) Part-time religious practitioners who are believed to have the power to travel or contact supernatural forces directly on the behalf of individuals or groups are known as

Feedback: A shaman is a part-time religious practitioner who is believed to have the power to contact supernatural forces directly on behalf of individuals or groups.
Page reference: What Is Religion?

a. shamans.

b. priests.

c. oracles.

d. witches.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 19]

19) A set of beliefs and practices designed to control the visible or invisible world for specific purposes is called

Feedback: Magic is a set of beliefs and practices designed to control the visible or invisible world for specific purposes.
Page reference: What Is Religion?

a. magic.

b. oracles.

c. witchcraft.

d. channeling.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 20]

20) An invisible force to which the Azande address questions, and whose responses they believe to be truthful is called a(n)

Feedback: Oracles are invisible forces to which people address questions and whose responses they believe to be truthful.
Page reference: Two Case Studies

a. witch.

b. magician.

c. oracle.

d. chief.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 21]

21) The synthesis of old religious practices with new religious practices introduced from outside is called

Feedback: Syncretism is the synthesis of old religious practices (or an old way of life) with new religious practices (or a new way of life) introduced from outside, often by force.

Page reference: How Do People Cope With Change

a. syncretism

b. revitalization

c. communitas

d. nativism

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 22]

22) A conscious, deliberate, and organized attempt by some members of a society to create a more satisfying culture in a time of crisis is known as a

Feedback: Revitalization is a conscious, deliberate, and organized attempt by some members of a society to create a more satisfying culture in a time of crisis.

Page reference: Two Case Studies

a. syncretism

b. revitalization

c. communitas

d. nativism

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 23]

23) A movement whose members expect a messiah or prophet who will bring back a lost golden age of peace, prosperity, and harmony is called

Feedback: Nativism is a return to the old ways; a movement whose members expect a messiah or prophet who will bring back a lost golden age of peace, prosperity, and harmony.

Page reference: Two Case Studies

a. syncretism

b. revitalization

c. communitas

d. nativism

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 24]

24) According to the text, play displays which of the following concepts in linguistics and cognition?

Feedback: Openness was defined as the ability to talk or think about the same thing in different ways and different things in the same way.

Page reference: What Is Play?

a. Vocal-auditory channel

b. Rapid fading

c. Openness

d. Prescription

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 25]

25) Artists in non-Western societies

Feedback: Anthony Forge (1967), for example, noted that Abelam carvers in New Guinea discuss carvings in a language that was more incisive than that of noncarvers. Forge and other anthropologists pointed out that artists in traditional non-Western societies created objects or engaged in activities that reinforced the central values of their culture.

Page reference: What Is Art?

a. are divorced from everyday life.

b. produce work that is more interesting to Western collectors than it is to the people in their own societies.

c. are similar to Western artists in that they are concerned with art for art’s sake.

d. work with symbols that are of central importance to their societies.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 26]

26) In today’s global art market,

Feedback: Recent work in the anthropology of art, however, has prompted many anthropologists to rethink Forge’s position. They have turned their attention to the way certain kinds of material objects made by tribal peoples flow into a global art market, where they are transformed into “primitive” or “ethnic” art.

Page reference: What Is Art?

a. people who make primitive or tribal art are no longer tribal.

b. most producers of ethnic arts sell their work to wealthy Western collectors.

c. producers of ethnic arts have become well-known artists.

d. the increased demand for ethnical and tribal arts provides a new and successful economic strategy for tribal peoples.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 27]

27) Ian Condry’s study of hip-hop in Japan showed that

Feedback: One striking experience that Condry observed was of a concert right after the New Year. “I was surprised to see all the clubbers who knew each other going around and saying the traditional New Year’s greeting in very formal Japanese: ‘Congratulations on the dawn of the New Year. I humbly request your benevolence this year as well.’ There was no irony, no joking atmosphere in these statements” (Condry 2001, 380). As he remarks, “Japanese cultural practices do not disappear” just because people seem to conform to the style of global hip-hop. In the same way, the topics addressed in the lyrics speak in some way to the concerns of the listeners, ridiculing school and television or celebrating video games and young men’s verbal play. Most striking, perhaps, is the repeated theme that youth need to speak out for themselves.
Page reference: How Does Hip-Hop Become Japanese?

a. it was an example of the expansion of a popular culture form into another part of the world that Japanese were forced to adopt without changing it.

b. Japanese artists and fans have rejected hip-hop.

c. Japanese hip-hop lyrics emphasize the theme that youth need to speak out for themselves.

d. music is not translatable across cultures.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 28]

28) The anthropologist who argued that myths serve as “charters” or “justifications” for present-day social arrangements was

Feedback: Early in the twentieth century, anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski introduced a new approach to myth. He believed that to understand myths we must understand the social context in which they are embedded. Malinowski argued that myths serve as “charters” or “justifications” for present-day social arrangements. In other words, a myth operates much like the Declaration of Independence. That is, the myth contains some “self-evident” truth that explains why society is as it is and why it cannot be changed. If the social arrangements justified by the myth are challenged, the myth can be used as a weapon against the challengers.

Page reference: What Is Myth?

a. E. E. Evans-Pritchard

b. Claude Lévi-Strauss

c. Bronislaw Malinowski

d. Victor Turner

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 29]

29) The anthropologist who argued that myths are tools for overcoming logical contradictions that cannot otherwise be overcome was

Feedback: For Lévi-Strauss, myths are tools for overcoming logical contradictions that cannot otherwise be overcome. They are put together in an attempt to deal with the oppositions of particular concern to a particular society at a particular moment in time. Using a linguistic metaphor, Lévi-Strauss argues that myths are composed of smaller units—phrases, sentences, words, relationships—that are arranged in ways that give both a linear, narrative (or “melodic”) coherence and a multilevel, structural (or “harmonic”) coherence. These arrangements represent and comment on aspects of social life that are thought to oppose each other.
Page reference: What Is Myth?

a. E. E. Evans-Pritchard.

b. Claude Lévi-Strauss.

c. Bronislaw Malinowski.

d. Victor Turner.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 30]

30) What are the three stages of rites of passage?

Feedback: Rites of passage are rituals in which members of a culture move from one position in the social structure to another. These rites are marked by periods of separation, transition, and reaggregation. During the period of transition, individuals occupy a liminal position. All those in this position frequently develop an intense comradeship and a feeling of oneness, or communitas.

Page reference: What Is Ritual?

a. Separation, transition, reaggregation

b. Effacement, transition, delivery

c. Liberty, equality, fraternity

d. Communitas, liminality, marginality

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 31]

31) For many anthropologists, using the term “supernatural” in a definition of religion is

Feedback: Scholars have often argued that a religion differs from other kinds of worldviews because it assumes the existence of a supernatural domain: an invisible world populated by one or more beings who are more powerful than human beings and able to influence events in the “natural” human world. The problem with this definition is that the distinction between “natural” and “supernatural” was originally made by nonreligious Western observers to distinguish the real “natural” world from what they took to be the imaginary “supernatural” world. Many anthropologists who study different religious traditions believe that it is less distorting to begin with their informants’ statements about what exists and what does not.

Page reference: What Is Religion?

a. a problem because it may distort how informants perceive the forces at work in the world.

b. a problem because it implies an invisible world.

c. necessary in order to capture the distinction between the world human beings can see and the one they cannot.

d. necessary because it is found universally.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 32]

32) The Azande use chicken for

Feedback: To expose the witch, the Azande consulted oracles (invisible forces to which people address questions and whose responses they believe to be truthful). Preeminent among these was the poison oracle. The poison was a strychninelike substance imported into Azandeland. The oracle “spoke” through the effect the poison had on chickens. When witchcraft was suspected, a relative of the afflicted person took some young chickens into the bush along with a specialist in administering the poison oracle. This person fed poison to one chicken, named a suspect, and asked the oracle to kill the chicken if that person were the witch. If the chicken died, a second chicken was fed poison, and the oracle was asked to spare the chicken if the suspect just named was indeed the witch. Thus, the Azande double-checked the oracle carefully; a witchcraft accusation was not made lightly.

Page reference: Two Case Studies

a. stir fry.

b. celebrations.

c. detecting witches.

d. enhancing the powers of witchcraft.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 33]

33) According to T. M. Luhrmann, how did members of the Vineyard Christian Fellowship evangelical churches understand prayer?

Feedback: One of the striking characteristics of the church, in fact, is that congregants expect to experience God immediately, directly, and personally. Members of the church told her that God is an intimate friend who wants to know everything about them, who is as concerned with the clothing they wear as he is with matters of life and death. For these Christians, God is transformed into someone with whom members of the church have a relationship. That relationship is cultivated through prayer, the act of talking with God, and for the members of the Vineyard prayer was a skill that, Luhrmann points out, must be learned (Luhrmann 2012, 47). For members of the church, prayer is modeled on the idea of a conversation between friends, and the hardest part of prayer training was learning to hear God’s part of the communication.

Page reference: Two Case Studies

a. God was to be addressed and listened to in groups of congregants.

b. Congregants have to be trained in order to learn how to pray properly.

c. Prayer is intended to help congregants find answers to suffering.

d. People stay with the church because the theology makes rational sense to them.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 34]

34) Which of the following is not an example of how worldviews can be mobilized as instruments of power and control?

Feedback: How can worldviews be mobilized as instruments of power and control? First, a religious symbol can be invoked as a guarantee of self-evident truths when people in power seek to eliminate or impose certain forms of conduct. Second, a symbol may be under the direct control of a person wishing to affect the behavior of others. Worldviews represent comprehensive ideas about the structure of the world and the place of one’s own group, or one’s own self, within that world.

Page reference: How Do People Cope With Change

a. Invoke a religious symbol

b. Use a symbol as a means of exercising direct control

c. Reject the foundational terms of a symbol

d. Use official interpreters of religious ideology

Type: true-false

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 35]

35) Condry’s ethnographic case study shows how Japanese artists and fans have adapted hip-hop so that it is Japanese.

Feedback: Starting in mid-1995, Condry spent a year and a half studying hip-hop in Japan, which began there in the 1980s and continues to develop. It seems to be an example of the expansion of a popular culture form from the United States into another part of the world, but Condry shows how Japanese artists and fans have adapted hip-hop so that it is Japanese.
Page reference: How Does Hip-Hop Become Japanese?

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 36]

36) Human beings use cultural creativity to make sense of the wider world on a more comprehensive scale as they construct encompassing pictures of reality called worldviews.

Feedback: Human beings are creative, not just in their use of language, but also in a variety of symbolic forms. We look at several different kinds of creative symbolic forms in this chapter, including play, art, myth, ritual, and religion. But human cultural creativity is never entirely unconstrained. You will also learn about how symbolic forms are shaped by power relations in different social settings.
Page reference: How Are Symbolic Practice And Society Related?

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 37]

37) As they develop complex understandings of themselves and the wider world, people regularly devise symbols to organize this knowledge.

Feedback: As they develop complex understandings of themselves and the wider world, people regularly devise symbols to organize this knowledge. As we saw earlier, a symbol—such as a word, an image, or an action—is something that stands for something else. Symbols signal the presence and importance of given domains of experience.
Page reference: What Are Symbols?

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 38]

38) Witchcraft beliefs, especially witchcraft accusations can defend the wider values of a community.

Feedback: Anthropologist Mary Douglas (1970, xxvi–xxvii) looked at the range of witchcraft accusations worldwide and discovered that they fell into two basic types: in some cases, the witch is an evil outsider; in others, the witch is an internal enemy, either the member of a rival faction or a dangerous deviant. These different patterns of accusation perform different functions in a society. If the witch is an outsider, witchcraft accusations can strengthen in-group ties. If the witch is an internal enemy, accusations of witchcraft can weaken in-group ties; factions may have to regroup, communities may split, and the entire social hierarchy may be reordered. If the witch is a dangerous deviant, the accusation of witchcraft can be seen as an attempt to control the deviant in defense of the wider values of the community. Douglas concluded that how people understand witchcraft is based on the social relations of their society.
Page reference: Two Case Studies

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 39]

39) Symbols can be used as instruments of power when they are used for reference or in support of certain conduct.

Feedback: How can worldviews be mobilized as instruments of power and control? First, a religious symbol can be invoked as a guarantee of self-evident truths when people in power seek to eliminate or impose certain forms of conduct. Holy books, like the Qur’an, may be used in this way. For example, a legal record from Guider, Cameroon, indicates that a son once brought suit against his father for refusing to repay him a certain amount of money.

Page reference: How Do People Cope With Change

a. True

b. False

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 40]

40) In an example discussed in the text, Elizabeth Chin claims that when African American girls in New Haven, Connecticut give their white dolls hairstyles like their own, they are

Feedback: The overt physical characteristics of the dolls—skin color, facial features, hair—did not force the girls into treating the dolls in ways that obeyed the boundaries of racial difference. Their trans-formative play does not make the realities of poverty, discrimination, and racism disappear from the worlds in which they live; but Chin points out that “in making their white dolls live in black worlds, they . . . reconfigure the boundaries of race” and in so doing “challenge the social construction not only of their own blackness, but of race itself as well” (318).

Page reference: What Is Play?

a. fooling themselves about race.

b. reconfiguring the boundaries of race.

c. demonstrating that race is less important in the United States than some scholars have claimed.

d. making an unconscious political statement about their own powerlessness.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 41]

41) A Javanese artist makes a puppet of the great mythic hero Arjuna out of water buffalo hide for use in the shadow puppet plays called wajang. This is an example of what the text calls

Feedback: To understand what Alland means by “transformation-representation,” we can recall that the link between a symbol and what it represents is arbitrary. This separation makes possible what Jakobson called the poetic function of language. But all symbols can be separated from the object or idea represented and appreciated for their own sake. They may also be used to represent a totally different meaning. Because transformation and representation depend on each other, Alland (1977, 35) suggests that they be referred to together (i.e., as transformation-representation).

Page reference: What Is Art?

a. transformation-representation.

b. aesthetic creation.

c. functional design representation.

d. formal evaluation.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 42]

42) When Michelle Bigenho tried to assist villagers in copyrighting a cassette of their music, she and the villagers discovered that

Feedback: Bigenho came face to face with this issue when she compiled a cassette of music from one of the villages in which she worked. When Bigenho went to La Paz to register the copyright, however, she found that it was impossible to register the cassette under collective authorship or ownership. Ironically, she as the compiler could register the work but the people who created the work could not, unless they were willing to be recognized as individuals. According to Bolivian law, the music on the cassette was legally folklore, “the set of literary and artistic works created in national territory by unknown authors or by authors who do not identify themselves and are presumed to be nationals of the country, or of its ethnic communities, and that are transmitted from generation to generation, constituting one of the fundamental elements of traditional cultural patrimony of the nation” (Bigenho 2002, 221).

Page reference: What Is Art?

a. Bolivian law recognized collective ownership of a creative work.

b. if the villagers did not take individual ownership of the music, it could only be classified as folklore and therefore belonged to the state.

c. to copyright the work would take additional time and a significant amount of additional money.

d. their subsequent wealth would be donated to non-profit organizations.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 43]

43) The Blue people control access to power among the Grugenach people. In the old days, before time began, the Red people had arrived first on the Island, before the Blue people, but they had married their father’s sister’s daughters, and had so forfeited their rights to power. The Blue people, true to the ways of the ancestors, always married their father’s brother’s daughters, and so displaced the Red people. This case demonstrates myth being used as

Feedback: Early in the twentieth century, anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski introduced a new approach to myth. He believed that to understand myths we must understand the social context in which they are embedded. Malinowski argued that myths serve as “charters” or “justifications” for present-day social arrangements. In other words, a myth operates much like the Declaration of Independence. That is, the myth contains some “self-evident” truth that explains why society is as it is and why it cannot be changed. If the social arrangements justified by the myth are challenged, the myth can be used as a weapon against the challengers.

Page reference: What Is Myth?

a. a social charter.

b. history.

c. a structural methodology.

d. flawed history.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 44]

44) Play communicates about _____; ritual communicates about _____.

Feedback: Play is a framing (or orienting context) that is (1) consciously adopted by the players, (2) somehow pleasurable, and (3) systemically related to what is non-play by alluding to the nonplay world and by transforming the objects, roles, actions, and relations of ends and means characteristic of the nonplay world. Ritual is a repetitive social practice composed of a sequence of symbolic activities in the form of dance, song, speech, gestures, or the manipulation of objects; adhering to a culturally defined ritual schema; and closely connected to a specific set of ideas that are often encoded in myth.

Page reference: What Is Ritual?

a. body; mind

b. what should be; what is

c. what can be; what ought to be

d. what is; what will be

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 45]

45) To the Dinka, cattle are _____________ symbols.

Feedback: What Ortner calls elaborating symbols are essentially analytic. They allow people to sort out and label complex and undifferentiated feelings and ideas into comprehensible and communicable language and action. Elaborating symbols provide people with categories for thinking about how their world is ordered.
Page reference: What Are Symbols?

a. static

b. summarizing

c. elaborating

d. emotional

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 46]

46) Which of the following is NOT a minimal category of religion, according to Anthony F. C. Wallace?

Feedback: Reflexivity refers to critical thinking about the way one thinks; reflection on one’s own experience.

Page reference: What Is Religion?

a. Prayer

b. Exhortation

c. Reflexiveness

d. Physiological exercise

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 47]

47) For the Azande, witchcraft

Feedback: The Azande Evans-Pritchard knew believed that mangu (translated by Evans-Pritchard as witchcraft) was a substance in the body of witches, generally located under the sternum. Being a part of the body, the witchcraft substance grew as the body grew; therefore, the older the witch, the more potent his or her witchcraft.

Page reference: Two Case Studies

a. consists of spells that must be purchased from other witches.

b. is a substance in the body of witches.

c. is ordinarily practiced by women.

d. is most powerful in important chiefs.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 48]

48) According to T. M. Luhrmann, members of the Vineyard Christian Fellowship stay with the congregation because

Feedback: So how does the Vineyard Church explain human suffering? According to Luhrmann, “Churches like the Vineyard handle the problem of suffering with a fourth solution: they ignore it. Then they turn the pain into a learning opportunity. When it hurts, you are supposed to draw closer to God. . . . When God is very close and very powerful and always very loving, there is no easy explanation when he does not deliver” (2012, 260). Luhrmann adds that modern believers don’t need religion to explain misfortune, or indeed anything else. “They have plenty of scientific accounts for why the world is as it is and why some bodies rather than others fall ill” (2012, 295).

Page reference: Two Case Studies

a. prayer helps them find answers to suffering.

b. God’s friendship is withheld.

c. they care about transforming their own suffering, not about explaining why suffering exists.

d. they are forced to do so.

Type: true-false

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 49]

49) In the Japanese context, where the dominant ideology is that the harmony of the group should come before individual expression, the idea that people should speak for themselves is powerful.

Feedback: Condry remarks, “Japanese cultural practices do not disappear” just because people seem to conform to the style of global hip-hop. In the same way, the topics addressed in the lyrics speak in some way to the concerns of the listeners, ridiculing school and television or celebrating video games and young men’s verbal play. Most striking, perhaps, is the repeated theme that youth need to speak out for themselves. Rapper MC Shiro of Rhymester remarked, “If I were to say what hip-hop is, it would be a ‘culture of the first person singular.’ In hip-hop, . . . rappers are always yelling, ‘I’m this’” (Condry 2001, 383). While this may not appear to be the edgy, tough lyrics of U.S. rap, in the Japanese context, where the dominant ideology is that the harmony of the group should come before individual expression, the idea that people should speak for themselves is powerful. This process of localizing the global is one that many anthropologists are now studying.
Page reference: How Does Hip-Hop Become Japanese?

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 50]

50) Language, play, art, myth, and ritual are all ways human beings use culture to construct rich understandings of everyday experiences.

Feedback: Previous discussions of language, play, art, myth, and ritual provided an overview of some of the ways human beings use culture to construct rich understandings of everyday experiences. In this section, we build on those insights and describe how human beings use cultural creativity to make sense of the wider world on a more comprehensive scale as they construct encompassing pictures of reality called worldviews.
Page reference: How Are Symbolic Practice And Society Related?

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 51]

51) Symbols cannot be used as instruments of power when they are under the direct control of a person wishing to affect the behavior of others.

Feedback: Second, a symbol may be under the direct control of a person wishing to affect the behavior of others. Consider the role of official interpreters of religious or political ideology, such as priests or kings.

Page reference: How Do People Cope With Change

a. True

b. False

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 52]

52) Discuss how metacommunication places cognitive boundaries, or frames, around certain behaviors and says that they are “play” or that they are “ordinary life.” Identify examples and connect them in your response.

Feedback: Metacommunication is communication about the process of communication itself.
Page reference: What Is Play?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 53]

53) Discuss the two ways of understanding myth considered in the text. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each position? Are they mutually contradictory?

Feedback: Myths are stories that recount how various aspects of the world came to be the way they are. The power of myths comes from their ability to make life meaningful for those who accept them. The truth of myths seems self-evident because they effectively integrate personal experiences with a wider set of assumptions about how the world works.
Page reference: What Is Myth?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 10 Question 54]

54) What does T. M. Luhrmann mean when she says that members of the Vineyard Christian Fellowship cultivated religious faith that was practical, not philosophical?

Feedback: Anthropologist T. M. Luhrmann spent several years studying the beliefs and practices of Vineyard Christian Fellowship evangelical churches in Chicago and California. Luhrmann (2012) notes that the Vineyard movement came out of the turmoil and spiritual ferment of the 1960s and early 1970s, as some people were searching for a more direct experience of God. Specifically, when they prayed to God they expected an answer.
Page reference: Two Case Studies

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: [Analysis and Synthesis: Chapter 10 Question 55]

55) Discuss the significance of taking play seriously. What effect does this have on our understanding of human culture? In your answer, be sure to define play and discuss its connections with other aspects of the human experience.

Feedback: Play is a generalized form of behavioral openness: the ability to think about, speak about, and do different things in the same way or the same thing in different ways. Play can also be thought of as a way of organizing activities. We put a frame that consists of the message “This is play” around certain activities, thereby transforming them into play. Play also permits reflexive consideration of alternative realities by setting up a separate reality and suggesting that the perspective of ordinary life is only one way to make sense of experience. The functions of play include exercise, practice for the real world, increased creativity in children, and commentary on the real world.

Page reference: What Is Play?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: [Analysis and Synthesis: Chapter 10 Question 56]

56) Identify and describe the stages of rites of passage? Define each one and provide concrete examples. How do these stages interact with each other?

Feedback: Rites of passage are rituals in which members of a culture move from one position in the social structure to another. These rites are marked by periods of separation, transition, and reaggregation. During the period of transition, individuals occupy a liminal position. All those in this position frequently develop an intense comradeship and a feeling of oneness, or communitas.

Page reference: What Is Ritual?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: [Analysis and Synthesis: Chapter 10 Question 57]

57) Compare and contrast the concepts of play, art, myth, and ritual using examples identified in the text. Analyze the connections between these different concepts.

Feedback: Play is a framing (or orienting context) that is (1) consciously adopted by the players, (2) somehow pleasurable, and (3) systemically related to what is non-play by alluding to the nonplay world and by transforming the objects, roles, actions, and relations of ends and means characteristic of the nonplay world. Art refers to play with form producing some aesthetically successful transformation-representation. Myths are stories that recount how various aspects of the world came to be the way they are. Ritual is a repetitive social practice composed of a sequence of symbolic activities in the form of dance, song, speech, gestures, or the manipulation of objects; adhering to a culturally defined ritual schema; and closely connected to a specific set of ideas that are often encoded in myth.

Page reference: What is Play?