Ch11 Groups And Individuals Exam Prep

TB_Baron_Chapter 11

Key: Answer, Page, Type, Learning Objective, Level

Type

A=Applied

C=Conceptual

F=Factual

Level

(1)=Easy; (2)=Moderate; (3)=Difficult

LO=Learning Objective

SG=Used in Study Guide

p=page

TB_Baron_Chapter 11

Multiple Choice Single Select

M/C Question 1
Ahmed belongs to his university’s Student Senate, a group that is high in entitativity. It is likely that Ahmed feels that the Student Senate ________.

1. is unlikely to be stereotyped
2. is of great consequence to him
3. uses too much political jargon
4. is polarized in a conservative direction

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 2
University alumni associations, as a group, have ________ for many of its members.

1. considerable entitativity
2. mostly a monetary attraction
3. few obstacles to high status
4. little connectedness

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 3
Omri, in his professional association, serves informally as a kind of “father confessor,” listening attentively to members of that group. This best reflects ________ in(of) the group.

1. his role
2. the status he has attained
3. an unstated norm
4. an assigned task

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 4
John has violated a norm in his ________ group, while Li Qing has violated one in her ________ group. We would more likely expect ________ for John, and ________ for Li Qing.

1. individualist; collectivist; approval; disapproval
2. individualist; collectivist; disapproval; admiration
3. cohesive; heterogeneous; admiration; disapproval
4. normative; deviant; higher status; lower status

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 5
William joined a small fraternity at his college. The initiation he faced was quite severe and somewhat dangerous. Now, he’s a senior member of the fraternity and the college is investigating the fraternity for possible violations of the college’s hazing policy. As a result, William finds that ________.

1. fraternity members do not identify as strongly with the group as they once did
2. the fraternity’s cohesiveness has substantially increased
3. the fraternity’s cohesiveness has substantially decreased
4. recruitment for new members is becoming increasingly difficult

Difficulty=Apply

M/C Question 6
George has been asked to join a “secret society” (similar to a small fraternity) at his college. This group’s initiation rituals are quite severe and somewhat dangerous. In addition, members tend to identify strongly with the group. If George decides to join, he can expect that ________.

1. the group is not very cohesive
2. members tend to leave the group shortly after being initiated as members
3. higher-status members tend to break away from the group more easily than do low-status members
4. members are very unlikely to leave the group after they have joined
   

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 7
John is learning to play the guitar. He is in the process of mastering several new songs. From the perspective of Zajonc’s drive theory of social facilitation, John should practice ________.

1. when others are present until mastery is achieved
2. and perform only in the presence of others
3. alone until partial mastery is achieved, then practice in the presence of others
4. alone until mastery is achieved, and then perform in the presence of others

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 8
Jason, Paul, and Mark are working on a group project for their social psychology class. Jason believes that Paul is not doing as much work on the project as he and Mark are doing. If Jason is accurate in his perception, Paul is engaging in ________.

1. distraction-conflict action
2. social loafing
3. reciprocity
4. deindividuation

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 9
Paul, Sarah, Deborah, and George are working on a research paper for their social psychology class. They can reduce social loafing by ________.

1. ensuring that each member of the group can do the work that is being done by other team members
2. having each team member initial the parts of the paper she or he completed
3. discussing the issue of social facilitation before working on the paper
4. acknowledging that the paper counts for only a small part of their grade in the class

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 10
Paul, Sarah, Deborah, and George are working on a research paper for their social psychology class. They can reduce social loafing by ________.

1. acknowledging that the paper counts for only a small part of their grade in the class
2. ensuring that each member of the group can do the work that is being done by other team members
3. holding periodic pep rallies for themselves in which each group member becomes increasingly committed to the project and its outcome
4. stressing the cooperative and relaxed nature of the project

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 11
Paul, Sarah, Deborah, and George are working on a research paper for their social psychology class. They can reduce social loafing by ________.

1. stressing the cooperative nature of, and open-ended scheduling built into, the project
2. ensuring that each member of the group contributes something that is different from the contribution of each other team member
3. acknowledging that the paper counts for only a small part of their grade in the class
4. ensuring that each member of the group can do the work that is being done by other team members

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 12
Paul, Sarah, Deborah, and George are working on a research paper for their social psychology class. They can reduce social loafing by ________.

1. emphasizing a cooperative and relaxed approach to the project
2. ensuring that each member of the group can do the work that is being done by other team members
3. acknowledging that the paper counts for only a small part of their grade in the class
4. ensuring that each member of the group recognizes the paper as being important both to the group and to the members

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 13
Roger, Sabiha, Emily, and George are working on a group paper for a class. How would one go about reducing the likelihood of Emily engaging in social loafing?

1. Convince Emily that her contribution is unique.
2. Have Sabiha confront Emily about her performance.
3. Limit Emily’s input into group decision-making processes.
4. Ask Emily to demonstrate her competence to complete the task.

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 14
Two neighbors are working together to build a stone fence through a field. They both help each other move the larger rocks. This is an example of ________.

1. conflict
2. a social dilemma
3. social construction
4. cooperation

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 15
Amy is always trying to defeat others in all types of situations, even as inconsequential as seeing who can brush their teeth the fastest. Amy probably has a ________ personal orientation toward social dilemmas.

1. combative
2. cooperative
3. collaborative
4. competitive

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 16
Two brothers have inherited a small plot of land from their parents. One brother wants to sell the land and divide the money with his brother. The other wants to use the land as collateral for a business loan. This is an example of ________.

1. a social dilemma
2. cooperation
3. social construction
4. social loafing
5. conflict

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 17
Bargaining is a process in which opposing sides ________.

1. exchange offers, counteroffers, and concessions, either directly or through representatives
2. exchange token gifts in order to facilitate negotiations
3. attempt to resolve conflicts by maximizing the rewards received by both sides, either directly or through representatives
4. attempt to argue for the other’s position in order to develop more effective counterarguments

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 18
Integrative agreements ________.

1. satisfy the major requirements of both groups without concern for minor or less important differences
2. attempt to transform win-lose negotiations into win-win situations
3. provide greater joint benefits than simple compromise
4. bring dissenting groups together for negotiations

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 19
One primary goal in negotiating with an individual or a group is to ________.

1. reduce the opposing side’s aspirations
2. provide misleading information to an opponent
3. find common ground on which both sides can initially agree
4. interfere with the opposition’s support and information networks

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 20
Distributive justice refers to individuals’ judgments ________.

1. about the individuals who decide which group members receive rewards and the ways in which those rewards are presented
2. about whether the rewards they receive are proportionate to the contributions they have made
3. concerning the fairness of the procedures used to distribute available rewards to group members
4. about whether the rewards they receive are the same as the rewards received by other group members

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 21

Thinking about status appears to influence the importance group members attach to ________ justice.

1. procedural
2. distributive
3. interpersonal
4. interactional

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 22
Procedural justice involves individuals’ judgments ________.

1. about whether the rewards they receive are proportionate to the contributions they have made
2. about whether the decisions relating to the distribution of rewards have been adequately explained and distribution was courteous
3. about whether the rewards they receive are the same as the rewards received by other group members
4. concerning the fairness of the procedures used to distribute available rewards among group members

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 23
Transactional justice involves individuals’ judgments ________.

1. concerning the fairness of the procedures used to distribute available rewards among group members
2. about whether the rewards they receive are the same as the rewards received by other group members
3. about the individuals who decide which group members receive rewards and the ways in which those rewards are presented
4. about whether the decisions relating to the distribution of rewards have been adequately explained and distribution was courteous

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 24
The extent to which the ratio of contributions by group members to the rewards they receive should be ________ for all group members in order for us to believe that ________ justice exists.

1. the same; distributive
2. the same; transactional
3. different; interpersonal
4. different; procedural

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 25
When individuals don’t have all the information needed to make judgments about the fairness of a particular situation, they tend to rely on ________ as an indication of fairness.

1. their internal personal biases
2. the self-serving bias
3. their current affective state
4. what they know about the people involved
5. the fairness of similar situations in the past

Difficulty=Hard

M/C Question 26
Group decision making involves the ________.

1. process involved in selecting one of several different social decision schemes on which to base resulting group decisions
2. process involved in determining which possible decision is supported by a majority of the group’s members
3. processes involved with convincing a majority of the group’s members to pursue the same course of action
4. processes involved with combining and integrating available information in order to choose one of several different courses of action

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 27
Group polarization involves the tendency of ________.

1. some group members to shift from one extreme position to another, depending on the views of the group’s leadership
2. group members to shift toward more extreme positions than those they initially held as a result of group discussion
3. groups to attract members who initially agree with the group’s position, and then to take that agreement to extreme levels
4. some individuals to take a charismatic leadership position within a group

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 28
When it comes to decisions, Ilene thinks she is bolder than her coworkers. In a recent meeting, she discovered that other workers in the office favored even bolder decisions. As a result, Ilene shifted toward an even bolder position herself. The process underlying Ilene’s change is ________.

1. social cohesiveness
2. groupthink
3. evaluation apprehension
4. social comparison

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 29
Strongly cohesive groups may assume that their decisions can’t be incorrect and to put pressure on all group members to strongly support the group’s decisions. This is known as ________.

1. a social dilemma
2. groupthink
3. deindividuation
4. group polarization

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 30
When creating a group of experts, all of whom bring different expertise to the table, it may be particularly important to make sure that dissent within the group is welcome. This is because groups tend to ________.

1. share only unshared information
2. share only shared information
3. base decisions on unshared information
4. engage in brainstorming

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 31
Max, Tara, and Carlos all speak English and were born in the United States. While they have never met each other, they are part of a group. What type of group are they in?

1. Common-bond group
2. Common-identity group
3. Common-entitativity group
4. Common-coherence group

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 32
Which type of group tends to involve face-to-face interaction among the members of the group, each of whom is bonded to each other?

1. Common-bond group
2. Common-identity group
3. Common-entitativity group
4. Common-coherence group

Difficulty=Easy

 M/C Question 33
Which of the following is an example of a group with low entitativity?

1. A group of concertgoers
2. A work team
3. A family
4. A group of friends

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 34
There is a three-person Editorial department at Luscious Literature, a literary journal. Tom is an editorial assistant, Kara is a senior editor, and Helen is a managing editor. The team members differ in

1. norms
2. entitativity
3. status
4. solidarity

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 35
If groups are cohesive, the members often work hard to support each other, to accomplish their goals, and have a high morale. In general, cohesive groups have ________.

1. individualism
2. status
3. norms
4. solidarity

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 36
Members of a group can benefit from “existential security,” meaning that once a member belongs to a group, he or she can’t imagine not belonging to the group because the membership provides meaning and identity definition. Members feel this way because, by becoming part of a group, they gain ________.

1. solidarity
2. self-knowledge
3. cohesiveness
4. status

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 37
Jeremy is an actor who specializes in comedy. His friends persuade him to perform at a venue that specializes in audience-led improvisation, meaning that the audience chooses the subject matter for the actors. During the performance, Jeremy performs better than he ever has during comedic scenes, but performs more terribly than he ever has in serious dramatic scenes requiring strong emotion. Jeremy’s overall performance can be explained by ________.

1. distraction conflict theory
2. the drive theory of social facilitation
3. the theory of social loafing
4. dominant response theory

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 38
At a college football game in Ohio, a crowd of 50,000 people gathered. When the game began, the crowd abided by the stadium’s regulations, but by the end of the game, many of the people in the crowd had begun to vandalize signs, push over portable toilets, throw trash all over the aisles, and engage in physical violence. This is an example of ________.

1. distraction conflict
2. social facilitation
3. social loafing
4. hooliganism

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 39
Thomas buys a new, green winter coat for his wife, Maureen. He wasn’t sure what size she wore, so he bought a medium, thinking that if it didn’t fit he could bring it back to the store and exchange it. He shows it to Maureen, who, after noticing the size and trying it on, develops a bad mood and is distant from Thomas the rest of the night. Thomas thinks she doesn’t like the coat and snaps, “Fine. That’s the last nice thing I try to do for you.” He storms out of the house. The next day, he learns that Maureen very much likes the coat but was sad that she used to wear a small but now a medium fits her perfectly. The conflict occurred because, when evaluating Maureen’s behavior, Tom made a ________.

1. faulty attribution
2. social dilemma
3. situation of negative interdependence
4. negotiation

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 40
What is the most common strategy for resolving conflicts?

1. Having accurate attribution
2. Setting superordinate goals
3. Bargaining
4. Reward distribution

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 41
Wendy approaches her manager at work because she wants a raise. Once their meeting begins, Wendy is candid, saying, “I’ve worked here for 5 years without a raise, and my responsibilities have increased by 25%. Therefore, I would like to ask for a 25% raise.” Her manager is thoughtful, but eventually says, “We can’t raise your salary 25% unless you work on Saturdays and Sundays.” After thinking about this, Wendy says, “I won’t work both days, but I’ll work for 4 hours on Saturday.” The manager agrees, and Wendy gets her 25% raise. Which tactic for reaching an integrative agreement was used?

1. Cost cutting
2. Bridging
3. Broadening the pie
4. Logrolling

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 42
The equity rule states that available rewards should be divided among group members in accordance with their contributions. The equity rule falls under ________ justice.

1. procedural
2. distributive
3. transactional
4. perceived

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 43
Dr. Roland, a professor of chemistry, bestows an end-of-the-year award to the student he deems to have gone above and beyond throughout the semester. Dr. Roland does not release his rubric for how he assesses this, nor does he tell the students his requirements. At the end of the year, Dr. Roland bestows the award to Carla, his niece, even though she was absent for many classes and completed the work late. The other students are furious and want to know how Dr. Roland made his evaluation and selection. They are concerned with ________ justice.

1. distributive
2. procedural
3. reward
4. perceived

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 44
A number of venture capitalists know that they want to invest in Phoodle, a new tech startup company. Up until now, the VCs had never met as a group, but they each knew they could invest up to $1 million of their own money. They finally get everyone together to discuss the matter and, by the end of the all-day meeting, each member has agreed to invest up to $3 million. This is an example of ________.

1. the equity rule
2. transactional justice
3. group polarization
4. bargaining

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 45
Approval for a new light rail has been granted by a major city. Those on the project are excited to begin, as they have been planning the project for many years now. However, not long before the first day of work on the project, one of the team members notices a critical flaw in the business plan for the project. He can’t believe no one noticed it before, as the error is so large that it puts the entire project in jeopardy. He pleads his case to the project manager and the financial committee, but everyone he speaks to is so committed to the project that they refuse to look at his evidence. He eventually quits, as he doesn’t want to work for a team besieged by________.

1. procedural justice
2. groupthink
3. polarization
4. a risky shift

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 46
Greta works on a team at a toy manufacturing plant. Her team works on one type of toy, and each team member focuses on the production of a single part of the toy. In this position, Greta, along with her teammates, performs ________ tasks.

1. additive
2. social
3. cooperative
4. conflicting

Difficulty=Medium

 M/C Question 47
A group cooperates well when the members know the reputation of the others involved in the group. This knowledge is known as ________.

1. groupthink
2. cohesiveness
3. social embeddedness
4. facilitation

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 48
Vince has formed a new political think tank in Washington, DC. He and the other members consider themselves to be relatively liberal, but the more they interact with other liberal think tanks in the area, the more liberal they become. Eventually, Vince’s think tank is full-on progressive, and is considered to be the most liberal think tank in the country. This group shift toward extremity can be explained by social ________.

1. dilemma
2. saturation
3. comparison
4. justice

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 49
Which of the following is indicative of leadership?

1. Influence
2. Social embeddedness
3. Distributional justice
4. Groupthink

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 50
Jessie is thrilled to be considered for the CFO position of XYZ Computers. They offer her the job, and she works for a year before the company dissolves due to financial duress. Only later does Jessie come to learn the full extent of the company’s financial problems and their origins. Jessie was appointed to her position due to a ________.

1. social dilemma
2. glass cliff
3. schism
4. superordinate goal

Difficulty=Medium

Essay

Essay Question 51
Describe the relationship between social loafing and additive tasks.

Difficulty=Medium

Essay Question 52
What is deindividuation? What was the former idea about it, and the more modern conception? What is the experience with English “soccer hooligans” that supports the modern idea?

Difficulty=Hard

Essay Question 53
Two sides to a conflict may have difficulty resolving a dispute. What are some of the psychological factors or aspects involved in such a conflictual situation?

Difficulty=Medium

Essay Question 54
Discuss bargaining as a method of conflict resolution. What is a key initial goal (and describe it) toward resolution? What are some of the tactics for reaching this goal? Some aspects of bargaining involve the orientation of the bargainers to the bargaining process itself. What is meant by this? What is the term used to describe the outcome of this kind of bargaining?

Difficulty=Medium

Essay Question 55
What is group polarization and briefly describe its main effect? What are the two main mechanisms involved, and describe them in detail?

Difficulty=Medium

Essay Question 56
Compare and contrast common-bond groups and common-identity groups and give an example of each.

Difficulty=Medium

Essay Question 57
What is status and how does it contribute to group dynamics and to people’s perceptions of themselves within a group?

Difficulty=Medium

Essay Question 58
List and explain the three distinct rules, or types of justice, for judging fairness.

Difficulty=Hard

Essay Question 59
What is groupthink, what implications can it have on group outcomes, and how does it occur?

Difficulty=Hard

Essay Question 60
Define brainstorming and discuss the expectation and reality of its effectiveness.

Difficulty=Medium