Ch12 Exam Prep Interest Groups And Foreign Policy

Test Bank

Chapter 12: Interest Groups and Foreign Policy

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following types of elections received the lowest voter turnout in any developed democracy?

a. congressional elections

b. presidential primary elections

c. state and local elections

d. presidential general elections

Learning Objective: 12-1: Understand the context of interest group activity in US political participation.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Contemporary Political Participation

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Since Vietnam War, many voters have ______.

a. registered as Democrats

b. registered as Republicans

c. registered as Independents

d. not registered to vote

Learning Objective: 12-1: Understand the context of interest group activity in US political participation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Contemporary Political Participation

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. When there is no longer a consistent majority party over time, it is referred to as ______.

a. realignment

b. polarization

c. divided government

d. dealignment

Learning Objective: 12-1: Understand the context of interest group activity in US political participation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Contemporary Political Participation

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Which of the following tends to be more likely to vote, join interest groups, and become politically active?

a. the mass public

b. the elite public

c. the uninformed public

d. the know-nothings

Learning Objective: 12-1: Understand the context of interest group activity in US political participation.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Contemporary Political Participation

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Which of the following statements pertaining to the effect of age on voting is true?

a. Older people tend to not register to vote.

b. Younger people vote more than older people.

c. Older people are more civically active in more ways than previously thought.

d. Younger people are more likely to be active in social movements and group politics.

Learning Objective: 12-1: Understand the context of interest group activity in US political participation.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Contemporary Political Participation

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Organizations made up of people who share common interests and work together to advocate for that interest with the government are referred to as ______.

a. legislatures

b. political parties

c. interest groups

d. social movements

Learning Objective: 12-2: Identify the origins and development of interest groups and social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Interest Groups and Social Movements: Origins and Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. ______ refer to large coalitions of individuals and groups that loosely unite around certain issues, usually in opposition to the status quo.

a. Legislatures

b. Political parties

c. Interest groups

d. Social movements

Learning Objective: 12-2: Identify the origins and development of interest groups and social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Interest Groups and Social Movements: Origins and Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Which of the following statements pertaining to social movements is true?

a. Social movements involve thousands, sometimes millions, of people.

b. Changes in attitudes during social movements do not typically remain after the movement fades.

c. Social movements do not involve interest groups.

d. Changes in attitudes during social movements are infrequent.

Learning Objective: 12-2: Identify the origins and development of interest groups and social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Interest Groups and Social Movements: Origins and Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. New interest groups tend to be ______.

a. formally structured

b. bureaucratic

c. purposive

d. institutionalized

Learning Objective: 12-2: Identify the origins and development of interest groups and social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups and Social Movements: Origins and Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Older groups tend to be ______.

a. informally structured

b. non-bureaucratic

c. motivated

d. more formal

Learning Objective: 12-2: Identify the origins and development of interest groups and social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups and Social Movements: Origins and Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. In the ______ approach, interest groups use high-powered power brokers, law firms, public relations firms, and consultants to gain direct access to top policymakers within the government.

a. access-to-power

b. technocratic

c. coalition-building

d. grassroots mobilization

Learning Objective: 12-3: Explain the strategies of influence by interest groups.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Influence Strategies in Group Politics

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. In the ______ approach, groups train lawyers and consultants who use their expertise and contacts to influence mid-level decision makers in government, the media, and other relevant groups in society.

a. access-to-power

b. technocratic

c. coalition-building

d. grassroots mobilization

Learning Objective: 12-3: Explain the strategies of influence by interest groups.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Influence Strategies in Group Politics

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Which of the following approaches emphasizes the formation of group alliances based on mutual interests in order to politicize issues, get issues on the political agenda, and place pressure on the government’s policymaking process?

a. access-to-power

b. technocratic

c. coalition-building

d. grassroots mobilization

Learning Objective: 12-3: Explain the strategies of influence by interest groups.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Influence Strategies in Group Politics

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. The ______ approach attempts to rally mass support in order to politicize issues, affect electoral and group politics, and increase public pressure on the policymaking process.

a. access-to-power

b. technocratic

c. coalition-building

d. grassroots mobilization

Learning Objective: 12-3: Explain the strategies of influence by interest groups.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Influence Strategies in Group Politics

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. The growth of outside politics has become most visible in the ______ arena.

a. education

b. social

c. economic

d. cultural

Learning Objective: 12-3: Explain the strategies of influence by interest groups.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups and Social Movements: Origins and Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. For most social movements and interest groups, ______ was considered low policy prior to World War II.

a. trade

b. protectionism

c. national security

d. social welfare

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Evolution of Group Politics in US Foreign Policy

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is an example of a ______.

a. veterans and military support group

b. political and civic group

c. national security and public policy group

d. labor union

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Foreign Policy and Cold War–Oriented Groups

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. The Rand Corporation is an example of a ______.

b. political and civic group

c. national security and public policy group

d. labor union

d. veterans and military support group

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Foreign Policy and Cold War–Oriented Groups

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Which of the following organizations provided a significant forum for generating ideas and policies for opinion leaders and government officials, but was a significant source of political recruitment?

a. Rand Corporation

b. Committee on the Present Danger

c. Foreign Policy Research Institute

d. Council on Foreign Relations

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Foreign Policy and Cold War–Oriented Groups

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Which of the following is an example of a veterans and military support organization?

a. Americans for Democratic Action

b. Council on Foreign Relations

c. American Legion

d. Rand Corporation

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Foreign Policy and Cold War–Oriented Groups

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Which of the following types of groups emphasized a large defense buildup and reliance on force?

a. labor unions

b. veterans and military support

c. political and civic

d. national security and public policy

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Foreign Policy and Cold War–Oriented Groups

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. Which of the following political and civic organizations was launched in the 1950s by prominent American Democrats and liberals as a means to support the government’s Cold War policies?

a. Americans for Democratic Action

b. Council on Foreign Relations

c. American Legion

d. Rand Corporation

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Foreign Policy and Cold War–Oriented Groups

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. The National Association of Manufacturers is an example of a ______ group.

a. religious

b. business and labor

c. political and civic

d. national security and public policy

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Foreign Policy and Cold War–Oriented Groups

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. The term military-industrial complex was popularized by President ______.

a. Eisenhower

b. Johnson

c. Kennedy

d. Roosevelt

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Military-Industrial-Scientific Infrastructure

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Which of the following segments of the military-industrial-scientific complex grew enormously in size and scope as a result of World War II and the Cold War?

a. industry and business

b. Congress

c. military establishment

d. academia and the scientific community

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Military-Industrial-Scientific Infrastructure

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Which of the following is an example of the revolving door system?

a. A member of the business community works their way up to an executive position.

b. A member of the scientific community proceeds to work in an academic setting.

c. A member of Congress continues to run for re-election for the duration of their life.

d. A member of the military is hired by the defense industry upon retirement.

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Military-Industrial-Scientific Infrastructure

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. The informal network of prominent, like-minded individuals who shared an anticommunist consensus and moved in and out of high-level executive branch positions is known as the ______.

a. foreign policy establishment

b. military-industrial-scientific infrastructure

c. iron network

d. militarization of research

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Foreign Policy Establishment

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. What commonality did the foreign policy establishment share?

a. a history

b. pro-isolationism

c. commitment to American exceptionalism

d. the preference for operating in public view

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Foreign Policy Establishment

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. What was the crucial common experience of members of the foreign policy establishment?

a. the Great Depression

b. Cold War

c. World War II

d. Vietnam War

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Foreign Policy Establishment

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. The anti-isolationism and anti-communism in foreign policy was conditioned by a ______ view of the world.

a. perestroika

b. détente

c. realpolitik

d. glasnost

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Foreign Policy Establishment

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. What term is used to refer to power politics?

a. perestroika

b. glasnost

c. realpolitik

d. detente

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Foreign Policy Establishment

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. The members of the foreign policy establishment shared a preference for ______.

a. the political left

b. the political right

c. the political center

d. they did not share a preference

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Foreign Policy Establishment

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. What was the foreign policy establishments preferred technique?

a. to operate within the legislature

b. to operate out of public view

c. to operate behind the presidents back

d. to operate on their own terms

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Foreign Policy Establishment

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. The foreign policy establishment collapsed during which presidential administration?

a. Truman

b. Eisenhower

c. Kennedy

d. Johnson

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Collapse of the Foreign Policy Establishment

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. Who was referred to as the silent majority?

a. Congress

b. the executive branch

c. the public

d. the president’s advisors

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Collapse of the Foreign Policy Establishment

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Which of the following believed that American was in a state of moral decline?

a. liberals

b. socialists

c. conservatives

d. leftists

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Collapse of the Foreign Policy Establishment

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Which of the following defense contractors was identified as the leading contractor in 2018?

a. Raytheon

b. Lockheed Martin Corp

c. Northrop Grumman

d. Boeing

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Continuation of the Military-Industrial-Scientific Infrastructure

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. The hundreds of think tanks, lobbying offices, law firms, etc. that have sprung up in Washington, DC, in order to lobby for defense spending and support the military establishment are referred to as the ______.

a. pork barrels

b. wise guys

c. beltway bandits

d. iron triangles

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Continuation of the Military-Industrial-Scientific Infrastructure

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. Which of the following is an example of a new form of interest groups gaining prominence in US foreign policy?

a. veterans and military support groups

b. think tanks

c. national security and public policy groups

d. consulting firms

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Expansion of Group Politics

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. The Heritage Foundation is an example of a ______.

a. think tank

b. commercial interest

c. consulting firm

d. religious or ethnic group

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Expansion of Group Politics

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Most Americans participate infrequently in the political process.

Learning Objective: 12-1: Understand the context of interest group activity in US political participation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contemporary Political Participation

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Social movements tend to have large life spans.

Learning Objective: 12-2: Identify the origins and development of interest groups and social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Groups and Social Movements: Origins and Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Interest groups are an increasingly competitive and influential element of the societal circle and a significant force in the politics of US foreign policy.

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interest Group Politics in the Future

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Fraud and corruption have been endemic in defense procurement and military spending among all four elements of the military-industrial-scientific complex.

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Continuation of the Military-Industrial-Scientific Infrastructure

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. The post–Vietnam War and post–Cold War years have been accompanied by the decline in interest group and social movement activity in foreign policy.

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Expansion of Group Politics

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. Provide an example of how citizens engage in civic life.

Learning Objective: 12-1: Understand the context of interest group activity in US political participation.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Contemporary Political Participation

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. When are interest groups more likely to form? Provide an example.

Learning Objective: 12-2: Identify the origins and development of interest groups and social movements.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Interest Groups and Social Movements: Origins and Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Identify and discuss the four general strategies used to influence the politics of foreign policy.

Learning Objective: 12-3: Explain the strategies of influence by interest groups.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Interest Groups and Social Movements: Origins and Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Identify the four segments of society involved in the military-industrial-scientific complex and explain how they have complementary interests.

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Military-Industrial-Scientific Infrastructure

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Explain the five shared commonalities between the members of the foreign policy establishment.

Learning Objective: 12-4: Describe the nature and evolution of interest groups and their influence in US foreign policymaking in the Cold War, post-Vietnam, and post–Cold War contexts.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Foreign Policy Establishment

Difficulty Level: Medium