Chapter.10 Foreign Policy and Politics Test Bank Docx 7e

Test Bank

Chapter 10: Explaining the Politics and Processes of Foreign Policymaking

Multiple Choice

1. The initial stage of policymaking is ______.

a. implementation

b. formulation

c. evaluation

d. agenda setting

Learning Objective: 10-1: Understand the nature of the policymaking process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Context: The Policymaking Process

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. In which of the following stages of the policymaking process are problems or issues defined?

a. agenda setting

b. evaluation

c. implementation

d. formulation

Learning Objective: 10-1: Understand the nature of the policymaking process.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Context: The Policymaking Process

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. The process of identifying and weighing goals and options takes place during which of the following stages of the policymaking process?

a. agenda setting

b. formulation

c. evaluation

d. implementation

Learning Objective: 10-1: Understand the nature of the policymaking process.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Context: The Policymaking Process

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Once a policy is identified and selected, it enters which stage?

a. agenda setting

b. evaluation

c. implementation

d. formulation

Learning Objective: 10-1: Understand the nature of the policymaking process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Context: The Policymaking Process

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. In the ______ stage, the decision is carried out by members or agents of the government.

a. formulation

b. implementation

c. evaluation

d. agenda setting

Learning Objective: 10-1: Understand the nature of the policymaking process.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Context: The Policymaking Process

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Which of the following models involves the most simplistic version and “ideal” process that most people assume when they think of foreign policymaking?

a. rational actor

b. organizational process

c. interbranch politics

d. groupthink

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Explaining Policymaking

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Which of the following models is considered to be the most centralized?

a. organizational process

b. interbranch politics

c. groupthink

d. governmental politics

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Explaining Policymaking

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Which of the following models is considered to be the most decentralized?

a. organizational process

b. interbranch politics

c. groupthink

d. governmental politics

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Explaining Policymaking

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. ______ portrays a centralized policymaking process under presidential control.

a. Groupthink

b. Organizational process

c. Interbranch politics

d. Governmental politics

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Explaining Policymaking

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Many scholars have concluded that President Kennedy’s decisions during the Cuban Missile Crisis are an example of which of the following models?

a. governmental politics

b. organizational process

c. rational actor

d. groupthink

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Rational Actor Ideal

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. In the ______ model, the decision-maker moves through a clear process.

a. rational actor

b. groupthink

c. organizational process

d. governmental politics

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Rational Actor Ideal

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Which of the following perspectives assumes that the president is ultimately in charge and that the policymaking process proceeds in accordance with an open process responsive to presidential beliefs and wishes?

a. groupthink

b. organizational process

c. governmental politics

d. rational actor

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Rational Actor Ideal

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. The Vietnam War policymaking process under President Johnson reflected which of the following models?

a. rational actor

b. governmental politics

c. organizational process

d. groupthink

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Groupthink

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Cohesiveness and esprit de corps is often associated with which model?

a. groupthink

b. rational actor

c. organizational process

d. governmental politics

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Groupthink

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Which of the following was identified as a symptom of groupthink?

a. deliberating the relevant goals

b. searching for information

c. tendency to pressure members toward uniformity

d. selecting the policy option that maximizes goals

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Groupthink

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. The ______ model provides the illusion of unanimity.

a. rational actor

b. organizational process

c. groupthink

d. governmental politics

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Groupthink

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. The Iranian element of the Iran-Contra affair appeared to have been a function of the ______ process.

a. governmental politics

b. groupthink

c. organizational process

d. rational actor

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Groupthink

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. ______ describes a policymaking process that is based on a pluralistic policymaking environment where power is diffused, and the process revolves around political competition and compromise among the policymakers.

a. Governmental politics

b. Groupthink

c. Organizational process

d. Rational actor

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Governmental Politics

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Under which of the following models is an issue likely to trigger involvement of individuals from a variety of bureaucratic organizations, each differing in goals and objectives?

a. groupthink

b. organizational process

c. governmental politics

d. rational actor

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Governmental Politics

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Which of the following processes is useful for understanding the interagency process?

a. groupthink

b. interbranch politics

c. governmental politics

d. organizational process

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Governmental Politics

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. The ______ model describes the president as not ultimately controlling the policymaking process.

a. interbranch politics

b. organizational process

c. groupthink

d. governmental process

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Governmental Politics

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. The Challenger tragedy was used as an example for the ______ model.

a. groupthink

b. organizational process

c. interbranch politics

d. rational actor

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Organizational Process

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. The ______ model depicts a decentralized government in which the key actors are bureaucratic organizations rather than the president or a group of policymakers.

a. groupthink

b. rational model

c. interbranch politics

d. organizational process

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Organizational Process

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. In the ______ model, policymaking tends to be feudal.

a. organizational process

b. rational actor

c. groupthink

d. interbranch politics

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Organizational Process

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Which of the following models is most helpful in understanding policy formulation for agenda issues that are not important enough to gain presidential attention?

a. rational actor

b. interbranch politics

c. organizational process

d. groupthink

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Organizational Process

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. The organizational process model describes the ______ stage of policymaking most powerfully.

a. agenda setting

b. formulation

c. evaluation

d. implementation

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Organizational Process

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. The central premise of the ______ model stems from its emphasis on the members of Congress, their multiple avenues of influences, and the political factors that prompt their engagement or compliance.

a. interbranch politics

b. governmental politics

c. rational actor

d. groupthink

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interbranch Politics

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Which of the following strains of the interbranch politics model posits that policymakers from both branches work together to make policy?

a. constructive compromise

b. cooperation

c. institutional competition

d. confrontation and stalemate

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Interbranch Politics

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. ______ takes place when policymakers from the two branches devise solutions that garner enough support from each side for policy to proceed.

a. Constructive compromise

b. Cooperation

c. Institutional competition

d. Confrontation and stalemate

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interbranch Politics

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. ______ involves legislative-executive or interagency contention.

a. Constructive compromise

b. Cooperation

c. Institutional competition

d. Confrontation and stalemate

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interbranch Politics

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Which of the following occurs when each circle, endowed with some negative power, blocks the preferences of the others?

a. constructive compromise

b. cooperation

c. institutional competition

d. confrontation and stalemate

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Interbranch Politics

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. ______ operates when the president becomes interested and active in an issue, through direct personal involvement or indirectly when his staff and advisors act in his name.

a. Governmental politics

b. Presidential politics

c. Bureaucratic politics

d. Interbranch politics

Learning Objective: 10-3: Explain the patterns of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Presidential Politics

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. According to the authors, presidential politics may result in a relatively closed process more akin to ______.

a. the rational actor model

b. groupthink

c. the organizational process

d. interbranch politics

Learning Objective: 10-3: Explain the patterns of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Presidential Politics

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. Mental constructs that represent different clumps of knowledge about various facets of the environment are referred to as ______.

a. cognitions

b. schemas

c. thoughts

d. beliefs

Learning Objective: 10-3: Explain the patterns of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cognition and Images

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. Which of the following types of politics prevails when the president and his closet advisors remain relatively uninvolved or are unable to dominate the policymaking process.

a. governmental

b. interbranch

c. bureaucratic

d. presidential

Learning Objective: 10-3: Explain the patterns of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Bureaucratic Politics

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Bureaucratic politics may reflect the bargaining, coalition building, and compromise described by which of the following models?

a. interbranch

b. rational actor

c. governmental politics

d. groupthink

Learning Objective: 10-3: Explain the patterns of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Bureaucratic Politics

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Which of the following stages of the policymaking process is usually dominated by the bureaucracy?

a. agenda setting

b. implementation

c. formulation

d. evaluation

Learning Objective: 10-3: Explain the patterns of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Bureaucratic Politics

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Which of the following statements pertaining to interbranch politics is true?

a. Congress members are not typically attentive to broad public opinion regarding the president.

b. Members of Congress are motivated by the preferences of their president and not by their own preferences.

c. Foreign policy is an increasingly partisan process.

d. The foreign policy process is not cyclical.

Learning Objective: 10-3: Explain the patterns of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Interbranch Politics

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. Policies relying on the use of force, diplomacy, and intelligence activities are usually initiated by the ______.

a. states

b. executive branch

c. judicial branch

d. legislative branch

Learning Objective: 10-3: Explain the patterns of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interbranch Politics

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. Which of the following models of congressional foreign policy behavior refers to a Congress whose combination of less activity but greater assertiveness suggest a Congress that selects its battles carefully but is willing to challenge the president when it is interested?

a. competitive

b. disengaged

c. strategic

d. supportive

Learning Objective: 10-3: Explain the patterns of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interbranch Politics

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. The implementation of policy ends the policymaking process for any one issue.

Learning Objective: 10-1: Understand the nature of the policymaking process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Context: The Policymaking Process

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. In the groupthink process, no policymaker or organization is preponderant.

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Governmental Politics

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Organizational behavior tends to be incremental.

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Organizational Process

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The stages of the policymaking process (i.e., agenda setting, policy formation, and policy implementation) are all clearly separated.

Learning Objective: 10-3: Explain the patterns of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Complex Reality of Policymaking

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Most presidential decisions that require implementation are dependent on the bureaucracy.

Learning Objective: 10-3: Explain the patterns of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bureaucratic Politics

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. In what ways do problems or issues get on the government’s agenda?

Learning Objective: 10-1: Understand the nature of the policymaking process.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Context: The Policymaking Process

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Why is the distinction between agenda setting, policy formulation, and policy implementation not as clear-cut as described?

Learning Objective: 10-1: Understand the nature of the policymaking process.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Context: The Policymaking Process

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Explain how all five of the models highlight different concepts to explain the policymaking process in US foreign policy.

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify the major models of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Summary: Understanding Foreign Policy Decisions

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Identify and discuss some of the criticism of the five models discussed in the text.

Learning Objective: 10-3: Explain the patterns of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Patterns of Foreign Policymaking

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. According to Holsti (1990), there are a number of patterns associated with high stress and its impact on both individual and group decision-making. Identify three to five of those patterns.

Learning Objective: 10-3: Explain the patterns of US foreign policymaking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Note on Crises

Difficulty Level: Medium