Ch14 Verified Test Bank Where Do Our Relatives Come From And

Chapter 14: Where Do Our Relatives Come from and Why Do They Matter?

Test Bank

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 01]

1) The socially recognized ties that connect people in a variety of different ways are called

Feedback: Relatedness is the socially recognized ties that connect people in a variety of different ways.
Page reference: How Do Human Beings Organize Interdependence?

a. affinity.

b. friendship.

c. kinship.

d. relatedness.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 02]

2) What term refers to groups whose members’ knowledge of one another does not come from regular face-to-face interactions but is based on shared experiences with national institutions, such as schools and government bureaucracies?

Feedback: Imagined communities refers to the term borrowed from political scientist Benedict Anderson to refer to groups whose members’ knowledge of one another does not come from regular face-to-face interactions but is based on shared experiences with national institutions, such as schools and government bureaucracies.
Page reference: How Do Human Beings Organize Interdependence?

a. Imagined community

b. Friendship

c. Kinship

d. Relatedness

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 03]

3) The relatively “unofficial” bonds that people construct with one another that tend to be personal, affective, and often a matter of choice are collectively referred to as

Feedback: Friendship refers to the relatively “unofficial” bonds that people construct with one another.

Page reference: What Is Friendship?

a. affective connection.

b. friendship.

c. kinship.

d. families by choice.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 04]

4) Social relationships that are prototypically derived from the universal human experiences of mating, birth, and nurturance are called

Feedback: Kinship refers to social relationships that are prototypically derived from the universal human experiences of mating, birth, and nurturance.

Page reference: Type relevant section heading here

a. affinity.

b. friendship.

c. kinship.

d. relatedness.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 05]

5) The institution that transforms the status of the participants, carries implications about permitted sexual access, the position of offspring in the society and establishes new kin connections is

Feedback: Marriage is an institution that prototypically involves a man and a woman, transforms the status of the participants, carries implications about sexual access, gives offspring a position in the society, and establishes connections between the kin of the husband and the kin of the wife.

Page reference: What Is Kinship?

a. adoption.

b. descent.

c. kinship.

d. marriage.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 06]

6) The principle based on culturally recognized parent-child connections that define the social categories to which people belong is called

Feedback: Descent is the principle based on culturally recognized parent-child connections that define the social categories to which people belong.
Page reference: What Is the Role of Descent in Kinship?

a. adoption.

b. descent.

c. kinship.

d. marriage.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 07]

7) The principle that a descent group is formed by people who believe they are related to each other by connections made through their mothers and fathers equally is the principle of

Feedback: Bilateral descent is the principle that a descent group is formed by people who believe they are related to each other by connections made through their mothers and fathers equally (sometimes called cognatic descent).
Page reference: What Is the Role of Descent in Kinship?

a. bilateral descent.

b. double descent.

c. familial descent.

d. unilineal descent.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 08]

8) A descent group formed by people who can specify their connections to one another through parent-child links to a common ancestor is a

Feedback: A lineage is a descent group formed by people who can specify their connections to one another through parent-child links to a common ancestor.

Page reference: What Role Do Lineages Play in Descent?

a. lineage.

b. clan.

c. tribe.

d. moiety.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 09]

9) A descent group formed by members who believe they have a common (sometimes mythical) ancestor is a

Feedback: A clan is a descent group formed by members who believe they have a common (sometimes mythical) ancestor, even if they cannot specify the genealogical links.

Page reference: What Role Do Lineages Play in Descent?

a. lineage.

b. clan.

c. tribe.

d. moiety.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 10]

10) The transfer of certain symbolically important goods from the family of the groom to the family of the bride on the occasion of their marriage is called

Feedback: Bridewealth is the transfer of certain symbolically important goods from the family of the groom to the family of the bride on the occasion of their marriage. It represents compensation to the wife’s lineage for the loss of her labor and childbearing capacities.
Page reference: What Role Do Lineages Play in Descent?

a. bridewealth.

b. dowry.

c. marriage right.

d. wedding gift.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 11]

11) The kinship tie created by marriage is called

Feedback: Affinity is connection through marriage.
Page reference: What Are Kinship Terminologies?

a. collaterality.

b. bifurcation.

c. affinity.

d. consanguinity.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 12]

12) The distinction made between kin who are believed to be in a direct line and those who are off to one side is called

Feedback: A distinction is made between kin who are believed to be in a direct line and those who are “off to one side,” linked to Ego through a lineal relative. In English, the distinction of collaterality is exemplified by the distinction between mother and aunt or father and uncle.

Page reference: What Are Kinship Terminologies?

a. collaterality.

b. bifurcation.

c. affinity.

d. consanguinity.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 13]

13) In the vocabulary of kinship studies, father’s sister’s children and mother’s brother’s children are called

Feedback: Cross cousins are the children of a person’s parents’ opposite-gender siblings (a father’s sister’s children or a mother’s brother’s children)
Page reference: What Are Kinship Terminologies?

a. parallel cousins.

b. cross cousins.

c. first cousins.

d. second cousins.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 14]

14) Kinship relationships based primarily on nurturance are examples of

Feedback: Adoption is kinship relationships based on nurturance, often in the absence of other connections based on mating or birth.
Page reference: What Is Adoption?

a. adoption.

b. descent.

c. kinship.

d. marriage.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 15]

15) The social positions people may attain later in life, often as the result of their own effort are

Feedback: Achieved statuses refer to social positions people may attain later in life, often as the result of their own (or other people’s) effort.
Page reference: What Is Adoption?

a. achieved statuses.

b. affinal statuses.

c. ascribed statuses.

d. consanguineal statuses.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 16]

16) “Daughter” and “son” are examples of

Feedback: Ascribed statuses refer to social positions people are assigned at birth.
Page reference: What Is Adoption?

a. ascribed statuses.

b. achieved statuses.

c. contractual statuses.

d. innate statuses.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 17]

17) Consanguineal relationships are connections based on

Feedback: Descent refers to the principle based on culturally recognized parent-child connections that define the social categories to which people belong.

Page reference: What Is Marriage?

a. marriage.

b. descent.

c. nurturance.

d. unilineality.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 18]

18) Following a marriage, the kin of the husband and the kin of the wife are linked by

Feedback: Affinity is connection through marriage.
Page reference: What Is Marriage?

a. affinity.

b. consanguinity.

c. endogamy.

d. exogamy.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 19]

19) Marriage within the boundaries of a defined social group is called

Feedback: Endogamy refers to marriage within a defined social group.
Page reference: What Is Marriage?

a. affinity.

b. consanguinity.

c. endogamy.

d. exogamy.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 20]

20) Marriage outside the boundaries of a defined social group is called

Feedback: Exogamy refers to marriage outside a defined social group.
Page reference: What Is Marriage?

a. affinity.

b. consanguinity.

c. endogamy.

d. exogamy.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 21]

21) The postmarital residence rule requiring a couple to live with, or near, the husband’s mother’s brother is called

Feedback: Avunculocal is a postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple lives with (or near) the husband’s mother’s brother (from avuncular, “of uncles”).
Page reference: Why Is Marriage a Social Process?

a. patrilocal.

b. matrilocal.

c. avunculocal.

d. neolocal.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 22]

22) The postmarital residence rule requiring a couple to live with, or near, the wife’s mother is called

Feedback: Matrilocal is a postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple lives with (or near) the wife’s mother.
Page reference: Why Is Marriage a Social Process?

a. patrilocal.

b. matrilocal.

c. avunculocal.

d. neolocal.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 23]

23) A spousal pattern in which a woman may have multiple husbands is called

Feedback: Polyandry is a marriage pattern in which a woman may be married to more than one husband at a time.
Page reference: Why Is Marriage a Social Process?

a. polygamy.

b. polygyny.

c. polyandry.

d. polyphony.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 24]

24) Which of the following spousal patterns depends upon recognition of a distinction between a woman’s sexuality and her reproductive capacity?

Feedback: Polyandry is a marriage pattern in which a woman may be married to more than one husband at a time.
Page reference: Why Is Marriage a Social Process?

a. Monogamy

b. Polygamy

c. Polygyny

d. Polyandry

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 25]

25) The wealth transferred, usually from parents to daughter, at the time of her marriage is a

Feedback: Dowry is the transfer of wealth, usually from parents to their daughter, at the time of her marriage.

Page reference: What Is the Connection between Marriage and Economic Exchange?

a. bridewealth.

b. dowry.

c. marriage right.

d. wedding gift.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 26]

26) A husband, a wife, and their children form a

Feedback: Conjugal family is a family based on marriage; at a minimum, a husband and wife (a spousal pair) and their children.

Page reference: What Is a Family?

a. conjugal family.

b. extended family.

c. natural family.

d. standard family.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 27]

27) For anthropologists, a nuclear family is made up of

Feedback: For anthropologists, a nuclear family is made up of two generations: the parents and their unmarried children. Each member of a nuclear family has a series of evolving relationships with every other member: husband and wife, parents and children, and children with each other.

Page reference: What Is a Family?

a. a married couple.

b. a married couple and their children.

c. the line of people who are directly related to one another: grandparents, parents, and children.

d. a bilateral kindred.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 28]

28) Families in which several generations live together in a single household are called

Feedback: Extended family is a family pattern made up of three generations living together: parents, married children, and grandchildren.
Page reference: How Are Families Transformed over Time?

a. nuclear families.

b. extended families.

c. joint families.

d. traditional families.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 29]

29) A family created when previously divorced or widowed people marry, bringing with them children from their previous families is a(n)

Feedback: A blended family is created when previously divorced or widowed people marry, bringing with them children from their previous marriages. The internal dynamics of the new family— which can come to include his children, her children, and their children—may resemble the dynamics of polygynous families, as the relations among the children and their relations to each parent may be complex and negotiated over time.

Page reference: How Are Families Transformed over Time?

a. expanded family.

b. neo-nuclear family.

c. joint family.

d. blended family.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 30]

30) A kindred is composed of

Feedback: Each person within Ego’s bilateral kindred has his or her own separate kindred. For example, Ego’s father’s sister’s daughter has a kindred that includes people related to her through her father and his siblings—people to whom Ego is not related. This is simultaneously the major strength and major weakness of bilateral kindreds. That is, they have overlapping memberships and they do not endure beyond the lifetime of an individual Ego. But they are widely extended and can form broad networks of people who are somehow related to one another.

Page reference: What Is the Role of Descent in Kinship?

a. those people linked to Ego through men only.

b. those people linked to Ego through Ego’s mother and Ego’s father.

c. those people linked to Ego on the father’s side only.

d. everyone related to Ego by consanguinity and affinity.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 31]

31) Which of the following sets of people belong to the same patrilineage?

Feedback: Patrilineage is a social group formed by people connected by father–child links. Descent is the principle based on culturally recognized parent-child connections that define the social categories to which people belong.

Page reference: What Role Do Lineages Play in Descent?

a. A father – his son – his son’s daughter

b. A woman – her brother – her mother

c. A man – his father’s sister – his father’s sister’s son

d. A woman – her father – her son

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 32]

32) Enduring kin ties in Zumbagua, Ecuador, are

Feedback: Achieved statuses refer to social positions people may attain later in life, often as the result of their own (or other people’s) effort.
Page reference: What Is Adoption?

a. achieved.

b. ascribed.

c. unusual.

d. Fictive.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 33]

33) In Zumbagua, Ecuador, a family is defined as

Feedback: Weismantel discovered that the Zumbaguan family consists of those who eat together. The kinship bond results, they believe, because people who regularly eat the same food together eventually come to share “the same flesh,” no matter who gave birth to them. Weis-mantel points out that feeding children is every bit as biological as giving birth to them: It is simply a different aspect of biology.
Page reference: What Is the Relation Between Adoption and Child Circulation in the Andes?

a. mother, father, and unmarried children.

b. mother and children.

c. those who share the same father.

d. those who eat together.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 34]

34) Recent court decisions in the United States involving the paternal rights of unwed presumed fathers established that

Feedback: In two cases involving putative unwed fathers, courts reasoned that biological maternity automatically made a woman a social mother but biological paternity did not automatically make a man a social father. In one case, the biological father had lived with his child and her mother for extended periods during the child’s early years and had actively participated in her upbringing. However, the child’s mother had been married to another man during this period, and the law proclaimed her legal husband to be the child’s father. Although the genitor had established a supportive relationship with his daughter, the court labeled him “the adulterous natural father,” arguing, in effect, that a genitor can never be a pater unless he is involved in an ongoing relationship with the child’s mother, something that was clearly impossible because she was already married to someone else.

Page reference: How Flexible Can Relatedness Be?

a. paternity rights are biologically based.

b. paternity rights depend on his legally adopting the children.

c. paternity rights depend on his establishing an ongoing relationship with the child’s mother.

d. the biological mother has to acknowledge a man as her child’s father before he has any rights.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 35]

35) In the Calvert case, which involved gestational surrogacy, the court declared that Anna Johnson, who gave birth to the baby was

Feedback: As we have seen, several other court cases emphasized the role of gestation in forming an indissoluble bond between mother and child. In this case, however, the court referred to Anna Johnson “as a ‘gestational carrier,’ a ‘genetic hereditary stranger’ to the child, who acted like a ‘foster parent’” (59). The court declared the Calverts and the child were a family unit on genetic grounds and ruled that the Calverts were the baby’s “natural” and legal parents.

Page reference: How Flexible Can Relatedness Be?

a. the legal mother.

b. the adoptive mother.

c. the biological mother.

d. a genetic hereditary stranger.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 36]

36) For woman marriage to be possible, a society must recognize a distinction between

Feedback: Among the Nuer, as E. E. Evans-Pritchard observed during his fieldwork in the 1930s, a woman could marry another woman and become the “father” of the children the wife bore. This practice, which also appears in some other parts of Africa, involves a distinction between pater and genitor. The female husband (the pater) had to have some cattle of her own to use for bridewealth payments to the wife’s lineage. Once the bridewealth had been paid, the marriage was established. The female husband then got a male kinsman, friend, or neighbor (the genitor) to impregnate the wife and to help with certain tasks around the homestead that the Nuer believed could be done only by men.

Page reference: What Is Marriage?

a. wife and prostitute.

b. father and father’s brother.

c. heterosexuality and homosexuality.

d. pater and genitor.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 37]

37) Marriage patterns

Feedback: Even when marriage is not connected with lineage or clan relations, marriage patterns provide frameworks for linking previously unrelated people to one another, embedding individuals within groups, and organizing individual emotional commitments and economic activities. Getting married involves more than just living together or having sexual relations, and nowhere in the world is marriage synonymous with mating. In most societies, marriage also requires involvement and support from the wider social groups to which the spouses belong—first and foremost from their families. Marriage and family are two terms anthropologists use to describe how different societies understand and organize mating and its consequences.

Page reference: Why Is Marriage a Social Process?

a. reveal differences in the culturally shaped understanding of male and female sexuality.

b. are a function of the urgency of male sexual desire.

c. universally subordinate females to males.

d. are universally concerned with controlling men’s sexuality.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 38]

38) Which of the following cultural beliefs reinforce the practice of polyandry by the Nyinba?

Feedback: According to Levine, Nyinba polyandry is reinforced by a variety of cultural beliefs and practices (1988, 158ff.). First, it has a special cultural value. Nyinba myth provides a social charter for the practice because Nyinba legendary ancestors are polyandrous, and they are praised for the harmony of their family life. Second, the solidarity of brothers is a central kinship ideal. Third, the corporate, landholding household, central to Nyinba life, presupposes polyandry. Fourth, the closed corporate structure of Nyinba villages is based on a limited number of households, and polyandry is highly effective in checking the proliferation of households. Finally, a household’s political position and economic viability increase when its resources are concentrated.

Page reference: Why Is Marriage a Social Process?

a. A tradition that their ancestors, who practiced monogamy, were cursed with lives of disharmony

b. A kinship ideal stressing the solidarity of brothers

c. The need to create links with neighboring households by marrying a daughter to several different men

d. A belief that women have insatiable sexual appetites

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 39]

39) Which of the following statements describes the migrant families from the Dominican Republic studied by Eugenia Georges?

Feedback: Migration to find work in another country has become increasingly common worldwide and has important effects on families. Anthropologist Eugenia Georges (1990) examined its effects on people who migrated to the United States from Los Pinos, a small town in the Dominican Republic. Migration divided these families, with some members moving to New York and some remaining in Los Pinos. Some parents stayed in the Dominican Republic while their children went to the United States. A more common pattern was for spouses to separate, with the husband migrating and the wife staying home. Consequently, many households in Los Pinos were headed by women. In most cases, however, the spouse in the United States worked to bring the spouse and children in Los Pinos there.

Page reference: How Are Families Transformed over Time?

a. The most common pattern was for nuclear families with small children to migrate to New York together.

b. Usually, wives went to New York first while their husbands stayed in the Dominican Republic.

c. Usually, husbands went to New York first while their wives stayed in the Dominican Republic.

d. It was rare for any of the migrants to New York to try to bring other relatives to stay with them there.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 40]

40) Which of the following statements describes the way migrants from Los Pinos handled the burden of separation from their families in the Dominican Republic?

Feedback: Georges observes that the absent family member maintained an active role in family life despite the heavy psychological burden of separation. Although he might be working in a hotel in New York, for example, the husband was still the breadwinner and the main decision maker in the household. He communicated by visits, letters, and occasional telephone calls. Despite the strains of migration, moreover, the divorce rate was actually slightly lower in migrant families.

Page reference: How Are Families Transformed over Time?

a. The burden eventually grew so heavy that husbands stopped writing or telephoning their families, leaving their wives and children in Los Pinos on their own.

b. The burden of separation was lightened by frequent communication, by visiting, and by the continued role of husband as breadwinner and main decision maker.

c. The divorce rate in migrant families was much higher than the divorce rate in families that remained in Los Pinos.

d. They were relatively unburdened by the separation due to loose kinship ties.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 41]

41) Gay and lesbian activists studied by Kath Weston in San Francisco in the 1980s based their theory of family ties on

Feedback: Such a definition of family is compatible with understandings of kinship based on nurturance described earlier in this chapter. Gay and lesbian activists have used this similarity as a resource in their struggles to obtain for long-standing families by choice some of the same legal rights enjoyed by traditional heterosexual families, such as hospital visiting privileges, joint adoption, and property rights (Weston 1995, 99).

Page reference: How Are Families Transformed over Time?

a. birth.

b. descent.

c. marriage.

d. nurturance.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 42]

42) Among migrant workers both women and men are equally productive wage earners, therefore

Feedback: Among migrant workers both women and men are equally productive wage earners, and husbands readily acknowledge that without their wives’ work their families cannot earn enough to survive. For migrants the division of labor between earning a living outside the home and managing household affairs is unknown; and the dilemma facing middle-class wives who may wish to work to supplement the family’s income simply does not exist.
Page reference: The Flexibility of Marriage

a. husbands readily acknowledge that without their wives’ work their families cannot earn enough to survive.

b. wives are relegated to reproductive labor.

c. husbands and wives maintain separate bank accounts and household finances.

d. husbands readily acknowledge that their income is sufficient to survive.

Type: true-false

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 43]

43) Anthropologist Daniel Smith explored how changes in Igbo ideas about marriage, romance, intimacy, and premarital sex intersect with older ideas about parenthood, gender inequality, and how male extramarital sexual relationships put married women at serious risk for contracting HIV/AIDS from their husbands.

Feedback: While marriages among the Igbo (the third largest ethnic group in Nigeria) used to be arranged, today ideas about romantic love have become increasingly important, and most young people expect to marry for love. Anthropologist Daniel Smith (2006) explored how changes in Igbo ideas about marriage, romance, intimacy, and premarital sex intersect with older ideas about parenthood, gender inequality, and how male extramarital sexual relationships put married women at serious risk for contracting HIV/AIDS from their husbands.
Page reference: The Flexibility of Marriage

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 44]

44) For many decades, kinship studies were based on the assumption that all societies recognize the same basic biological relationships between mothers and fathers, children and parents, and sisters and brothers.

Feedback: For many decades, kinship studies were based on the assumption that all societies recognize the same basic biological relationships between mothers and fathers, children and parents, and sisters and brothers. But growing ethnographic evidence indicates that quite often people’s understanding of their relations to other people is strikingly at odds with these genealogical connections. In other cases, the genealogical connections turn out to form but a small subset of the ways in which people create enduring relationships with one another.
Page reference: How Do Human Beings Organize Interdependence?

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 45]

45) Friendship has been easy for anthropologists to study because they have concentrated on trying to find regular longterm patterns of social organization in societies with noncentralized forms of political organization.

Feedback: Friendship has been difficult for some anthropologists to study because in the past they have concentrated on trying to find regular longterm patterns of social organization in societies with noncentralized forms of political organization (Bell and Coleman 1999, 4). Bell and Coleman also note that the importance of friendship seems to be increasing: “In many shifting social contexts, ties of kinship tend to be transformed and often weakened by complex and often contradictory processes of globalization. At the same time new forms of friendship are emerging” (5). This is illustrated in Rio de Janeiro by Claudia Barcellos Rezende (1999), who observed the ways in which middle-class women and their maids could come to refer to each other as “friends.”
Page reference: What Is Friendship?

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 46]

46) Unilineal descent can be either matrilineal or patrilineal.

Feedback: Unilineal descent is based on the assumption that the most significant kin relationships must be traced through either the mother or the father. Such descent groups are the most common kind of descent group in the world today, based on a count of the number of societies that continue to employ them. Unilineal descent groups that are made up of links traced through a father are called patrilineal; those traced through a mother are called matrilineal.
Page reference: What Is the Role of Descent in Kinship?

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 47]

47) Kinship terminologies suggest the structure of rights and obligations assigned to different members of the society.

Feedback: Kinship practices, rather than written statutes, clarify for people what rights and obligations they owe one another. Kinship terminologies suggest both the external boundaries and the internal divisions of the kinship groups, and they outline the structure of rights and obligations assigned to different members of the society.

Page reference: What Are Kinship Terminologies?

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 48]

48) In many societies, marriage is accompanied by the transfer of certain symbolically important goods.

Feedback: In many societies, marriage is accompanied by the transfer of certain symbolically important goods. Anthropologists have identified two major categories of marriage payments, usually called bridewealth and dowry.

Page reference: What Is the Connection between Marriage and Economic Exchange?

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 49]

49) Bridewealth refers to the transfer of certain symbolically important goods from the family of the groom to the family of the bride on the occasion of their marriage. It represents compensation to the wife’s lineage for the loss of her labor and her childbearing capacities.

Feedback: Bridewealth is the transfer of certain symbolically important goods from the family of the groom to the family of the bride on the occasion of their marriage. It represents compensation to the wife’s lineage for the loss of her labor and her childbearing capacities.

Page reference: What Is the Connection between Marriage and Economic Exchange?

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 50]

50) Among the Inuit, divorce was impossible.

Feedback: Among the northwestern Inuit, the traditional view is that all kin relationships, including marital ones, are permanent (Burch 1970) (see EthnoProfile 14.8: Alaskan Inuit). Thus, although it is possible to deactivate a marriage by separating, a marriage can never be permanently dissolved. (Conversely, reestablishing the residence tie is all that’s needed to reactivate the relationship.) A husband and wife who stop living together and having sexual relations with each other are considered separated and ready for another marriage. If each member of a separated couple remarried, the two husbands of the wife would become cohusbands; the two wives of the husband, cowives; and the children of the first and second marriages, cosiblings.
Page reference: How Are Families Transformed over Time?

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 51]

51) Marriage rules are always subject to some negotiation, as illustrated by the marriage practices of the Ju/’hoansi of the Kalahari Desert.

Feedback: It is easy to get the impression that marriage rules compel people to do things they really do not want to do. Younger people, for example, seem forced by elders to marry complete strangers of a certain kin category belonging to particular social groups; or women appear to be pawns in men’s games of prestige and power. Marriage rules, however, are always subject to some negotiation, as illustrated by the marriage practices of the Ju/’hoansi of the Kalahari Desert. Richard Lee (2013) notes that all first marriages were set up by means of a long-term exchange of gifts between the parents of a bride and groom.
Page reference: The Flexibility of Marriage

a. True

b. False

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 52]

52) Which of the following are observations about kinship?

Feedback: Although marriage is based on mating, descent on birth, and adoption on nurturance, marriage is not the same thing as mating, descent is not the same thing as birth, and adoption is not the same thing as nurturance. The human experiences of mating, birth, and nurturance are ambiguous. The fascinating thing about systems of relatedness is that different societies choose to highlight some features of those experiences while downplaying or even ignoring others.
Page reference: What Is Kinship?

a. Different societies have chosen to highlight some features of the universal human experiences of mating, birth and nurturance, while downplaying or ignoring others.

b. Kinship is reducible to biology.

c. Patrilineal descent makes more sense than matrilineal descent, given what is known about mating and birth.

d. Kinship is a difficult and complex set of rules that societies follow.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 53]

53) Which of the following distinguishes a bilateral kindred from a lineage?

Feedback: The bilateral kindred is the kinship group that most Europeans and North Americans know. This group forms around a particular individual and includes all the people linked to that individual through kin of both sexes—people conventionally called relatives in English. Each person within Ego’s bilateral kindred has his or her own separate kindred. For example, Ego’s father’s sister’s daughter has a kindred that includes people related to her through her father and his siblings—people to whom Ego is not related. This is simultaneously the major strength and major weakness of bilateral kindreds. That is, they have overlapping memberships and they do not endure beyond the lifetime of an individual Ego. But they are widely extended and can form broad networks of people who are somehow related to one another.

Page reference: What Is the Role of Descent in Kinship?

a. Kindreds have overlapping memberships, whereas lineages do not.

b. Lineages are descent groups, whereas kindreds are not.

c. Membership in a kindred is traced through only one parent, whereas membership in a lineage is traced through both parents.

d. Membership in a kindred is traced through females, whereas membership in a lineage is traced through males.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 54]

54) Which of the following would NOT belong to a man’s matrilineage.

Feedback: Matrilineage is a social group formed by people connected by mother–child links.
Page reference: What Role Do Lineages Play in Descent?

a. His daughter

b. His mother

c. His sister

d. His sister’s son

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 55]

55) Among the Nuer, if a quarrel erupted between members of different minimal lineages, it would ordinarily be resolved when the quarreling minimal lineages recognized that they were all part of the same major lineage. This process is called

Feedback: Segmentary opposition is a mode of hierarchical social organization in which groups beyond the most basic emerge only in opposition to other groups on the same hierarchical level.
Page reference: What Role Do Lineages Play in Descent?

a. lineality.

b. segmentary opposition.

c. bilateral.

d. clanship.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 56]

56) In Zumbagua, Ecuador, a woman’s biological tie to her offspring is

Feedback: Indeed, in Zumbagua, a woman’s biological tie to her offspring is given no greater weight than a man’s biological tie to his. Many Zumbaguans are closer to their adopted family than they are to their biological parents. If genitor and genetrix are young and poor, moreover, they run a very real risk that they will lose their children to adoption by older, wealthier individuals. In other words, enduring kin ties in Zumbagua are achieved, not merely ascribed, statuses.
Page reference: What Is the Relation Between Adoption and Child Circulation in the Andes?

a. given greater weight than a man’s biological tie to his offspring.

b. given equal weight to a man’s biological tie to his offspring.

c. given less weight than a man’s biological tie to his offspring.

d. ignored.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 57]

57) According to Janet Dolgin, all the custody cases she reviewed were alike in that they awarded custody to

Feedback: Dolgin notes that in all of these cases, the courts awarded legal custody to those parties whose living arrangements most closely approximated the traditional middle-class, North American two-parent family. “Biological facts were called into judicial play only . . . when they justified the preservation of traditional families” (1995, 63). Biological facts that might have undermined such families were systematically overlooked. Perhaps the clear-cut biological basis of North American kinship is not so clearcut after all.

Page reference: How Flexible Can Relatedness Be?

a. those parties whose living arrangements came closest to the traditional U.S. middle-class two-parent family.

b. both biological parents.

c. the biological mother instead of the biological father.

d. the parent, biological or adoptive, who had actually taken care of the child.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 58]

58) Which spousal patterns control women’s sexuality more closely than they control men’s sexuality?

Feedback: Monogamy is a marriage pattern in which a person may be married to only one spouse at a time. Polygyny is a marriage pattern in which a man may be married to more than one wife at a time.
Page reference: Why Is Marriage a Social Process?

a. Exogamy and endogamy

b. Monogamy and polyandry

c. Monogamy and polygyny

d. Polygyny and polyandry

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 59]

59) Which of the following statements describes the relationship of Mende women toward their children?

Feedback: Although the relationships among wives in a polygynous society may be very close, among the Mende of Sierra Leone, cowives eventually compete with each other (see EthnoProfile 14.7: Mende). Caroline Bledsoe (1993) explains that this competition is often focused on children: how many each wife has and how likely it is that each child will obtain things of value, especially education. Husbands in polygynous Mende households should avoid overt signs of favoritism, but wives differ from one another in status. First, wives are ranked by order of marriage. The senior wife is the first wife in the household, and she has authority over junior wives. Marriage-order ranking structures the household but also lays the groundwork for rivalries. Second, wives are also ranked in terms of the status of the families from which they came.
Page reference: What Is a Family?

a. A Mende woman’s children will inherit from her brother, and so she closely monitors how well her brother looks out for her children.

b. A Mende woman’s principal claim to her husband’s land or cash comes through her children.

c. Mende women have access to their own sources of wealth apart from husband and children.

d. Traditional Mende inheritance rules ordinarily leave widows well enough off to live comfortably on their own, without depending on other kin.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 60]

60) In Eugenia Georges’ study, what was the most typical way in which the migration cycle from the Dominican Republic to New York ended?

Feedback: Some parents stayed in the Dominican Republic while their children went to the United States. A more common pattern was for spouses to separate, with the husband migrating and the wife staying home. Consequently, many households in Los Pinos were headed by women. In most cases, however, the spouse in the United States worked to bring the spouse and children in Los Pinos there. This sometimes took several years because it involved completing paperwork for the visa and saving money beyond the amount regularly sent to Los Pinos. Children of the couple who were close to working age also came to the United States, frequently with their mother, and younger children were sent for as they approached working age. Finally, after several years in the United States, the couple who started the migration cycle would often take their savings and return home to the Dominican Republic.

Page reference: How Are Families Transformed over Time?

a. The married couple in New York broke off ties to their families in the Dominican Republic and never returned.

b. Husbands brought wives and children to live with them in New York, where they all settled permanently.

c. Husbands occasionally returned to the Dominican Republic, but wives and children usually refused to return once they were settled in New York.

d. After several years in the United States, the married couple who initiated the migration cycle would take their savings and return home to the Dominican Republic.

Type: true-false

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 61]

61) Since friendship does not occur through blood lines it is not considered a kind of relatedness.

Feedback: In contemporary society, social networking programs like Facebook are taking friendship in new and unprecedented directions: what can it mean to have 900 friends? The line between friendship and kinship is often very fuzzy because there may be an affective quality to kinship relations (we can like our cousins and do the same things with them that we would do with friends), sometimes friends are seen after a long time as being related, and some societies have networks of relatedness that can be activated or not for reasons of sentiment, not just for pragmatic reasons.
Page reference: What Is Friendship?

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 62]

62) In a country like Peru, where social safety nets for poor people have been seriously undermined by neoliberal economic reforms as well as by war, the orphanage has come to serve as a refuge where many desperate poor parents might “circulate” a child temporarily if, for reasons beyond their control, neither they nor their relations are able to care for that child.

Feedback: Since the end of the war, many couples from Europe and the United States have sought to adopt the children in Peruvian orphanages. However, the 1992 Peruvian adoption law insists that children may not be adopted unless they have first legally been certified as “abandoned.” Leinaweaver found that officials concerned with adoption procedures, especially social workers, took a long time to make sure that any child in an orphanage had truly been abandoned by its parents. The social workers Leinaweaver knew understood that poor indigenous children often ended up in orphanages for reasons other than abandonment. In a country like Peru, where social safety nets for poor people have been seriously undermined by neoliberal economic reforms as well as by war, the orphanage has come to serve as a refuge where many desperate poor parents might “circulate” a child temporarily if, for reasons beyond their control, neither they nor their relations are able to care for that child.
Page reference: What Is the Relation Between Adoption and Child Circulation in the Andes?

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 63]

63) According to anthropologist Lesley Sharp, donor kin and recipients alike share the understanding that transplanted organs, as donor fragments, carry with them some essence of their former selves that persists in the new recipient body.

Feedback: Sharp’s research showed her that “donor kin and recipients alike share the understanding that transplanted organs, as donor fragments, carry with them some essence of their former selves, and this persists in the bodies of recipients.”

Page reference: How Flexible Can Relatedness Be?

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 64]

64) In polygynous families, children of different wives are never jealous of one another, since they learn to think of all the wives as “mothers” who are equally concerned about their welfare.

Feedback: The differences in internal dynamics in polygynous families are not confined to the relationships of husband and wives. An important distinction is made between children with the same mother and children with a different mother. In Guider, people ordinarily refer to all their siblings (half and full) as brothers or sisters. When they want to emphasize the close connection with a particular brother or sister, however, they say that he or she is “same father, same mother.” This terminology conveys a relationship of special intimacy and significance. Children, logically, also have different kinds of relationships with their own mothers and their fathers’ other wives—and with their fathers as well.
Page reference: What Is a Family?

a. True

b. False

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 65]

65) Describe what it means to say that lineage organization can function as the foundation of social life? Provide examples to support your argument.

Feedback: Lineages endure over time in societies in which no other form of organization lasts. Hence, they provide for the “perpetual exercise of defined rights, duties, office and social tasks vested in the lineage” (Fortes 1953, 165). In other words, in the societies where they are found, the system of lineages becomes the foundation of social life. While lineages might look solid and unchanging, they are often more flexible than they appear. The memories people have of their ancestry are often transmitted in the form of myth or legend. Rather than accurate historical records, they are better understood in Malinowskian terms as mythical charters, justifications from the invisible world for the visible arrangements of the society.

Page reference: What Role Do Lineages Play in Descent?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 66]

66) Define matrilineality and patrilineality. How are they similar? How are they different? Provide examples of your comparison.

Feedback: Matrilineage is a social group formed by people connected by mother–child links. Patrilineage is a social group formed by people connected by father–child links.
Page reference: What Role Do Lineages Play in Descent?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 14 Question 67]

67) Compare and contrast polygyny and polyandry. Identify examples from the text.

Feedback: Monogamy is a marriage pattern in which a person may be married to only one spouse at a time. Polygyny is a marriage pattern in which a man may be married to more than one wife at a time. Polyandry is a marriage pattern in which a woman may be married to more than one husband at a time.
Page reference: Why Is Marriage a Social Process?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: [Analysis and Synthesis: Chapter 14 Question 68]

68) Identify the seven criteria most often drawn upon in the construction of kinship terminologies. Illustrate each with an example and describe why the criterion is important for understanding human relationships. Which of these are most dominant in your home society?

Feedback: Anthropologists have identified several criteria that people use to indicate how people are related to one another. From the most common to the least common, these criteria include the following: generation, gender, affinity, collaterality, bifurcation, relative age, and gender of linking relative.

Page reference: What Are Kinship Terminologies?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: [Analysis and Synthesis: Chapter 14 Question 69]

69) What makes it possible for a Nuer woman to marry another woman and be the “father” of the children her wife bears? Discuss the relationship of nurturance to kinship in this example. How does this compare to practices in your home society?

Feedback: Among the Nuer, as E. E. Evans-Pritchard observed during his fieldwork in the 1930s, a woman could marry another woman and become the “father” of the children the wife bore. This practice, which also appears in some other parts of Africa, involves a distinction between pater and genitor. The female husband (the pater) had to have some cattle of her own to use for bridewealth payments to the wife’s lineage. Once the bridewealth had been paid, the marriage was established. The female husband then got a male kinsman, friend, or neighbor (the genitor) to impregnate the wife and to help with certain tasks around the homestead that the Nuer believed could be done only by men.

Page reference: What Is Marriage?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: [Analysis and Synthesis: Chapter 14 Question 70]

70) Describe the four major rules for postmarital residence? What are some of the social, economic, and political consequences that follow from observance of each residence rule? Provide examples in your discussion.

Feedback: Once married, a couple must live somewhere. There are four major patterns of postmarital residence. Most familiar to North Americans is neolocal residence, in which the new couple sets up an independent household at a place of their own choosing. Neolocal residence tends to be found in societies that are more or less individualistic in their social organization. When the married couple lives with (or near) the husband’s father’s family, it is called patrilocal residence, which is observed by more societies in the contemporary world than any other residence pattern. When the married couple lives with (or near) the family in which the wife was raised, it is called matrilocal residence, which is usually found in association with matrilineal kinship systems. Avunculocal is a postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple lives with (or near) the husband’s mother’s brother (from avuncular, “of uncles”).

Page reference: Why Is Marriage a Social Process?