Chapter 13 Worlds Entangled 1600 1750 Test Bank Answers

a.

Capitalism

b.

Absolutism

c.

Monetarism

d.

Mercantilism

a.

The English had a strong tradition of agriculture and few commercial connections.

b.

Little mineral wealth was found in the English, French, or Dutch colonies.

c.

The Dutch did not have the right technology to transport heavy cargoes across the open ocean, so they turned to farming.

d.

Other European countries saw the negative impact of mineral wealth on Spain and so rejected it as a source of income.

a.

To encourage international cooperation through free trade

b.

To enrich the states that had founded them

c.

To allow merchants to profit by diversifying their economic investments

d.

To act as laboratories in which new methods of state administration could be tested

a.

Rice

b.

Corn

c.

Spices

d.

Sugar

a.

They were concerned that missionaries would convert their colonists to other religions.

b.

They were concerned about intermarriage between people from different states and cultures.

c.

They wanted to prevent the importation of slaves to colonies that had outlawed slavery.

d.

They wanted to prevent the spread of wealth to states other than their own.

a.

A growing division arose between monarchs and merchants.

b.

An expanding diet led to a decrease in European tooth decay.

c.

European states grew rich enough to wage almost unceasing wars against one another.

d.

A belief that European states should open up their colonial markets to trade with their European rivals

a.

In the commercial district of London in the seventeenth century.

b.

In Islamic lands in the fifteenth century.

c.

In the imperial Chinese court in the twelfth century.

d.

In Northeastern Brazil in the eighteenth century.

a.

depended on enslaving native peoples to mine silver.

b.

depended on peaceful relationships and trade with native peoples.

c.

resulted from a desire to spread Christianity to as many parts of the world as possible.

d.

dispossessed native peoples from their lands in order to accommodate a growing English settler population.

a.

Native peoples refused to use firearms, clinging to traditional weapons.

b.

Amerindian groups used the weapons to unite against the European invaders.

c.

Amerindian groups fought each other as they sought to increase their hunting and trapping ranges.

d.

Native peoples traded guns for alcohol, which they then bartered for trade goods.

a.

The French allied with the English against Amerindians.

b.

Wars with the French displaced native peoples from their homelands.

c.

The French relied on native peoples’ knowledge of trapping and adapted to Amerindian ways.

d.

The French brought new agricultural techniques, which improved the diet of native peoples.

a.

Slaves often dropped dead from exhaustion, working up to sixteen-hour days.

b.

Plantation managers, in order to have a healthy and productive workforce, provided their slaves with an adequate diet.

c.

Indentured Europeans and convicts provided the bulk of plantation labor.

d.

Family groups provided stability for Caribbean slave populations.

a.

Six months

b.

Three years

c.

Ten years

d.

Fifteen years

a.

They formed committees to petition the government for better conditions.

b.

Hundreds of violent slave revolts broke out across the Caribbean.

c.

Slaves tried to increase their productivity, so that their masters would free them as a reward.

d.

Thousands of slaves fled to the remote interiors of Brazil or the Caribbean islands.

a.

France

b.

Portugal

c.

England

d.

Spain

a.

European sailors

b.

African warriors

c.

European elites

d.

African elites

a.

Europeans relied on the Muslim slave trade in North and East Africa to bring slaves from the interior.

b.

Europeans introduced the idea of slavery to Africa for the first time, ending centuries of peaceful agriculture and hunting.

c.

Europeans sent armies armed with firearms to invade the African interior, seizing prisoners as slaves.

d.

Europeans remained in coastal enclaves, depending on indigenous political and trading networks to bring slaves to them.

a.

Gender imbalance in the Americas contributed to the continuation of the transatlantic slave trade.

b.

Polyandry became common in the Americas, monogamy in Africa.

c.

Slave owners could not engage in sexual relations with female slaves.

d.

Slave-catchers for all African markets targeted men more than they did women.

a.

The Portuguese decisively defeated Queen Nzinga, opening the country to Portuguese control.

b.

Kidnapping became so prevalent that cultivators worked their fields bearing weapons, leaving their children behind in guarded stockades.

c.

Members of the Kongo royal family united to oppose the Europeans.

d.

The Kongo kingdom conquered the Asante and traded captured prisoners as slaves.

a.

In Asia, European merchants were much more successful in spreading Christianity.

b.

In Asia, European merchants struggled to conquer empires or control large territories.

c.

In Asia, European merchants found populations more eager for European goods.

d.

In Asia, European merchants from different nation-states did not compete with each other for access to markets.

a.

The Asante used their gold to buy firearms, which they used to raid neighboring communities for captives to be sold as slaves.

b.

The Asante used their gold to trade across the Saharan caravan routes for salt, which was a necessity of life in the rain forest.

c.

The Asante used gold to bribe the Europeans to keep them from capturing Asante people as slaves.

d.

The Asante used gold to finance scholarly and architectural centers like Timbuktu.

a.

Village elders

b.

Warrior elites

c.

Religious leaders

d.

Subsistence farmers

a.

Traditional holders of power, such as village elders and women, became even more powerful.

b.

Power struggles between warrior elites decreased as they united to fight the Europeans.

c.

On top of the population lost to the slave trade, diseases from the Americas decimated the African people.

d.

American food crops produced more calories per acre than traditional African staples, which partially offset the population loss of the slave trade.

a.

Amsterdam had the most efficient money market, with the lowest interest rates in the world.

b.

The Dutch controlled the trade in East Indian spices and used their sale to generate capital.

c.

The English had not yet developed financial systems such as joint stock companies and banks.

d.

The Dutch monarchs provided large amounts of capital to the Dutch East India Company.

a.

The Dutch wanted to construct a fort to protect themselves from the Spaniards in Manila.

b.

The Dutch wanted revenge after the traditional chiefs of Banda killed Dutch diplomats.

c.

The Dutch wanted to buy nutmeg at a low price in the Banda Islands and sell nutmeg at many times that price in Europe.

d.

The Dutch wanted to intimidate the inhabitants of the nearby Maluku islands into selling their silk only to the Dutch.

a.

Dutch privateers captured Spanish treasure ships bound for Manila.

b.

The Dutch used their merchant ships to increase their participation in inter-Asian trade.

c.

The Dutch introduced the opium trade to Southeast Asia.

d.

Dutch merchants used paper money and letters of credit to pay for spices.

a.

Ottoman merchants attained considerable political power, whereas European merchants struggled to assert their interests.

b.

Ottoman merchants were supported by liberal trade policies, whereas European merchants were constrained by mercantilist policies.

c.

Ottoman merchants became a significant source of tax revenue for the state, whereas European merchants were often a drain on state resources.

d.

Ottoman merchants regularly feuded with rulers, whereas European merchants tended to have a mutually beneficial relationship with rulers.

a.

Mughal invaders took over large amounts of Ottoman territory in the eastern part of the empire.

b.

The Ottomans lacked the initiative to make needed administrative reforms.

c.

The Ottoman population was declining due to diseases from the Americas, leaving it too weak to resist foreign encroachment.

d.

Military campaigns and a growing population strained the empire’s resources.

a.

Weak rulers and internal divisions

b.

Loss of trade revenue and land to the Mughals

c.

Invasion by the Portuguese and Dutch

d.

The influence of Europeans and Indians at the Safavid court

a.

The decision promoted increased investment in local Ottoman industries such as silk production.

b.

The decision led to Ottoman rulers becoming dependent on loans of silver from wealthy merchants.

c.

The decision led to economic expansion and increased Ottoman tax revenue.

d.

The decision caused European buyers to look elsewhere to buy wheat, copper, and wool.

a.

None benefited substantially from the foreign commerce in which their merchants engaged.

b.

All saw increased agricultural yields in the seventeenth century.

c.

None supported the expansion of naval power.

d.

All were strengthened by the influx of silver from the Americas.

a.

The Mamluks in Egypt asserted political and commercial autonomy.

b.

The influence of merchants in Ottoman politics increased.

c.

The Koprulu reforms failed to reenergize the Ottoman government.

d.

The Ottoman sultans turned to the Safavids for military support.

a.

Great pandemics

b.

Widespread famine

c.

A decline in centralized state control

d.

The loss of political independence

a.

Additional taxes on foreign merchants

b.

Tribute from overseas conquests

c.

Savings from decreasing the cost of government

d.

Europeans’ increased demand for Indian textiles

a.

The combination of prosperity and dependence on local elites for governance allowed the local elites to become more autonomous.

b.

The policy of religious toleration encouraged fighting among representatives of different religions.

c.

Mughal support for the orthodox ulama led to rebellions among heterodox Muslims and non-Muslims.

d.

Peasant revolts against the cash economy undermined the empire’s tax base.

a.

The primacy of silver made peasants’ lives easier.

b.

China increasingly relied on the global trading system for silver, making the Chinese economy vulnerable to dislocation.

c.

The quantity of Japanese silver specie shipped to China rose steadily throughout the period.

d.

The Dutch, English, and Spanish cooperated with one another to ensure China received a steady supply of New World silver.

a.

decreased revenues caused by increasing monetization.

b.

failure to maintain a bureaucracy.

c.

failure to respond effectively to natural disasters.

d.

decreased support for foreign trade.

a.

They lightened taxes on the peasants and increased taxes on the gentry.

b.

They presented themselves as upholders of familial values and traditional Chinese culture.

c.

They promoted intermarriage between Manchus and the Han.

d.

They retracted the Ming canton system.

a.

It allowed no official trade between Chinese and European merchants.

b.

It required European traders to have Chinese merchants act as guarantors for their good behavior and payment of fees.

c.

It required European merchants to check in at Canton before proceeding into China’s interior to trade.

d.

It only allowed Dutch merchants to trade with China.

a.

He gave more power to the daimyo to control rogue samurai called ronin.

b.

He declared himself shogun and established a hereditary system of succession.

c.

He arranged marriages among the children of local authorities to solidify political bonds.

d.

He kept the population in check to avoid famine and peasant revolts.

a.

The Japanese did not have the capacity to collect taxes from dispersed trading companies.

b.

The Japanese feared that British technology would destabilize Japan.

c.

The Dutch did not proselytize.

d.

The Dutch would not undercut the Japanese economy by importing silver.

a.

All three controlled diverse populations through strong central government.

b.

All three used territorial expansion and commercial networks to consolidate state power.

c.

All three consolidated power through identification with one religion.

d.

All three granted favorable trade status to the Dutch.

a.

Many were fleeing serfdom and religious persecution.

b.

Many wanted to improve their economic status by acquiring free land from the government.

c.

Some believed they were taking part in a glorious crusade against polytheistic native Siberians.

d.

Some wanted to work in the lucrative salt mines.

a.

Protestant states triumphed in Central and Eastern Europe, replacing the Austrian Habsburgs.

b.

Central Europe’s populations and economies did not recover for more than a century.

c.

The German economy prospered, as it was a center for manufacturing new weapons such as cannons.

d.

Russia emerged as a great European power in the power vacuum that followed the Treaty of Westphalia.

a.

They established a stock exchange, a banking system, and a system for insuring cargoes.

b.

They raised the price of shipping in order to help Europeans make a profit in the Atlantic trade.

c.

They encouraged the monetization of European economies by importing large quantities of silver and gold.

d.

They invented mercantilism.

a.

The nobility

b.

Jurists

c.

God

d.

The people

a.

Chartered companies increased in number and spread to the countryside.

b.

Serfdom was imposed on the remaining English peasants.

c.

Agricultural productivity dropped drastically, leading to famines.

d.

Landowners began to plant new crops to sell in distant, instead of domestic, markets.

a.

English monarchs were legally required to obtain the consent of Parliament in order to raise funds.

b.

England was religiously unified, removing an issue that allowed monarchs to discredit their opponents.

c.

England was composed of several independent duchies, which refused to allow the monarch to have absolute power.

d.

English monarchs never wanted to centralize their authority.

a.

European countries called on their allies in Africa and Asia to support them militarily.

b.

European armies skirmished around the globe over religion.

c.

The Portuguese attacked English and Dutch outposts in Asia and the Americas.

d.

Conflicts over overseas colonies and trade routes replaced earlier regional religious and territorial struggles.

a.

France and Spain both gained new territorial holdings in the Americas.

b.

Russia completed its annexation of Siberia and controlled lands from the Baltic to the Pacific.

c.

Great Britain emerged as the world’s strongest colonial power, making it harder for indigenous people to pit European powers against one another.

d.

Indigenous people who sided with the winners, the Dutch and the British, were able to gain favorable concessions including release of people held as forced laborers on plantations and in mines.

a.

The inability to placate diverse ethnic groups led to warfare, which undermined their political systems.

b.

The influx of silver from the Americas created inflation, which undermined their economic autonomy.

c.

The territorial expansion of Russia took provinces from both the Ottoman and Mughal Empires.

d.

Religious strife within Islam sapped the government and social systems of both the Ottomans and Mughals.