Ch1 Study of Sexuality – Test Bank | 2nd Ed

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Student name:__________

TRUE/FALSE - Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
1) Sexual well-being is both a physical and an emotional state.

⊚ true
⊚ false

2) One cannot become sexually literate without having sex.

⊚ true
⊚ false

3) Purpose in life weakens our belief in love and romantic relationships.

⊚ true
⊚ false

4) In the beginning, sexology was all about the study of sexual diversity.

⊚ true
⊚ false

5) Freud treated sex as a fundamental part of human nature and not as an underlying mental disorder.

⊚ true
⊚ false

6) Masters and Johnson's research proved that the only real orgasm for women is in the vagina.

⊚ true
⊚ false

7) At present, oral and anal sexual practices vary considerably among Whites, African Americans, and Hispanics.

⊚ true
⊚ false

8) Sex research cuts across several scientific and social scientific disciplines.

⊚ true
⊚ false

9) The study of sexuality involves biological, social, psychological, and health sciences.

⊚ true
⊚ false

10) The biological and evolutionary perspectives on sexuality contradict each other.

⊚ true
⊚ false

11) Intersectionality in sex research closely examines the interdependence of social and sexual identities.

⊚ true
⊚ false

12) Qualitative research methods focus on gathering numeric information or nonnumeric information that is easily encoded into a numeric form.

⊚ true
⊚ false

13) In the context of quantitative research, the independent variable is the variable that is measured.

⊚ true
⊚ false

14) The main advantage of case study research in sexuality is that it is easy to generalize the results to a large population.

⊚ true
⊚ false

15) One of the disadvantages of face-to-face interviews is that they demand a significant time investment.

⊚ true
⊚ false

16) Internet questionnaires are losing popularity in sex research, as they are very expensive.

⊚ true
⊚ false

17) In the context of direct observation, reliability of data decreases with more representative samples.

⊚ true
⊚ false

18) Experimental studies prevent researchers from drawing conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships among the variables of interest.

⊚ true
⊚ false

19) PAR is a way to build and strengthen sexual well-being in communities by increasing people's understandings of each other's sexual lives.

⊚ true
⊚ false

20) Human sexual rights violations can destroy sexual well-being, and possibly life itself.

⊚ true
⊚ false

MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
21) _____ has been defined as the knowledge and skills needed to achieve and protect sexual well-being.

A) Sexual chauvinism
B) Cultural chauvinism
C) Sexual literacy
D) Holistic sexuality
E) Ontogeny

22) As you develop your sexual literacy you are most likely to

A) have a positive attitude toward sexual chauvinism.
B) enhance your own holistic sexuality.
C) consider your sexual culture to be the best.
D) realize that sexual well-being is a physical state and not a mental state.
E) develop a negative attitude toward the gay and lesbian population.

23) Which of the following contributes toward holistic sexuality?

A) practicing sexual chauvinism
B) having healthy relationships
C) understanding that sexual diversity is detrimental to the society
D) practicing cultural chauvinism
E) controlling homosexual tendencies

24) According to Miriam Arbeit's skills-based approach, sexual _____ is the totality of oneself as a sexual being, including both positive and negative feelings.

A) selfhood
B) negotiation
C) empowerment
D) holism
E) literacy

25) Taking responsibility for one's own sexuality, making one's own choices, and respecting one's own needs, desires, and values is best referred to as

A) sexual empowerment.
B) independent sexuality.
C) holistic sexuality.
D) sexual selfhood.
E) sexual well-being.

26) In the context of holistic sexuality, focus means

A) supporting ideas of sexual chauvinism.
B) accepting that one's sexual culture is superior to other cultures.
C) being present and fully alert to what one feels sexually.
D) excluding pleasure from sexual encounters.
E) rejecting homosexual relationships and promoting heterosexual relationships.

27) When it comes to sexual well-being, emotional literacy allows people to

A) believe in the superiority of their sexual culture.
B) repress their sexual urges.
C) understand that sex is for procreation and not pleasure.
D) talk freely about their sexual feelings.
E) understand that sexual diversity is detrimental to the society.

28) The 19th-century discipline of sexology

A) focused on the positive aspects of sexuality.
B) encouraged people to indulge in recreational sex.
C) encouraged premarital sex to promote sexual literacy.
D) treated sexuality like a disease.
E) focused mainly on sexual health.

29) Which of the following is true of present-day sexual science?

A) It looks at the positive aspects of sexuality.
B) It treats sexuality like a disease.
C) It negatively influences the values of the age.
D) It strictly disapproves of contraception.
E) It considers homosexual relations to be abnormal.

30) A person who practices bestiality has a desire to have sex with

A) dead bodies.
B) animals.
C) same-sex individuals.
D) his or her mother.
E) children.

31) Russell is sexually attracted only to dead bodies and engages in sexual intercourse with corpses. Based on the given information, we can say that Russell is a(n)

A) homosexual.
B) pedophiliac.
C) necrophiliac.
D) hemophiliac.
E) autoandrophiliac.

32) Which of the following is a belief held by doctors in the early part of the 19th century?

A) People's earliest sexual fantasies revolve around a sexual attraction to the same-sex parent.
B) Masturbation is a sexual disease that can lead to death.
C) Scientific study of sexuality can improve people's sexual health.
D) Female sexuality should be directed toward sexual pleasure.
E) Homosexual relationships are normal.

33) Sexuality research was built on a new approach to science in the late 1800s. It differed from earlier studies in that it

A) used scientific investigation to explain reality.
B) used religious faith to promote its studies among the masses.
C) treated sexuality like a disease.
D) focused on the negative aspects of sex.
E) focused on understanding sexual behavior through magic.

34) _____ is the general idea that change occurs in all life forms over time by way of the process of one generation of a species passing inherited characteristics on to the next.

A) Epidemiology
B) Retrospective bias
C) Evolution
D) Sexology
E) Neuroculture

35) The term fetishism, coined by Richard von Krafft-Ebing, refers to the sexual attraction that some people have toward

A) physical objects.
B) dead bodies.
C) same-sex individuals.
D) the opposite sex.
E) animals.

36) Richard von Krafft-Ebing referred to all sexual symptoms that he considered to be abnormal as

A) necrophilia.
B) fetishes.
C) heresies.
D) perversions.
E) bestiality.

37) Who was the first person to use surveys to study sexual behavior in groups of people?

A) Richard von Krafft-Ebing
B) Magnus Hirschfeld
C) Havelock Ellis
D) Sigmund Freud
E) Carl Jung

38) The clinical studies of which of the following sex researchers, who is also remembered for his open marriage, continue to fascinate today's scientists because of his meticulous observations and objectivity?

A) Havelock Ellis
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Alfred Kinsey
D) Michel Foucault
E) Magnus Hirschfeld

39) Freud believed that

A) sexuality motivated all other behaviors, including all mental distress.
B) homosexual relations were healthy and should be encouraged.
C) sexual chauvinism helped people to come to terms with their identity.
D) the unconscious mind should be repressed so as to control one's abnormal sexual urges.
E) sex could cure all forms of mental disorders.

40) Freud treated sex as a(n)

A) indicator of a happy marriage.
B) underlying symptom of mental disorder.
C) measure of social progress.
D) pleasurable activity that improves one's health.
E) healthy practice that contributes to a holistic sexuality.

41) The study of the unconscious that focuses on the mind and "talking therapy" is referred to as

A) epidemiology.
B) etymology.
C) biostatistics.
D) psychoanalysis.
E) angelology.

42) Which of the following is a major drawback of Freud's methodology?

A) He observed only adults, not children.
B) He observed only women and not men.
C) He observed only homosexuals.
D) He observed only necrophiliacs.
E) He observed only sexual chauvinists.

43) Freud's emphasis on childhood led to the assumption that sexual development

A) needs to be monitored in abnormal children.
B) starts only after childhood.
C) is abnormal in children.
D) ceases after childhood.
E) starts at adolescence.

44) As described by Freud, what are erogenous zones?

A) They are major areas of the body that are highly sensitive to sexual stimulation.
B) They are major areas of the body that are sexually inactive in children.
C) They are major glands of the body that produce testosterone.
D) They are major glands of the body that produce prolactin.
E) They are major glands of the body that produce estrogen.

45) Which of the following is one of the positive contributions of Freud to the field of sex research?

A) He coined the term fetishism to describe people's sexual attraction to physical objects.
B) He stated that sexual development starts only after childhood.
C) He discovered that men had a refractory period after ejaculation.
D) He developed a technique to help couples deal with sexual dysfunctions.
E) He recognized that the body has erogenous zones.

46) Biological bisexuality refers to the idea that people can be naturally attracted to

A) physical objects, such as boots.
B) many people of the opposite sex.
C) certain species of animals.
D) human appendages like feet.
E) members of both sexes.

47) Jamie and Veronica have been in a relationship for four years. Both Jamie and his girlfriend enjoy a very passionate and satisfactory sexual life. Jamie also has sexual intercourse with Bob, Veronica's ex-boyfriend. He finds it to be equally pleasurable and satisfactory. On the basis of the given information, it would be most appropriate to say that Jamie is

A) a pedophiliac.
B) a necrophiliac.
C) a gerontophiliac.
D) bisexual.
E) heterosexual.

48) What is the primary difference between the methodology used by Freud and that used by 20th-century sex researchers?

A) The 20th-century sex researchers saw sex as a disease to be treated.
B) The 20th-century sex researchers observed their patients only in laboratories.
C) The 20th-century sex researchers saw sex as a measure of social progress.
D) The 20th-century sex researchers believed that sexual development ceases after childhood.
E) The 20th-century sex researchers believed that sexual development started only after childhood.

49) Which of the following is one of the major ideas supported by the progressive sex researchers of the 20thcentury?

A) that sex was a disease and should be treated like any other ailment
B) that homosexual relations were a cause of repressed childhood fantasies
C) that marriage should be based on love between equals, not on power or arranged marriages
D) that in the case of human beings, sexual development takes place only in childhood and ceases after that
E) that in the case of human beings, sexual development starts only after childhood

50) Bronislaw Malinowski, a physicist, invented a method of fieldwork in which he used

A) participant-observation techniques that examined human behavior in its own cultural and linguistic context.
B) participant-observation techniques that examined human behavior in laboratories.
C) participant-observation techniques that examined human behavior in a setup similar to their own cultural and linguistic context.
D) a treatment approach that primarily focused on the unconscious mind and "talking therapy."
E) a treatment approach that primarily focused on differentiating normal and abnormal behavior in sexuality.

51) Margaret Mead, a cultural anthropologist and feminist, helped to pioneer fieldwork studies of

A) homosexual relationships among the tribal cultures of Australia.
B) childhood and adolescent sexual development in various cultures.
C) adolescent sexual development and problems in the United States.
D) the sexual chauvinism present in different cultures of the world.
E) sexual perverts like necrophiliacs in tribal cultures of Africa.

52) Which of the following is one of the important ideas that Margaret Mead put forth in her book Coming of Age in Samoa?

A) that biology was more important than culture in the development of sexual behavior
B) that both culture and biology contribute to sexual well-being
C) that sexuality was a disease that needed to be treated like any other ailment
D) that homosexual relations were a cause of repressed childhood fantasies
E) that tribal people were comparatively more likely to develop homosexual tendencies

53) As the influence of physicians and clinicians declined, and as social and behavioral scientists began to study sexuality in the 20thcentury, more and more people

A) supported the idea that all sex was a symptom of mental disorder.
B) supported the idea that sex should only be seen as a means of procreation.
C) supported the idea that sexual urges needed to be cured.
D) rejected the idea that sex can be a recreational activity.
E) rejected the idea that sex was an expression of sin.

54) Kinsey studied the actual behaviors of large populations of normal people, including for the first time women, ethnic minorities, and homosexuals. His findings

A) further strengthened his belief in traditional thinking about normal versus abnormal sexual behavior.
B) convinced him that there was a huge natural variation in sexuality in human populations, and that bisexuality was normal.
C) convinced him that abnormal patients should be treated on a one-to-one basis so that their unconscious desires could be brought forth.
D) further strengthened his belief that sex was a disease and needed to be cured like any other ailment.
E) strengthened his belief that the unconscious mind should be repressed so as to control one's abnormal sexual urges.

55) What was Kinsey's view regarding bisexuality?

A) He considered bisexuality to be normal.
B) He considered bisexuality to be a type of perversion.
C) He considered bisexuality to be the result of repressed fantasies.
D) He considered bisexuality to be a curable disease.
E) He considered bisexuality to be the result of a chromosomal defect.

56) Which of the following was the major flaw in the studies conducted by Kinsey on human sexual behavior?

A) The studies generally excluded women.
B) The studies generally excluded bisexuals.
C) The studies included only children and not adults.
D) The studies generally ignored ethnic diversity.
E) The studies included only people with sexual dysfunctions.

57) Which of the following is one of the important findings of the study conducted by Kinsey, Wardell Pomeroy, and Clyde Martin in 1937?

A) In the United States, females did not masturbate.
B) In the United States, females had homosexual relations.
C) In the United States, most men did not engage in premarital sex.
D) In the United States, sexual chauvinism was most prominent.
E) In the United States, men were dominated by women.

58) Who was the first female doctor to promote contraceptives in the United States?

A) Margaret Mead
B) Jane Ellen Brody
C) Mary Calderone
D) Simone de Beauvoir
E) Charlotte Bunch

59) Mary Calderone and Wardell Pomeroy founded SIECUS, a group that

A) abolished sex preselection tests.
B) pioneered teen sex education.
C) lobbied against the use of contraception.
D) pioneered psychoanalytic tests.
E) lobbied against legalization of gay marriages.

60) Which of the following research methods did the Masters and Johnson team primarily use for conducting their studies on human sexual behavior?

A) They implemented participant-observation techniques that examined human behavior in its own cultural context.
B) They implemented a treatment approach that primarily focused on the unconscious mind and "talking therapy."
C) They implemented a treatment approach that primarily focused on differentiating normal and abnormal behavior in sexuality.
D) They implemented a laboratory method for the study of orgasm and sexual functioning.
E) They implemented the scientific survey study, using a questionnaire to reveal the sexual attitudes of a large number of people.

61) The Masters and Johnson team differed from other sex researchers who had come before them in that they

A) believed that only observed sexual behavior in the laboratory behind a two-way mirror was scientifically accurate.
B) showed that biology was more important than culture in the development of sexual behavior.
C) used a treatment approach that focused on the unconscious mind and "talking therapy."
D) believed that using participant-observation techniques that examine human behavior in its own cultural context was scientifically accurate.
E) treated sex as a symptom of an underlying mental disorder that needed to be treated.

62) Which of the following is the major criticism of Masters and Johnson's studies?

A) Their subjects mainly consisted of homosexuals and failed to account for the heterosexual population.
B) Their studies generally ignored ethnic diversity and did not consider that culture had a major influence on sexual life.
C) Their subjects were heterosexuals, and they generally ignored homosexuals and bisexuals.
D) Most of their subjects were men, making each study a lopsided one that ignored half the population.
E) Most of their subjects were aware that they were being watched and changed how they engaged in sex.

63) In the technique developed by Masters and Johnson to help couples deal with sexual dysfunctions, the researchers primarily focused on

A) encouraging people to repress their sexual fantasies.
B) making people more comfortable with sex.
C) making people aware of sexual chauvinism.
D) bringing people closer to the unconscious mind.
E) encouraging people to remain heterosexual.

64) Which of the following is an important discovery of the studies on human sexual behavior conducted by Masters and Johnson?

A) During sexual intercourse, men ejaculate during the refractory phase.
B) The only real orgasm for women is in the vagina.
C) Women have ten prominent erogenous zones.
D) Women generally can have multiple orgasms.
E) Women produce eggs throughout their life.

65) Which of the following individuals focused his or her research on how the language surrounding sexuality in laws and societal concepts regulates sexual emotions and human sexual behavior?

A) Michel Foucault
B) Alfred Kinsey
C) William Masters
D) Mary Calderone
E) Margaret Mead

66) In the 1980s, the notion of positive sexuality was primarily challenged by

A) the increasing momentum of the women emancipation movement.
B) the AIDS epidemic.
C) the findings of the research undertaken by Masters and Johnson.
D) the increasing momentum of the gay rights movement.
E) the protests made by the Planned Parenthood organization.

67) Toward the end of the 20th century, it was observed that the percentage of the general population that engaged in oral and anal sex

A) was lowest among White women.
B) was lowest among White men.
C) was highest among African Americans.
D) had remained constant over many decades.
E) more common than previously thought.

68) The National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS) differed from the study conducted by Kinsey in that it included

A) only homosexuals and bisexuals.
B) representatives from diverse ethnic groups.
C) women only.
D) only heterosexual couples.
E) children as well as adolescents.

69) The survey known as the National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS) uncovered some very surprising things about how sexuality had changed since Kinsey's work. One of these discoveries was that

A) oral sex was a lot less common than reported by Kinsey.
B) the occurrence of bisexuality had remained constant since the time of Kinsey.
C) anal sex was a lot less common than reported by Kinsey.
D) the use of contraceptive measures had declined since the time of Kinsey.
E) homosexuality occurred less frequently in the population than reported by Kinsey.

70) By the mid-20thcentury, many of the 19th-century views regarding human sexuality had changed. Which of the following is one of the popular views of the 20th century?

A) Sexuality is influenced more by society.
B) Sexuality is influenced more by biology.
C) Culture has no influence over a person's sexuality.
D) Sexuality is influenced more by nature.
E) Religion has no influence over a person's sexuality.

71) Which of the following refers to the fair distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges in society and implies respect, dignity, and the application of human rights in the daily lives of people?

A) social justice
B) social construction
C) intersectionality
D) societal holism
E) empowerment

72) Which of the following is one of the primary recommendations made in the 2001 Surgeon General's Report entitled Call to Action to Promote Sexual Health and Responsible Sexual Behavior?

A) to direct researchers to prove the theory that sexuality is influenced by nature
B) to promote the church's belief that one should indulge in sex for procreation only
C) to discourage people from indulging in homosexual relationships
D) to implement and strengthen interventions that can help prevent HIV/AIDS
E) to prevent the media from telecasting programs with sexual content

73) Which of the following is an accurate statement about the interdisciplinary perspective on the study of human sexuality?

A) It integrates research in different disciplines to help describe and explain human sexuality.
B) It is primarily concerned with the social and political forces that shape sexual behavior.
C) It fails to recognize and accept the diversity of sexual behaviors.
D) It is based solely on field studies done in non-Western societies.
E) It does not give a lot of weight to the cultural forces that affect sexuality.

74) In her research, Dr. Lon considers how systems of power and privilege that are embedded in race, gender, social class, national origin, and religion influence certain aspects of sexuality. Based on this description, her work can best be classified as

A) intersectional.
B) qualitative.
C) generalizable.
D) interdisciplinary.
E) experimental.

75) In the context of sexual research, which of the following is an ethical practice?

A) ensuring the anonymity and confidentiality of data
B) leaving out ethnic minorities from studies of sexual behavior
C) keeping homosexuals out of studies of sexual behavior
D) rejecting the research results that go against religious beliefs
E) concealing the contents of the research from the participants

76) All of the following are mandatory protections that researchers must put in place when conducting sex research, EXCEPT

A) ensuring that research subjects do not know that they are part of a research study.
B) ensuring that participants are of legal age.
C) ensuring that data collection is done anonymously and confidentially.
D) authenticating that the participants’ attitudes, experiences, and behaviors are truthful as reported in terms of their age, ethnicity, and gender.
E) ensuring that no harm is done to research participants.

77) Quantitative research methods primarily focus on

A) the collection of qualitative data.
B) ethnographic research.
C) the collection of numeric information.
D) the use of nonhuman agencies.
E) the subjective study of a matter.

78) Which of the following is a defining characteristic of qualitative research?

A) It mainly involves the collection of quantitative information.
B) It is primarily designed to ensure objectivity.
C) It mainly involves the collection of nonnumeric information.
D) It does not leave any scope for the occurrence of personal bias.
E) It is designed for data that can be encoded into a numeric form.

79) Which of the following is an advantage primarily associated with quantitative research?

A) It is designed to ensure objectivity.
B) It is designed to accurately collect qualitative data.
C) It eliminates the need to use independent variables.
D) It is best suited for collecting nonnumeric data.
E) It prevents the generalization of results.

80) The primary difference between quantitative and qualitative data collection is that the latter

A) is specifically designed to ensure objectivity.
B) deals only with nonnumeric data.
C) ensures that there is no personal bias.
D) is concerned with studying how one variable impacts another.
E) uses variables to determine if changes to one thing result in change to another.

81) _____ means the extent to which research findings and conclusions from a study conducted on a sample population can be applied to the population at large.

A) Reliability
B) Validity
C) Efficiency
D) Accountability
E) Generalizability

82) _____ refers to the extent to which a measure, procedure, or instrument yields the same result on repeated trials.

A) Reliability
B) Validity
C) Efficiency
D) Accountability
E) Generalizability

83) _____ is the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure.

A) Reliability
B) Validity
C) Efficiency
D) Accountability
E) Generalizability

84) In the context of research, an independent variable is best defined as the

A) variable measured in a study whose value remains fixed.
B) primary variable that relates the dependent variable to the experimental value.
C) variable that is manipulated to test its effect on the dependent variable.
D) value that most accurately generalizes research findings and conclusions.
E) value that measures the reliability of a particular procedure.

85) The difference between dependent variables and independent variables is that

A) the value of independent variables can be manipulated.
B) independent variables are the values that are measured.
C) dependent variables describe the relation between stable and unstable variables.
D) independent variables remain constant.
E) dependent variables have a numeric value.

86) Phil wants to find out if calcium intake has an effect on the growth rate of children aged 10–15. He forms two groups and gives different amounts of calcium to each group and then measures the growth rate after 15 years. In this case, calcium is the

A) dependent variable.
B) stable variable.
C) independent variable.
D) non-relative variable.
E) correlation.

87) Thomson is doing research on the effects of light on the sexual intensity of women. He forms two groups and exposes them to different intensities of light and then measures sexual intensity. Here sexual intensity is the

A) dependent variable.
B) unstable variable.
C) independent variable.
D) relative variable.
E) correlation.

88) A(n) _____ is a statistical measurement of the strength of the relationship between two variables.

A) independent value
B) dependent value
C) correlation
D) extraneous variable
E) coefficient

89) In the context of case studies, which of the following is true?

A) In case studies, a researcher studies a single individual or very small group in depth.
B) Case studies are not based on retrospective self-reports and so are most accurate.
C) In case studies, researchers observe the present condition of the subject and not his or her previous history.
D) The generalizability of case studies is the highest among all the research methods related to sex research.
E) In case studies, researchers typically use indirect observation methods in which the participants are not aware that they are being studied.

90) Which of the following is the main disadvantage of the case study in sexuality research?

A) It does not take into account the personal views of the subjects.
B) It ignores the past history of the subjects.
C) It does not allow one to study a subject in isolation.
D) It is not based on the retrospective self-report.
E) It becomes difficult to generalize the results to a larger population.

91) People usually have great knowledge about their own lives, but they may not remember certain aspects of their lives clearly or may misremember certain aspects. This distortion of recalled events is called the _____ bias.

A) distinction
B) gender
C) recency
D) retrospective
E) reverse

92) Which of the following is an advantage typically associated with face-to-face interviews?

A) They allow researchers to build a rapport with each participant to draw out authentic answers.
B) They are very cost effective, as the researcher can conduct the survey personally.
C) They are much less time consuming compared to other research methods.
D) They allow researchers to indirectly observe the subjects without their knowledge.
E) They ensure that the identity of the subject is not revealed to the researcher.

93) Which of the following is a disadvantage typically associated with printed surveys and questionnaires?

A) They are more costly as compared to face-to-face interviews.
B) They are more time consuming as compared to face-to-face interviews.
C) They are less able to seek clarification of the information provided as compared to face-to-face interviews.
D) They cannot assure anonymity, which means the responses may not be as honest as that of face-to-face interviews.
E) The personal nature of the interview may overwhelm some individuals, which often leads to dishonest responses or purposeful omissions of information.

94) Which of the following is an advantage primarily associated with printed surveys and questionnaires?

A) The personal nature of the survey allows researchers to record authentic reactions.
B) They can assure anonymity, which means the responses are often honest.
C) They allow researchers to build a rapport with each participant to draw out authentic answers.
D) They allow the interviewer to vary the sequence of questions depending on how a person responds.
E) They allow the interviewer to ask a person to clarify information in order to increase understanding of the answer.

95) Which of the following research methodologies typically allows a researcher to most effectively observe natural behaviors in context as they occur?

A) face-to-face interview
B) questionnaire
C) printed survey
D) direct observation
E) laboratory experiment

96) Which of the following is an advantage typically associated with direct observation?

A) It provides an opportunity to observe natural behaviors in context as they occur.
B) It is very cost effective, as the researcher can conduct the survey personally.
C) It is much less time consuming compared to other research methods.
D) It allows the researcher to conduct the survey without prior knowledge of the subject.
E) It ensures that the identity of the subject is not revealed to the researcher.

97) In the case of direct observation, the chance of eliminating the possibility of falsification is highest because the

A) respondents belong to a wide geographic area.
B) identity of the subject is kept anonymous.
C) researcher observes behavior as it occurs.
D) method is cost effective.
E) method is less time consuming.

98) Which of the following best describes a disadvantage typically associated with direct observation?

A) may not imitate behavior that occurs in private
B) anonymity of participants
C) excess information
D) attrition
E) retrospective bias

99) Which of the following methodologies is likely to allow researchers to control the influence of external variables most effectively?

A) face-to-face interview
B) questionnaire
C) printed survey
D) experimental research
E) participatory action research

100) Which of the following is a disadvantage of experimental research?

A) The laboratory setting can influence the behavior of participants.
B) The researcher has little influence on the external variables.
C) The researcher cannot measure the physiological responses of the participant.
D) The researcher is unable to draw conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships among the variables of interest.
E) The requirement for strong community participation tends to make this research very confusing.

101) _____ is a relatively new social method of gathering and using information that involves the people who are affected most directly by issues in the community, in the effort to apply the research to their benefit.

A) Participatory action research
B) The correlational social study
C) Direct community observation
D) Retrospective community reporting
E) The community case study

102) Which of the following refers to inherent qualities of life that, if deprived of, cause people to suffer a wide range of physical, mental, emotional, and social abuses?

A) universal human rights
B) holistic sexuality
C) moral entitlements
D) total human prerogatives
E) intersectional disadvantages

FILL IN THE BLANK. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
103) People who take responsibility for their own sexuality, make their own choices, and respect their own needs, desires, and values are exhibiting sexual _____.

104) As you develop sexual literacy, you enhance your own _____ sexuality, which means the integration of body, mind, feelings, and social life through sexuality.

105) Sexual _____ is the study of sexual behavior across the human species, all cultures, and individuals.

106) Biological _____ is the idea that people may be naturally attracted to both sexes.

107) The period after intercourse when men cannot ejaculate is known as the _____ period.

108) When Kinsey, Pomeroy, and Martin expanded their study to include individuals who represented diverse segments of the population of interest, their study was using a(n) _____ sample.

109) The National Health and Social Life Survey used a(n) _____ sample so that every element in the population had an equal chance of being selected.

110) Social _____ is defined as the fair distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges in society and implies respect, dignity, and the application of human rights in the daily lives of people.

111) When researchers study the social _____ of sexual behavior, they focus on how social, cultural, political, economic, and other institutional forces shape sexual behavior.

112) _____ research methods focus on gathering numeric information or nonnumeric information that is easily encoded into a numeric form, such as a survey.

113) _____ refers to the absence of personal bias.

114) The relationship between the independent and dependent variable in a research study is called a(n) _____.

115) Freedoms to which all humans are entitled, such as the freedoms of speech and religion, freedom from violence or intimidation, and the most basic right of all, to life are referred to as _____ human rights.

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
116) Define sexual literacy. How can you enhance your holistic sexuality?

117) What are the primary elements that are fundamental to achieving sexual well-being?

118) Elaborate on the ideas that 19th-century doctors held regarding masturbation.

119) What is psychoanalysis?

120) What were Freud's main contributions to the study of personality and human sexuality?

121) Discuss some of the criticisms of Kinsey's research regarding human sexual behavior.

122) In studying sexuality, interdisciplinary research has three basic goals. What are these goals?

123) Describe considerations of intersectionality in sexuality research.

124) Differentiate between quantitative and qualitative research methods.

125) What is the main disadvantage of case study research in sexuality?

126) What are the sexuality rights that have recently been added to the human rights that were already recognized as universal?