Cancer Complete Test Bank Chapter.5 1st Edition

Test Bank

Chapter 5: Cancer

Multiple Choice

Case

1. (knowledge) Xeroderma pigmentosum is a disorder that

a. Causes cancer in people who have it

b. Scientists have figured out a cure for

c. Has to do with the color of the pigments of the skin

d. Decreases the sensitivity of skin cells to UV radiation

e. Increases the sensitivity of skin cells to UV radiation

2. (knowledge) UV light or radiation damages skin cells and

a. Always causes cancer in previously normal cells

b. Normal cells can repair some of that damage

c. Rresults in the disease Xeroderma pigmentosum

d. Prevents sunburns

e. Is easy to see and avoid

3. (comprehension) The fact that the disease Xeroderma pigmentosum developed in the majority of the siblings mentioned in the case study about the disease suggests that

a. It has a genetic basis.

b. It is highly contagious.

c. It is quite common.

d. The parents of these siblings were exposed to too much UV light.

e. We don’t know very much about its causes.

4. (comprehension) If cells are especially sensitive to UV radiation, that means any exposure will immediately turn the cells cancerous. True or False?

a. False. The damage accumulates as the cells divide, so the cells don’t become cancerous immediately.

b. True. No one should be exposed to radiation.

c. False. UV radiation immediately turns any cells cancerous, not just those which are especially sensitive to it.

d. True. Skin cancer is one of the deadliest cancers.

e. False. Especially sensitive cells are very good at repairing damage from UV radiation.

5.1

5. (knowledge) Normally cells in a body communicate, live, divide, and eventually die in an organized way to keep the body running smoothly. In cancer,

a. New cells are not produced so damage accumulates as cells age.

b. Cells die much sooner than they should.

c. Cells divide and accumulate out of control, with various serious consequences.

d. Cells are unable to repair damage to themselves and so the damage accumulates in the body.

e. Skin cells take over for other cells and those other cells can’t do their job.

6. (knowledge) A cancerous tumor is

a. A benign clump of abnormal cells which keeps growing

b. A malignant clump of abnormal cells of cells which keeps growing

c. A dense mass of tissue caused by too many cells dying

d. An organ that has broken down and become dysfunctional

e. Either benign or malignant but potentially deadly

7. (knowledge) Metastasis is when

a. Cancer cells spread from a tumor throughout the body

b. Cancer cells turn malignant

c. Cancer cells turn benign

d. Cancer cells clump together to form a tumor

e. Cancer cells disrupt organ function

8. (comprehension) What are two reasons the uncontrolled cell growth of cancer can cause serious health consequences?

a. Both tumors and all those extra cells dying in the body can interfere with organ function.

b. Cancers can become invasive and spread anywhere in the body, and cancerous cells attack normal cells.

c. Cancerous cells attack normal cells and tumors can grow very large, interfering with organ function.

d. Tumors can grow very large, interfering with organ and body function, and cancer can become invasive, spreading around the body, making it difficult to remove.

e. Tumors can grow very large, interfering with organ and body function, and cancer can result in more easily spreadable infections.

9. (knowledge) Tumors can deprive cells of oxygen. This happens through angiogenesis, which is

a. When tumors block the blood stream, preventing oxygen from getting to some of the cells “downstream” from the blockage

b. When tumors cause blood vessels from the circulatory system to grow into the tumor, preventing oxygen and nutrients from traveling to other cells

c. When tumors secrete chemicals that convert oxygen to carbon dioxide, which other cells can’t use

d. When tumors lodge in the lungs, blocking oxygen uptake

e. When tumors grow so fast they force the heart to slow down, slowing the transport of oxygen through the body

10. (knowledge) There are more than 100 types of cancer, but they all involve uncontrolled cell growth. True or False?

a. True

b. False

11. (knowledge) Tumors secrete chemical signals that cause blood vessels from the circulatory system to grow into the tumor, providing nutrients. What is this called?

a. Metastasis

b. Angiogenesis

c. Mutation

d. Apoptosis

e. Mitosis

5.2

12. (knowledge) In normal cells, cell division is an orderly process controlled by communication between cells. How are cancerous cells different?

a. Cancerous cells grow much bigger than normal cells.

b. Cancerous cells communicate only with other cancer cells.

c. Cancerous cells have lost the ability to correctly communicate, so they die.

d. Cancerous cells have lost the ability to correctly communicate, so they divide out of control.

e. Cancerous cells are just like normal cells except they are shaped weirdly.

13. (comprehension) Why do cells need to communicate?

a. Otherwise, they keep dividing and pile up and lose contact with each other such that they can’t do the job in the body that they should.

b. Otherwise they die.

c. If they can’t communicate, they don’t divide, so they age and deteriorate

d. They don’t need to because the brain controls the body functions.

e. Otherwise, they stop dividing and they can’t do the job in the body that they should.

14. (knowledge) What do cancer cells do wrong compared to normal cells?

a. They can’t communicate with other cells.

b. They don’t die.

c. They don’t stop dividing, even when they run into each other.

d. They lose the characteristics of the tissue they came from.

e. All of the above

5.3

15. (knowledge) What do the signal molecules do to control cell division in normal cells?

a. Growth factors tell a cell to divide, and growth inhibitors prevent division.

b. Growth factors tell a cell to get bigger, and growth inhibitors prevent growth.

c. Growth factors tell the cell’s DNA to lengthen, growth inhibitors tell DNA to shrink.

d. Growth factors keep normal cells from growing too big, and growth inhibitors keep them from staying too small.

e. Growth inhibitors are a type of growth factor that keeps a cell from getting too big.

16. (knowledge) How do signal molecules work in a cancerous cell?

a. They don’t usually work at all.

b. Cancer cells interpret them backwards such that growth signals stop growth and growth inhibitors cause growth.

c. Cancer cells make their own signal molecules, are insensitive to them, or simply grow without them.

d. Cancer cells can never interpret signal molecules correctly.

e. Cancer cells use signal molecules just the way normal cells do.

17. (comprehension) In a normal cell signal, a growth factor binds to a receptor in the cell membrane, the signal gets relayed molecule to molecule until it gets its message to the transcription factor which regulates gene activity and so regulates the genes controlling cell division. What happens in cancer cells?

a. The cells bypass this normal regulatory pathway and the cells divide out of control.

b. The cells receive too many signals via this pathway and divide out of control.

c. The cells receive signals that trigger mutation and so they divide out of control.

d. The cells bypass the normal regulatory pathway and stop dividing.

e. The cells attack the regulatory pathway, halting normal cell division.

18. (knowledge) How can normal cells become damaged, and can they be repaired?

a. Aging, wear and tear; no they can’t be repaired.

b. Accidents; no, they can’t be repaired.

c. Aging and accidents; so far we haven’t found a way to repair them.

d. Aging, wear and tear, and accidents; yes they can sometimes repair themselves.

e. Aging, wear and tear, and accidents; yes, they can always be repaired.

19. (knowledge) A normal cell cycle consists of

a. Gap 1, Gap 2, DNA synthesis, mitosis

b. Gap 1, DNA synthesis, Gap 2, mitosis

c. DNA synthesis, Gap 1, Gap 2, mitosis

d. Gap 1, DNA synthesis, mitosis, Gap 2

e. Mitosis, DNA synthesis, Gap 1, Gap 2

20. (knowledge) What is different about the cell cycle in a cancer cell?

a. The normal checkpoints controlling each phase are ignored.

b. Gap 1 and Gap 2 get skipped.

c. DNA synthesis happens twice.

d. Mitosis never occurs.

e. The normal checkpoints controlling each phase end up stopping each phase.

21. (comprehension) If, during a cell cycle, the chromosomes don’t divide properly, what happens in a normal cell compared to a cancer cell?

a. The cell cycle stops in both cases.

b. In the normal cell the cell cycle stops and in the cancer cell, the chromosomes are repaired, and the cycle continues.

c. In the normal cell the cycle stops, and in the cancer cell it just keeps going.

d. In the cancer cell the cycle stops, and in the normal cell it just keeps going.

e. The cell cycle keeps going in both cases.

22. (knowledge) What is apoptosis?

a. Programmed cell death

b. Cell repair by enzymes

c. Continuous cell division

d. Cancer of a cell

e. The process of producing RNA from DNA

5.4

23. (knowledge) Cancer can be genetically based, but it doesn’t always require mutated DNA or genes in order to develop. True or false?

a. True

b. False

24. (knowledge) In general, how does a DNA or gene mutation cause a problem?

a. It causes the cell where it occurs to die.

b. A necessary protein might be overproduced, abnormal, or not produced at all.

c. It prevents DNA replication so cells can’t divide.

d. It makes a particular, potentially important trait, non-heritable.

e. Scientists have not really determined how this happens.

25. (comprehension) Cell division in normal cells is precisely controlled as follows:

a. Angiogenesis balances cell division and programmed cell death so cells don’t over-accumulate.

b. The gene NF-1 stops cell division if it is happening too quickly and cells are piling up, potentially resulting in a tumor.

c. Proto-oncogenes urge a cell to divide and tumor suppressor genes stop cell division. The two keep growth from getting out of control.

d. Proto-oncogenes urge a cell to divide, and oncogenes stop division. The two keep growth from getting out of control.

e. A chromosome called the Philadelphia chromosome controls cell division.

26. (knowledge) Mutations in what two types of genes can result in the uncontrolled cell division characteristic of cancer?

a. The Philadelphia Gene and an oncogene

b. An oncogene and a tumor development gene

c. A proto-oncogene and a oncogene

d. A proto-oncogene and a tumor suppressor gene.

e. The NF-1 gene and a tumor suppressor gene.

27. (application) In the blood cell cancer or leukemia described in the text, how does cell division go out of control?

a. The Herceptin gene which normally regulates cell division mutates and stops working.

b. The proto-oncogene ras, which normally stops cell division, mutates and so the gene NF-1 allows cell division to go on uncontrolled.

c. The accelerator gene ras which normally allows cell division to occur mutates and stops working.

d. The Philadelphia Chromosome gene is permanently stuck “on” and the cell divides out of control.

e. The tumor suppressor gene NF-1 mutates so it can’t do its job of stopping the proto-oncogene ras, from forcing uncontrolled cell division.

28. (knowledge) Scientists know that the oncogene erB-2 over produces a growth factor and causes all breast cancers.

a. False. Unfortunately, this is the known cause of only about 30% of breast cancers.

b. True. And the drug herceptin stops it.

c. False. The oncogene erB-2 suppresses cell division.

d. True. erB-2 is the most commonly mutated gene in women.

e. False. Scientists don’t yet know what causes any breast cancers.

29.(comprehension) How can chromosome abnormalities or alterations can cause cancer?

a. Any major mutation to DNA causes cancer.

b. Chromosome alterations make correct inheritance impossible.

c. Healthy people never have alterations to their chromsomes.

d. They can alter proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.

e. They cause major developmental problems, but not cancer.

30. (knowledge) Why is the Philadelphia Chromosome particularly well known?

a. It was discovered in a major U.S. city.

b. It is the only chromosome abnormality positively linked to cancer.

c. If its abnormality is corrected, leukemia can be cured.

d. It was the first chromosomal alteration to be found responsible for a particular cancer.

e. It is made up of pieces of two other chromosomes.

5.5

31. (knowledge) What are a few things you can do to lower your risk of cancer?

a. There is no way to control your cancer risk.

b. Genetic engineering combined with exercise.

c. Decrease your exercise level and spend as much time in the sun as possible.

d. Eat more meat and vegetables.

e. Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol use.

32. (knowledge) In 1948 a medical student definitely determined that cigarette smokers were 40X more likely to develop lung cancer. Since then,

a. Smoking has declined worldwide.

b. Scientists have found ways to cure lung cancer.

c. Smoking has declined in the United States, but not worldwide.

d. It’s been determined that most people who die of lung cancer got it as a result of an infection, but smoking is still considered a risk.

e. Polluted air has replaced smoking as the primary cause of lung cancer.

33. (knowledge) Diet and exercise are both considered factors in cancer risk. Exercise is good for just about everything, but what should you eat?

a. Red meat and foods with high fiber

b. Fruits and vegetables and saturated fats

c. A healthy mix of red meat and fruits and vegetables

d. Fruits, vegetables, and high fiber grains

e. Foods that are white

34. (knowledge) Which of the following is true?

a. The radiation from sunlight is a cancer risk, but the light used in tanning beds is safe.

b. Exposure to radiation from x-rays and cell phones poses a very low risk of cancer compared to radiation from sunlight.

c. Melanoma, a type of skin cancer, is the leading type of cancer in young adults.

d. Radiation from the sun and from tanning beds both raise your risk of skin cancer.

e. We don’t really know much about what increases cancer risk.

35. (knowledge) Which of the following is NOT true about the human papilloma virus (HPV)?

a. It cannot be spread directly person to person.

b. It causes 80-90% of cervical cancers.

c. There is a vaccine which prevents most strains of HPV.

d. HPV is more common in developing countries.

e. The age at which you become sexually active and your number of sexual partners increases your risk of getting HPV.

36. (knowledge) A number of risk factors for cancer are largely beyond your control. These include

a. Your diet and sunlight exposure

b. Your age and risk of infection by HPV

c. Heredity and environmental pollution

d. Wealth, workplace carcinogens, and age

e. Smoking, because you can completely be a victim of advertising

37. (knowledge) Which of the following is true about breast cancer?

a. About 12% of women in the United States will get breast cancer.

b. Breast cancer is always the result of an inherited mutation.

c. If you have the BRCA-1 or BRCA-2 mutation, there is a 100% chance you will get breast cancer by the time you are 70.

d. Breast cancer is always deadly.

e. Younger women are at higher risk of breast cancer.

5.6

38. (knowledge)What is the most important diagnostic tool a doctor has to catch cancer early?

a. A CT scan

b. You--- if you pay attention to your own health and see a doctor when something seems unusual

c. Physically checking a patient for lumps or other unusual symtoms

d. MRI

e. Mammograms and colonoscopies

39. (comprehension) Why are “false positives” in diagnostic tests for cancer rather common?

a. Most diagnostic tests for cancer are relatively new and have not been well tested.

b. Cancerous cells are nearly identical to normal cells, so often a doctor will see what looks like a cancer cell but it isn’t one.

c. Diagnostic tests are generally quite broad to ensure that the doctor doesn’t miss a cancer that’s there.

d. Patients are sometimes unhappy to have paid to get tested “for nothing” so a doctor follows up as if the test is positive when it isn’t justified.

e. Hardly anyone actually gets cancer, so usually when something looks like cancer, that’s what it turns out not to be.

5.7

40. (comprehension) How would a doctor use surgery and chemotherapy together to treat cancer?

a. Surgery allows the direct placement of the chemicals on the cancer to kill the cells.

b. Chemotherapy makes the patient stronger so they can better withstand surgery to remove the cancerous tumor.

c. A doctor would ordinarily use one or the other, not both.

d. If chemotherapy to kill cancer cells fails, surgery is used to try and round up and remove the cancer cells.

e. Surgery removes as much of the cancer as possible and chemotherapy is used to kill off any cancerous cells that may have been missed.

41. (knowledge) What do pathologists study and why is this helpful in cancer treatment?

a. They study the hereditary path the cancer has taken through a particular family so living family members can be warned they might be at risk.

b. They study disease, so they try to figure out what’s gone wrong with the cells in a particular case of cancer, allowing for more precise treatments.

c. They study the sympathy of the doctors treating cancer, ensuring that they are considering how worried the patients might be about the diagnosis and treatment.

d. They study the path the cancer has taken in moving through the body which allows for more accurate targeting of treatments.

e. They study people who have been treated for cancer to ensure the cancer is really gone.

5.8

42. (application) Why do scientists estimate that at least ten times more lives could be saved if we focused on prevention rather than treatment of cancer?

a. Education programs to ensure people know what prevents cancer would be easy to put in place and always work because people listen and understand the risk.

b. All the things that increase risk of cancer can be prevented.

c. The treatments for cancer often kill the patients before the cancer does.

d. This doesn’t make any sense because we’re getting better and better at treating cancer.

e. Even though we’re getting better at treating cancer, the treatments are still not always successful and people die of the disease.

5.9

“Biology in Perspective”

43. (comprehension) How does poverty increase the risk of dying of cancer?

a. Poor people never eat healthy diets.

b. Poor people are more likely to have mutations in their genes.

c. Poor people are less likely to be exposed to pollutants.

d. Poor people lack access to routine medical treatment that would catch cancer early enough to treat effectively.

e. Poor people aren’t educated enough to follow the guidelines for avoiding cancer risk factors.

44. (knowledge) Cancer is a random disease that can affect anyone. We really have no control. True or False?

a. True. Many people get cancer and there’s nothing they can do to prevent it.

b. False. A healthy lifestyle can help minimize cancer risk.

c. True. Scientists really don’t know what causes cancer.

d. False. A healthy lifestyle will keep you cancer-free.

e. True. There are no known risk-factors for cancer.

“Scientist Spotlight”

45. (knowledge) What discovery about cancer earned Dr. Peyton Rous a Nobel Prize?

a. Cancer can be transmitted by a virus.

b. Cancers from chickens cannot be transferred to mammals.

c. Cancer cells from one tumor can cause cancer to develop in healthy cells.

d. Chicken breasts can contain cancerous cells.

e. He found the Rous sarcoma virus, which he named after himself.

46. (comprehension) Why didn’t Dr. Rous recognize the importance of his discovery that a virus could cause cancer in chickens?

a. He didn’t realize he’d caused cancer.

b. He couldn’t reproduce the effect in mammals and thought it only applied to chickens.

c. He couldn’t see the virus.

d. It was only 1909 and people didn’t know what cancer was.

e. He couldn’t cure the cancer.

“Technology Connection”

47. (knowledge) CT scans are different than standard x-rays, and better for careful cancer detection because

a. They are in color.

b. Only a doctor can interpret them.

c. They produce a three-dimensional image.

d. They show structures other than bones.

e. They use less radiation.

“Life Application”

48. (knowledge) Which of these is an example of chemoprevention?

a. Research into a phytochemical from a plant which might inhibit cancer development.

b. Research into the use of diet to cure cancer.

c. Research into chemotherapy which might prevent cancer.

d. Research into the use of chemotherapy to cure cancer.

e. Research into cancer prevention in animals other than humans.

49. (knowledge) What is in fruits and vegetables which may interfere with cancer formation?

a. Vitamins

b. Fiber

c. Phytochemicals

d. Minerals

e. Carbohydrates

“How Do We Know?”

50. (Comprehension) Normal cells become cancerous only following infection by a virus. Tumor cells themselves will not transform normal cells directly. True or False?

a. True. The type of virus determines the type of cancer.

b. False. Tumor cells alone can induce cancer development in normal cells.

c. True. For example, cervical cancer is caused by HPV.

d. False. Normal cells don’t become cancerous.

e. True. Only viruses mutate quickly enough to cause cancer.

Case Study

1. (knowledge) Xeroderma pigmentosum is a rare genetic disorder that causes skin cells to be especially sensitive to what carcinogen?

2. (knowledge) What is abnormal about cells of a person afflicted with the disease Xeroderma pigmentosum?

5.1

3. (knowledge) A lump in the body may benign or malignant. Which one is cancerous?

4. (comprehension) Why are large tumors a serious problem?

5. (knowledge) What is it called when a tumor has spread from one place in the body to others?

6. (knowledge) A tumor can secrete chemical signals that cause blood vessels from the circulatory system to grow into the tumor to provide nutrients. What is this process called?

7. (knowledge) What is the major difference between a cancer cell and a normal cell?

5.2

8. (knowledge) How do normal cells control division, differentiation, and cell death?

9. (knowledge) How is cancer cell communication different from that of normal cells such that they get out of control, pile up, and form tumors?

5.3

10. (knowledge) What do growth inhibitors do in normal cells?

11. (knowledge) What do growth inhibitors do in cancerous cells?

12. (knowledge) Apoptosis is an important part of normal cell regulation. What is it?

13. (knowledge) The cell cycle consists of G1, S, and G2, and M phases, but M is where the action is. What is M?

14. (comprehension) What happens when cells ignore the “checkpoints” that regulate the cell cycle?

5.4

15. (knowledge) In what way is cancer always a genetic disorder even though it isn’t always carried through families?

16. (knowledge) What is the name of the genes which urge a cell to divide? What about those which stop cell division?

17. (comprehension) When a cell’s proto-oncogene mutates into an oncogene and a tumor suppressor gene mutates to stop working, what can happen?

18. (comprehension) Why is it helpful to know what mutations cause a particular cancer?

19. (comprehension) How can a chromosome alteration like the Philadelphia Chromosome cause cancer?

5.5

20. (knowledge) What are two ways to decrease your risk of cancer?

21. (comprehension) Why is poverty a risk factor for cancer?

5.6

22. (knowledge)What do CT scans and MRI’s show a doctor?

5.7

23. (knowledge) What are the three standard treatments for cancer?

24. (knowledge) Radiation therapy and chemotherapy both have the same goal when they are used to treat cancer. What is it?

5.8

25. (knowledge) Why would we save more lives if we focused on preventing cancer rather than treating it?