Human Development Ch.3 Exam Questions 1st Edition

Test Bank

Chapter 3: Human Development

Multiple Choice

Case

1. (knowledge) Abigail and Brittany Hansel are conjoined twins. This means that

a. They are identical in looks and personality.

b. They are similar in the same way ordinary siblings from the same parents are similar.

c. They are a two-headed person.

d. They share a few of their organs, but also have some which are separate.

e. They are Siamese.

3.1

2. (knowledge) Scientists have always known that living things are composed of cells. True or false?

a. True: Even ancient Greek scientists had access to microscopes and saw cells.

b. False: Scientists used to think a healthy body required just a balance of the humours: blood, phlegm, and yellow and black bile.

c. True: Because the smallest living things were one cell, it was obvious all living things were one or more cells.

d. False: There was no way to see cells prior to the invention of microscopes in the 1500s.

e. True: Living things had to be made of something bigger than just atoms.

3. (knowledge) What is embryogenesis?

a. The study of embryological development

b. The process of development from cell to complete multicellular organism

c. The beginning of life on Earth

d. The development of an embryologist

e. The idea that a cell is the basic unit of life

4. (knowledge) Cell theory says every living thing is made of cells and that

a. Cells only come from other cells.

b. Cells can reproduce.

c. Cells are found everywhere on Earth.

d. Cells produce embryos.

e. When cells are out of balance, a person is unhealthy.

3.2

5. (knowledge) This organelle is the most prominent in a typical eukaryotic cell and contains the genetic information of the cell.

a. Nucleus

b. Mitochondria

c. Chromosome

d. Lysosome

e. Endoplasmic reticulum

6. (knowledge) This organelle produces ATP to power the cell.

a. Nucleus

b. Mitochondria

c. Golgi apparatus

d. Endoplasmic reticulum

e. Lysosome

7. (knowledge) Which of the following is NOT a function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

a. Synthesis of fats and lipids

b. Breakdown of toxins

c. Produces proteins for cell structure and regulation

d. Digests waste materials and recycles molecules

e. Contains ribosomes, which thread proteins together

8. (knowledge) Which of the following is NOT part of the endomembrane system of a eukaryotic cell?

a. Mitochondria

b. Lysosome

c. Golgi apparatus

d. Endoplasmic reticulum

e. Nucleus

9. (knowledge) What part of the cell digests or recycles waste materials?

a. Mitochondria

b. Lysosome

c. Golgi apparatus

d. Endoplasmic reticulum

e. Cytoskeleton

3.3

10. (knowledge) What is produced by the process of meiosis?

a. Duplicate cells

b. Diploid gametes

c. Haploid gametes

d. A zygote

e. Daughter cells

11. (knowledge) Which is the correct sequence of steps in meiosis I?

a. Cytokinesis, telophase, anaphase, metaphase, prophase, interphase

b. Interphase, metaphase, prophase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

c. Anaphase, interphase, metaphase, prophase, telophase, cytokinesis

d. Metaphase, anaphase, prophase, telophase, cytokinesis, interphase

e. Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

12. (knowledge) Which is the most accurate description of what happens in meiosis II?

a. Paired chromosomes line up down the center of two cells, and the pairs are pulled apart and enclosed in two new diploid cells.

b. Paired chromosomes line up at the poles of two cells, and those two cells split into four identical haploid cells.

c. Paired chromosomes line up down the center of two cells and the pairs are pulled apart and enclosed in two new haploid cells.

d. Chromosomes replicate and are then split into two separate haploid cells.

e. A spindle forms down the middle of the cell, splitting the chromosomes in two and these are then enclosed in separate membranes to produce two identical haploid cells.

13. (application) Why is it important that gametes be haploid?

a. Because they need to have extra chromosomes to develop into a complete organism.

b. Because the sperm and egg cells need to be very small.

c. It isn’t really important. That’s just how it works.

d. Because if they weren’t, when they joined at fertilization the resulting zygote would have twice the normal number of chromosomes.

e. Because if they weren’t, they could not properly join at fertilization and there could be no reproduction.

14. (comprehension) How many chromosomes are in a normal human cell and in a human gamete?

a. 46 and 46

b. 46 and 23

c. 23 and 23

d. 22 and 11

e. 23 and 46

3.4

15. (comprehension) How does an egg assure it is not fertilized by sperm from the wrong species?

a. The sperm from a different species simply wouldn’t survive.

b. Sperm from one species don’t fit the egg of another.

c. A zygote prevents that from happening.

d. The proteins on the outside of the egg will only bind with a sperm cell of the same species.

e. The proteins on the sperm cell are the only type that will bind with an egg.

16. (knowledge) What is the immediate product of fertilization?

a. A haploid gamete

b. A haploid zygote

c. A diploid zygote

d. A diploid embryo

e. A diploid gamete

3.5

17. (knowledge) What is the major difference between mitosis and meiosis?

a. In meiosis, a cell is completely replicated into two daughter cells. In mitosis, the daughter four cells are haploid, not replicates of the original cell.

b. In mitosis, a cell is completely replicated into two daughter cells. In meiosis, the four daughter cells are haploid, not replicates of the original cell.

c. Meiosis happens in embryos and mitosis happens in adult human cells.

d. They are part of the same process of cell division but meiosis happens in the first part and results in haploid daughter cells.

e. Meiosis is part of the process of reproduction and embryogenesis and mitosis is not.

18. (knowledge) What is the correct sequence of steps in mitosis?

a. Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

b. Prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase, interphase, cytokinesis

c. Cytokinesis, telophase, anaphase, metaphase, prophase, interphase

d. Differentiation, gastrulation, gene expression

e. Gastrulation, differentiation, gene expression

19. (knowledge) What is unique about embryonic stem cells?

a. They are the smallest human cells.

b. They are haploid.

c. They can produce their own placenta.

d. They can produce all the types of cells that make up a human.

e. They are protected by law.

20. (knowledge) What happens in gastrulation, and what happens when it goes wrong?

a. Embryonic cells differentiate into the 200 types found in humans; cells don’t do what they’re supposed to do.

b. Genes express differently depending on which cell type they are in; cells don’t do what they’re supposed to do.

c. Embryonic cells move to locations where they grow into particular organs; organs don’t develop correctly.

d. Embryonic cells divide and replicate; the embryo doesn’t grow correctly.

e. Layers of embryonic tissue develop out of cells; organs don’t develop correctly.

21. (comprehension) How does a stem cell become a heart muscle cell, and once it does, can it change to another type of cell?

a. Genes direct differentiation of a single embryonic stem cell into a cardiac muscle cell, and that cell replicates to grow into a heart; no, the process cannot be reversed.

b. Genes direct differentiation of a single embryonic stem cell into a cardiac muscle cell, and that cell replicates to grow into a heart; yes, the process can always be reversed.

c. The stem cells differentiate into an outer population, some of which differentiate into muscle cells, and some of those differentiate into heart muscle cells; yes, the process can always be reversed.

d. The stem cells differentiate into an outer population, some of which differentiate into muscle cells, and some of those differentiate into heart muscle cells; no, the process cannot be reversed.

e. One of the stem cells is destined to be a heart muscle cell, so it gradually differentiates into that and then replicates; no the process cannot be reversed.

22. (comprehension) All diploid cells in an organism contain the same DNA or genetic material. True or False?

a. False. The genetic material is scrambled at every replication, so not every gene is passed along.

b. True. But only the genes necessary for a given cell to do its particular “job” are expressed.

c. True. All the genes are necessary for every cell to do its “job.”

d. False. It would be a waste of energy to copy the chromosomes unnecessary for a cell to do its particular job, so they are not all copied.

e. False. Only the genes expressed for the “job” of that cell get passed along

3.6

23. (knowledge) If a woman is sexually active, about what are the typical odds of conceiving during a single fertility cycle?

a. 5–10%

b. 15–25%

c. 20–40%

d. 35–60%

e. 60–80%

24. (knowledge) When during pregnancy does embryonic development occur?

a. The first to sixth week

b. The first week to actual birth, since development never stops

c. The first trimester (1–3 months)

d. The first 8 weeks

e. The first 2 weeks

25. (knowledge) What is the main difference between embryonic and fetal development?

a. There isn’t any real difference.

b. Embryonic development is about growth and in fetal development the major organ systems and structures are organized.

c. Fetal development is mainly about growth after the body systems and structures have mostly all been differentiated during embryonic development.

d. Embryonic development is all about cell differentiation, and fetal development is more organ and structure differentiation.

e. Once an embryo makes it to the fetal development stage, it’s likely to survive no matter how early its born.

26. (knowledge) Babies born even a month early may have some difficulty surviving. Which structure matures particularly late such that the baby might have trouble?

a. The heart

b. The brain

c. The nervous system

d. The skeleton

e. The lungs

27. (knowledge) Approximately when might a mother-to-be be able to feel the fetus moving around?

a. By month 7

b. By months 4–5

c. By month 2

d. Almost immediately

e. Possibly not until months 8–9

3.7

28. (knowledge) Why are contractions in labor necessary for successful delivery of the baby?

a. They push the fetus downward which dilates the cervix such that the baby can fit out.

b. They alert the mother that the baby is ready to be born.

c. They turn the fetus around so it can be born headfirst.

d. The fetus itself cannot break the amniotic sac and needs the contractions to do so.

e. They trigger the production of breast milk.

29. (knowledge) What does the hormone oxytocin contribute to the process of labor and delivery?

a. It calms the mother.

b. It causes the baby to turn head down for easier delivery.

c. It causes uterine contractions.

d. It detaches the placenta.

e. It weakens the amniotic sac.

25. (knowledge) What triggers the process of labor and delivery?

a. The hormone oxytocin from the mother

b. The hormone oxytocin from the fetus

c. Chemical signals from fetal cells to the uterus

d. The pressure from the fetus’s head on the cervix

e. A biological clock in the mother

30. (knowledge) Humans are born much less well developed than most mammals. Why might this be?

a. The mother can’t physically take a longer pregnancy.

b. Humans have such big brains, if the fetus grew any bigger the head wouldn’t fit through the cervix.

c. Humans need special nurturing as babies.

d. The human placenta doesn’t last long enough to support a longer pregnancy.

e. Probably no real reason, it’s just the way it’s worked out.

31. (knowledge) What are the stages of labor and delivery?

a. Labor and delivery

b. Contractions and delivery

c. Dilation and delivery

d. Dilation, strong contractions, and delivery of the baby

e. Dilation, strong contractions, and delivery of the baby and the placenta

32. (knowledge) When “water breaks” in the early stages of labor, what has happened?

a. The fetus has worked its way out of the amniotic sac.

b. The amniotic sac in which the fetus was suspended in water breaks open.

c. The fetus exhales the water it has in its lungs as a result of being suspended in water.

d. The placenta is broken open.

e. Water is used to lubricate the birth canal, and this being released is the “water breaking.”

3.8

33. (knowledge) About what percentage of births are twins?

a. 25%

b. 15%

c. 10%

d. 5%

e. 1%

34. (knowledge) How do identical twins occur?

a. One sperm cell fertilizes two eggs.

b. Two sperm cells fertilize one egg and the egg splits.

c. One sperm fertilizes one egg and the egg splits early in development.

d. Gene expression goes wrong and two embryos develop simultaneously.

e. It’s hereditary.

35. (knowledge) What is the difference between fraternal twins and identical twins?

a. Fraternal twins are male identical twins.

b. Fraternal twins are from two separate eggs and two sperm, while identical twins are from one sperm and one egg.

c. Fraternal twins share the exact same genes.

d. Fraternal twins are identical twins which are physically joined in some way.

e. Fraternal twins have different fathers.

36. (knowledge) Under what circumstances might identical twins be conjoined?

a. If there is some mutation in the genetics of the mother.

b. If there is some mutation in the genetics of the father.

c. If two sperm fertilize the same egg.

d. If the egg splits in two very early after fertilization (within five days).

e. If the egg splits relatively late after fertilization (after nine days).

3.9

37. (knowledge) According to your text, about what percentage of pregnancies end in miscarriages?

a. 10–30%

b. 20–40%

c. 30–50%

d. 40–60%

e. 50–70%

38. (knowledge) What typically causes a miscarriage?

a. Genetic or physical defects in the embryo.

b. Alcohol use by the mother early in pregnancy.

c. Excessive physical activity by the mother early in pregnancy.

d. A mismatch of the immune systems of the father and mother.

e. Researchers do not yet have an answer to this question.

39. (knowledge) Most conjoined twins survive. True or False?

a. True. With modern medicine, they can usually be separated.

b. False. Few survive to birth, and of those, more than 75% will not survive.

c. True. Societal accommodations and tolerance of physically challenged individuals has greatly increased.

d. False. Most make it to birth, but of those more than 75% will not survive.

e. True. Most survive initially at birth, but then most die of physiological complications.

40. (knowledge) Do scientists know what causes conjoining in embryos.

a. Yes, they can induce it in other organisms, so it must work in humans in the same way.

b. Yes, the embryos twin and then get stuck back together somehow.

c. Yes, the embryos do not completely separate when they twin relatively late in development.

d. No. They can’t induce it in other organisms, so they really have no idea what causes it.

e. No. What causes it is not clear.

41. (knowledge) Why do some people call conjoined twins “Siamese.”

a. Because Siamese cats are often born conjoined.

b. Because conjoined births are particularly common in Thailand, which used to be called Siam.

c. The famous story “Anna and the King of Siam” features conjoined twins.

d. Conjoined twins Chang and Eng Bunker had a lucrative career in the United States, marketing themselves as “Siamese Twins,” and the name stuck.

e. “Siamese” was historically an insulting description of any foreigner.

“Biology in Perspective”

42. (comprehension) Is it true that only your genes determine who you are?

a. Yes, as evidenced by the fact that identical twins are identical in every way.

b. No, as evidenced by the fact that identical twins are not identical in every way although they may look alike.

c. Yes, your genes entirely control your development.

d. No, your genes control your embryological development, but once you’re born they don’t really do anything.

e. Scientists have no evidence for this one way or the other.

“Scientist Spotlight”

43. (knowledge) What is Anton van Leeuwenhoek known for?

a. Discovering that gene expression causes cell differentiation.

b. Being the first non-formally educated person to be inducted into the Royal Society of London.

c. Inventing the microscope.

d. Reporting detailed descriptions of many previously unseen microscopic organisms and cells.

e. Describing cellular reproduction.

44. (knowledge) How did Anton van Leeuwenhoek contribute to our understanding of the cellular basis of reproduction?

a. He first observed sperm cells in semen and found them in animals who had recently mated.

b. He first observed bacteria reproducing in saliva.

c. He first observed protozoa reproducing in pond water.

d. He combined sperm and egg cells and observed that they fused.

e. He invented the tools to allow us to see sperm and egg cells.

“Technology Connection”

45. (knowledge) How does ultrasound imaging of an embryo work?

a. High-frequency light waves pass bounce off the embryo, and they are translated into a picture by a computer.

b. High-frequency sound waves bounce off the embryo, and they are translated into a picture by a computer.

c. Computer generated sound is passed through the embryo and an image is created.

d. Electrical pulses produced by the embryo are collected and translated into a picture by a computer.

e. Sound waves produced by the embryo are collected and translated into a picture by a computer.

46. (knowledge) What is ultrasound used for during pregnancy?

a. Baby pictures for the family photo album.

b. To track development and identify any potential problems.

c. To examine genetic sequences.

d. To monitor the health of the mother.

e. To listen to the heartbeat of the fetus.

“Life Application”

47. (knowledge) Why is it dangerous for a pregnant woman to drink alcohol?

a. She might fall and hurt herself and the developing fetus.

b. She might lose her inhibitions and have unprotected intercourse which would harm the fetus.

c. Exposure to alcohol may cause her to contract fetal alcohol syndrome which can result in serious developmental and psychological problems.

d. Exposure of the developing baby may cause fetal alcohol syndrome that can result in serious developmental and psychological problems.

e. It’s dangerous for everyone to drink alcohol and for a pregnant woman, because her fetus is also “drinking,” it’s twice as dangerous.

48. (knowledge) What is the problem with fetal alcohol syndrome?

a. The baby is essentially born drunk, so does not develop motor skills correctly.

b. It always causes criminal behavior in the child.

c. It always causes psychiatric problems and abnormal facial features in the child.

d. There is no way to prevent it.

e. It may cause a host of developmental problems, hyperactivity, and mental disabilities.

“How Do We Know?”

49. (knowledge) What was one study that led to the conclusion that sperm cells were necessary for fertilization?

a. Leeuwenhoek saw fertilization of an egg by a sperm.

b. Male frogs wearing little trousers were able to mate but did not produce any offspring

c. Male fruit flies that were castrated could mate but could not produce offspring.

d. Female fruit flies were fooled into mating with other female fruit flies, and no offspring resulted.

e. Sterilized frog semen, when mixed with frog eggs, did not result in fertilization.

50. (knowledge) How was it first determined that genetic material got combined when eggs and sperm fused?

a. It was observed that when sea urchin eggs and sperm fused, the cell nuclei fused as well, meaning the genetic material was combined.

b. The gene sequence in newly hatched nematodes was compared to that of the parent and determined to be a mixture.

c. The quantity of genetic material in a sperm and egg cell was compared to that of a fertilized egg, and the fertilized egg contained twice as much, meaning it had come from both the sperm and the egg.

d. The traits of any offspring are a mixture of the traits of its parents.

e. The genes in a frog egg and sperm cell were counted and added up, and then the genes were counted in a fertilized frog egg, and the numbers were equal.

1. (knowledge) What are twins called when they do not develop entirely separately from one another and are born connected in some way?

3.1

2. (knowledge) The process of development from cell to complete multicellular organism is called what?

3. (knowledge) The idea that every living organism is made of cells and cells only come from other cells is called what?

4. (knowledge) What does one call a scientist who studies embryogenesis?

3.2

5. (knowledge) What type of cell has organelles (a human cell is one of these)?

6. (knowledge) Which part of a cell maintains its shape and allows it to move?

3.3

7. (knowledge) What is the cellular process by which gametes are produced?

8. (knowledge) What is the major difference between gametes and normal body cells?

3.4

9. (knowledge) At fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse. What is the resulting cell called?

3.5

10. (knowledge) What is the name of the type of cell division that allows cell replication and allows embryos to grow?

11. (knowledge) What happens in cell differentiation in an embryo?

3.6

12. (knowledge) In many cases it seems like it’s quite easy to get pregnant. In a single fertility cycle, what are the actual percentages of acts of intercourse (without contraception) that result in fertilization and pregnancy?

13. (knowledge) The placenta is the organ that connects the mother to the embryo and developing fetus. Where does it come from?

14. (knowledge) At what point in time does an embryo typically become a fetus?

3.7

15. (knowledge) What is the purpose of the initial period of contractions in labor?

16. (knowledge) What hormone maintains contractions?

3.8

17. (knowledge) If the mother releases two eggs at once and both are fertilized, what kind of twins result?

18. (knowledge) When embryos separate later than nine days after conception, there is a 50% chance of the resulting twins being conjoined. True or False?

3.9

19. (knowledge) Identical twins have identical genes. Do they have identical personalities as a result of this?

20. (knowledge) Scientists can’t induce twinning in humans to learn how it works because that would be unethical. What do they do instead?

21. (knowledge) What might ultrasound imaging be used for in an adult?