Ch.12 Contact, Commerce, And Colonization + Full Test Bank

a.

Improved agricultural techniques

b.

The expansion of trade with Europeans

c.

A vast internal trade network

d.

The conquest of neighboring states

a.

They were responding to the conquest of Constantinople and the rise of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean.

b.

They were responding to the Black Death, which had made their old trade routes too dangerous to use.

c.

They needed a new source of gold and silver and believed it could be found in Asia.

d.

They wanted to establish a closer relationship with the Chinese and learn more about their agricultural techniques.

a.

Silver was believed to be the most beautiful metal.

b.

Silver was used to pay taxes and as money in internal markets.

c.

Silver was used in decorating porcelains for export.

d.

Silver was thought to have medical value.

a.

Muslims

b.

Chinese

c.

Spaniards

d.

Jews

a.

Officials oversaw the raising of camel herds to rent to merchants.

b.

Officials sent soldiers to accompany caravans to protect them from bandits.

c.

Officials forced nomadic desert peoples to adopt settled, agricultural lifestyles.

d.

Officials established caravan stations for travelers’ refreshment and protection.

a.

The Spanish discovered new sources of silver in the Philippines, which was closer to China than Japan was.

b.

The Japanese closed their doors to all external trade in order to avoid European domination.

c.

The Spanish took control of the Philippines and used it as a conduit for silver from their colonies in the Americas.

d.

Japanese silver was mined out, leaving them with little to trade internationally.

a.

Zheng He

b.

Piri Reis

c.

Suleiman

d.

da Gama

a.

The conquest resulted in the subordination of Christians and Jews to Muslim rule.

b.

The conquest permitted the Mamluks to continue their expansion in Northern Africa.

c.

The conquest created a Muslim majority, allowing Ottoman sultans to see themselves as heirs of previous Muslim states that had ruled over the region.

d.

The conquest paved the way for significant Ottoman victories over the Safavid Empire.

a.

To take over the trade or tax local merchants

b.

To conquer as much territory as possible

c.

To develop cooperative relationships with local rulers

d.

To sell African products in Asian markets

a.

Gold’s value rose dramatically during and after the Black Death, and the Portuguese believed that Africa was a source of precious metals.

b.

The Spanish had taken control of the gold coming from the Americas, so the Portuguese had to look elsewhere.

c.

The Portuguese were denied access to the Mediterranean trade in gold by their rivals, the Dutch.

d.

The Holy Roman Empire refused to allow the Portuguese merchants a share of trade in gold mined in the Carpathian Mountains.

a.

The Portuguese developed the joint stock company, which allowed them to invest more freely.

b.

The Portuguese used their superior navigational abilities to travel outside the sight of land.

c.

The Portuguese mounted small cannons on their vessels to bombard ports and rival ships.

d.

The Portuguese negotiated an exclusive trade relationship with the Ming for porcelain.

a.

predict upcoming storms.

b.

determine latitude.

c.

determine absolute location in the open ocean.

d.

determine the location of the North Star.

a.

The caravel had four masts with square sails, allowing it to sail into the winds that roared up the African coast.

b.

The caravel was a method of finding longitude, which allowed Portuguese mariners to locate themselves out of sight of land.

c.

The caravel was a Muslim invention that allowed sailors to determine latitude by measuring the height of the sun above the horizon.

d.

The caravel was more maneuverable in coastal estuaries because it had triangular sails that gave it the ability to tack.

a.

To find the Northwest Passage

b.

To locate the kingdom of Prester John

c.

To discover the New World

d.

To Christianize the world and accumulate wealth

a.

He believed that they were childlike primitives.

b.

He believed that they would not be able to understand Christian doctrine.

c.

He believed that they could become trade partners with the Spanish.

d.

He believed that they were ferocious warriors.

a.

The crown could use the encomienda to directly oversee missionary work among the Indians.

b.

The crown could use the encomienda to export Iberian prisoners to work mines in the Americas.

c.

The crown received special taxes on the extraction of precious metals from the encomenderos.

d.

The crown could use the encomenderos as forced labor on sugar plantations.

a.

The Aztecs’ neighbors were unwilling to trade with them, requiring warfare to secure highly desired luxury items such as rare quetzal feathers.

b.

The Aztecs wanted to extract tribute and take war captives to sacrifice to their gods.

c.

The Aztecs and their neighbors were engaged in a bitter struggle to obtain control of the Yucatan Peninsula.

d.

The Aztecs’ neighbors attempted to choke off their access to the sea, denying the Aztecs coastal trade.

a.

A bureaucratic government

b.

A federation of allied nations

c.

Kinship and clan networks

d.

Guild and professional groups

a.

The Aztecs thought that Cortez was a god and were afraid to fight him.

b.

The Spanish overwhelmed the Aztecs by force of numbers.

c.

Smallpox spread rapidly among the Aztec warriors and elites.

d.

The Aztecs were hated by their neighbors, who joined forces with the Spanish.

a.

Both empires’ armies were smaller and less experienced than the Spanish forces.

b.

Both empires suffered from internal weakness and divisions that were exploited by the Spanish.

c.

Both empires lacked knowledge that the Spaniards had landed, giving the Spanish the element of surprise.

d.

Both empires’ religions prevented them from mustering forces to oppose the Spanish.

a.

Elaborate cotton and wool textiles manufactured in the Americas were highly prized in Asia.

b.

Europeans could take advantage of the Aztecs’ superior shipbuilding techniques.

c.

American manufactures were eagerly received in Africa and Asia.

d.

European products that were not esteemed in Afro-Eurasia could be sold in the Americas.

a.

90 percent

b.

70 percent

c.

50 percent

d.

30 percent

a.

Afro-Eurasian farmers became less competitive compared to American farmers.

b.

Syphilis spread throughout the western hemisphere.

c.

Corn (maize) replaced some traditional crops in China and Africa.

d.

The Afro-Eurasian landscape came to look more like the Americas.

a.

The Spanish refrained for religious reasons from intermingling with indigenous women who were part of their conscripted labor force.

b.

The Spanish relied solely on European economic structures in order to gain access to goods and labor from native peoples.

c.

The Spanish controlled territory but worked to extract wealth without extensive settlement of Iberian immigrants.

d.

The Spanish retained indigenous rulers as puppets through whom they could govern.

a.

Brazil and the Andes

b.

Mesoamerica and the Andes

c.

Mesoamerica and Brazil

d.

The Andes and the Caribbean

a.

The West African mode of sugar cane production

b.

The Ottoman practice of devshirme

c.

Aztec and Incan practices, such as the mita, that demanded labor from conquered villages

d.

The Ming method of recruiting peasant labor for canal repairs

a.

Labor

b.

Land

c.

Raw materials

d.

Military technology

a.

Slaves worked in large groups comprising more than 200 individuals per plantation.

b.

Most of the slaves were women, and lost time from their labors raising children.

c.

Most slaves came in family groups, and could not be separated to work on newly created plantations.

d.

Most of the slaves were men, who suffered high mortality rates due to overwork and poor conditions.

a.

Africans were used as labor in the silver mines.

b.

Africans were used as labor for sugar plantations.

c.

Africans were used as domestic servants.

d.

Africans were used as skilled craftsmen in urban areas.

a.

Luther believed that true knowledge of God came through meditation.

b.

Luther wanted German cathedrals to rival those of Rome in their grandeur.

c.

Luther was disgusted with corrupt church practices such as the selling of indulgences.

d.

Luther was shocked by what he experienced as an itinerant monk.

a.

The Church modified certain doctrines such as the intercessory power of saints.

b.

The Church sought to reform clerical corruption.

c.

The Church recalled missionaries from outside Europe to take part in the religious debates.

d.

The Church translated the Bible into local languages to appeal to more followers.

a.

Luther denied the authority of a corrupt church, but Calvin believed that a corrupt priest was still entitled to perform sacraments.

b.

Luther’s ideas sparked peasant revolts, but Calvin worked with the local rulers in Swiss cantons.

c.

Calvin, unlike Luther, emphasized the doctrine of predestination.

d.

Calvin, unlike Luther, did not believe that the Bible should be translated into vernacular languages.

a.

They explored new areas of the Americas and started their own silver mines.

b.

They found a passage through the Americas to Asia and got rich through trade with China.

c.

They took advantage of Spain’s bankruptcy caused by religious and dynastic wars.

d.

They received opportunities to trade in the Americas and Asia from the Catholic Church as part of an attempt to achieve rapprochement.

a.

Some Protestants requested support from the Ottoman Turks, asking them to attack the eastern sections of the Holy Roman Empire.

b.

Common people took up arms to defend their religious beliefs and practices instead of leaving warfare to professional soldiers.

c.

The growth of Calvinism led the Lutheran Church to call for a new crusade against unbelievers.

d.

Some Spanish princes used Protestant beliefs as a way to challenge the authority of the Habsburg emperors.

a.

identify their religion with their local state and language.

b.

be more tolerant of one another.

c.

end the requirement that priests be celibate.

d.

revive ancient pagan traditions in Christian observances.

a.

European monarchs did not arrange political marriages with their rivals, while the Mughals did intermarry with Hindus.

b.

The Mughals ruled over a Muslim state with few non-Muslim citizens, while European rulers ruled over states with many religious groups.

c.

Akbar encouraged discussion between members of different religions, while Europeans fought for forty years to force religious conformity.

d.

The Mughals relied on trade to generate wealth, while Europeans relied on agriculture.

a.

They tried to force the Dutch and English out of the Indian Ocean trade.

b.

They formed closer tributary ties with Ming China.

c.

They sponsored their own voyages of exploration.

d.

They used the resources to glorify their court’s architecture and art.

a.

Both were able to limit European traders to port cities.

b.

Both prided themselves on restoring indigenous rule after a period of foreign conquest.

c.

Both faced declining populations due to the arrival of diseases from the Americas.

d.

Both ruled over homogeneous populations.

a.

The Portuguese were the largest group of traders at Macao.

b.

The Portuguese took over much of the silver trade between China and Korea.

c.

The Portuguese used Macao as an entry into the lucrative import-export trade with China.

d.

The Portuguese established a permanent colony in China.

a.

The Spanish now controlled all of the world’s major entrepôt cities.

b.

Manila gave the Spanish a base to trade silver from the Americas to China, and then Chinese goods to Europe.

c.

The Spanish had become the first people to sail all the way around the world.

d.

Control of Manila enhanced Spanish power at the expense of the Mughals and Chinese, increasing Spanish control of trade networks.

a.

As performers in the new entertainment districts

b.

As healers, consorts, and power brokers in the Forbidden City

c.

As merchants in trading centers such as Macao

d.

As authors of Confucian guides for proper behavior

a.

It gave the English more legitimacy than other European traders at the Mughal court.

b.

It provided a subsidy from the English crown.

c.

It gave exclusive rights to import East Indian goods into England.

d.

It gave the right to leave coastal enclaves and trade in the Chinese interior.

a.

The European presence undermined Asian rulers’ control of territory and people.

b.

The European presence encouraged the militarization of empires and more warfare.

c.

The European presence was so minimal that it made no impact.

d.

The European presence enhanced Asian rulers’ wealth and might.