Chapter 14: Behavior Therapy

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. The career of Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with ______ therapy.

A. humanistic

B. behavior

C. cognitive

D. psychodynamic

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is NOT true?

A. He was a physiologist originally studying the digestive systems of dogs.

B. He conducted research that laid the groundwork for classical conditioning.

C. He found that dogs would salivate in response to a stimulus that had previously been paired with food.

D. He partnered with Albert Bandura on studies of social learning.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. In the early 1900s, ______ argued that the classical conditioning lessons learned from Ivan Pavlov’s experiments with dogs should apply to humans also.

A. Edward Lee Thorndike

B. Sigmund Freud

C. John Watson

D. Donald Meichenbaum

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Edward Lee Thorndike’s law of effect provides the theoretical basis for ______.

A. operant conditioning

B. classical conditioning

C. graduated exposure

D. successive approximations

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. B. F. Skinner is most closely associated with ______.

A. motivational interviewing

B. interpersonal interviewing

C. classical conditioning

D. operant conditioning

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Thorndike is to ______ as Pavlov is to ______.

A. operant conditioning; classical conditioning

B. classical conditioning; operant conditioning

C. motivational interviewing; interpersonal interviewing

D. interpersonal interviewing; motivational interviewing

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. ______ is most closely associated with classical conditioning, while ______ is most closely associated with operant conditioning.

A. Thorndike; Skinner

B. Watson; Pavlov

C. Pavlov; Skinner

D. Thorndike; Watson

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Thorndike’s law of effect states that ______.

A. actions followed by loud noises are more likely to occur

B. repetition of actions followed by electrical shock can be most accurately predicted in the future

C. actions followed by pleasurable consequences are more likely to occur

D. an increase in physical stimulation will yield a decrease in mental agitation

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. The main goal of behavior therapy is ______.

A. to make the unconscious conscious

B. self-actualization

C. observable behavior change

D. an increase in logical, rational thought

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Goal of Behavior Therapy

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Compared to humanistic and psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy, behavioral psychotherapy ______.

A. emphasizes empiricism

B. defines problems in terms of observable behaviors

C. both emphasizes empiricism and defines problems in terms of observable behaviors

D. neither emphasizes empiricism nor defines problems in terms of observable behaviors

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Emphasis on Empiricism

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Compared to humanistic and psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy, behavior therapy ______.

A. emphasizes inferential, introspective methods of measuring change within the mind of the client

B. employs testable hypotheses and observable, measurable outcome measures

C. is effective with children but not adults

D. eschews the scientific method

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Emphasis on Empiricism

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Which of the following places the steps of the scientific method in correct order?

A. develop hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe a phenomenon, observe the outcome of the tests, revise the hypotheses

B. observe a phenomenon, develop hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe the outcome of the tests, revise the hypotheses

C. observe a phenomenon, develop hypotheses, revise the hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe the outcome of the tests

D. test the hypotheses, observe the outcome of the tests, observe a phenomenon, develop hypotheses, revise the hypotheses

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Emphasis on Empiricism

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. According to behavior therapists, ______.

A. client behaviors are symptoms of an underlying problem

B. client behaviors are the problem

C. phobias are behavioral manifestations of a disturbance in the unconscious

D. phobias result from incongruence between the real and ideal selves

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Defining Problems Behaviorally

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Sherrie is diagnosed with depression. She believes she is unlovable, cries several hours per day, consumes less calories, and thinks her symptoms will never end. In treatment, a behavior therapist is most likely to target ______.

A. Sherrie’s emotional sadness

B. the amount of time Sherrie cries each day

C. the number of calories Sherrie consumes and her belief that she is unlovable

D. Sherrie’s thought that her symptoms will never end

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Defining Problems Behaviorally

Difficulty Level: Hard

15. A behavior therapist is most likely to judge the success of treatment via changes in the patient’s ______.

A. level of introspection

B. number of illogical cognitions

C. observable behaviors

D. positive self-regard

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Measuring Change Observably

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. In Pavlov’s famous experiment with dogs, the dog’s food was a(n) ______.

A. conditioned stimulus

B. unconditioned stimulus

C. neutral stimulus

D. conditioned response

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Classical Conditioning

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. In a lab, Albert is conditioned to fear a white mouse. However, after leaving the lab, he not only continues to fear white mice; he also demonstrates fear of other white, fluffy objects (e.g., Santa Claus’ beard, white bunnies). Which of the following behavior therapy terms best describes what has happened to Albert?

A. discrimination

B. operant conditioning

C. generalization

D. stimulus expansion

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Classical Conditioning

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Operant conditioning proposes that all human (and animal) actions are governed by ______.

A. contingencies

B. cognitions

C. primary reinforcers

D. secondary reinforcers

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Operant Conditioning

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Which of the following behavior therapy techniques is primarily based on classical conditioning?

A. contingency management

B. systematic desensitization

C. token economies

D. shaping

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Techniques Based on Classical Conditioning

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Because it is not practical to conduct treatment at an airport, Jeanie’s psychologist has her imagine that she is flying on a plane as part of treatment for her flying phobia. What exposure therapy technique is Jeanie’s psychologist using?

A. imaginal exposure

B. in vivo exposure

C. graded exposure

D. flooding

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Exposure Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Dr. Vogt’s new client is a timid, apprehensive individual with social anxieties. Which of the following behavior therapies should he likely select for treatment?

A. the operant conditioning technique of assertiveness training

B. the operant conditioning technique of contingency management

C. the classical conditioning technique of assertiveness training

D. the classical conditioning technique of contingency management

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Assertiveness Training

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. Which of the following behavioral psychotherapy techniques is primarily based on operant conditioning?

A. exposure therapy

B. systematic desensitization

C. assertiveness training

D. contingency management

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Techniques Based on Operant Conditioning

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. The creation of an anxiety hierarchy is a core feature of ______.

A. token economies

B. exposure therapy

C. contingency management

D. assertiveness training

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Exposure Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. For the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, ______ is a form of therapy that has received substantial empirical support.

A. exposure and response prevention

B. motivational interviewing

C. behavioral consultation

D. humanistic psychotherapy

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Exposure Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. ______, a treatment for phobias and other anxiety disorders, involves re-pairing a feared object with a new response that is incompatible with anxiety.

A. Exposure plus response prevention

B. Behavioral consultation

C. Systematic desensitization

D. Contingency management

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Systematic Desensitization

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Although they have been used for a variety of clinical issues, exposure therapy and systematic desensitization have been used primarily for the treatment of ______.

A. eating disorders

B. anxiety disorders

C. personality disorders

D. schizophrenia

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Techniques Based on Classical Conditioning

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. ______ is typically present in systematic desensitization but typically absent from exposure therapy.

A. Relaxation training

B. Exposure to anxiety-producing stimuli

C. Reflection

D. Creation of an anxiety hierarchy

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Systematic Desensitization

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. ______ is a specific application of classical conditioning that targets patients’ social anxieties; it may help a patient insist on appropriate service at a restaurant or ask someone out on a date.

A. Relaxation training

B. Exposure plus response prevention

C. Assertiveness training

D. Contingency management

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Assertiveness Training

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. ______ is defined as any consequence that makes a behavior less likely to occur in the future.

A. Reinforcement

B. Exposure

C. Implosion

D. Punishment

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reinforcement and Punishment

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. According to the behavioral approach, ______ essentially means “getting something good,” and ______ essentially means “losing something good.”

A. reinforcement; punishment

B. positive reinforcement; negative punishment

C. positive reinforcement; positive punishment

D. negative reinforcement; negative punishment

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Reinforcement and Punishment

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. “If you change the consequences of a behavior, the behavior will change.” This statement best summarizes the rationale behind ______.

A. contingency management

B. exposure therapy

C. systematic desensitization

D. extinction

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contingency Management

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. The removal of an expected reinforcement that results in a decrease in the frequency of a behavior is known as ______.

A. extinction

B. behavioral adaptation

C. flooding

D. assertiveness training

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Extinction

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. The form of behavior therapy derived from Bandura’s work that involves clients learning from the experiences of others, rather than their own experiences, is ______.

A. exposure therapy

B. assertiveness training

C. observational learning

D. flooding

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Observational Learning (Modeling)

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. Parent and teacher training are indirect interventions based on the principles of ______ therapy.

A. behavior

B. psychodynamic

C. humanistic

D. cognitive

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parent Training

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. Behavioral activation is based on the simple idea that ______.

A. the day-to-day lives of depressed people lack positive reinforcement

B. depressed people think illogically

C. the brains of depressed people are chemically imbalanced

D. depressed people lack social skills

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Behavioral Activation

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. The goal of ______ is to increase the frequency of behaviors that are positively reinforcing to the client.

A. cognitive therapy

B. aversion therapy

C. systematic desensitization

D. behavioral activation

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Behavioral Activation

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. When behavioral activation begins, an important question for the clinical psychologist to ask the client is: ______

A. “Are there things that you are not doing now that you typically do when you are not depressed?”

B. “Is there another way of interpreting the events that have happened to you?”

C. “If the feared event happens, so what?”

D. “What are your beliefs about the fact that you have been diagnosed with depression?”

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Behavioral Activation

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Behavior therapies ______.

A. have little empirical support to justify their use

B. do not easily lend themselves to the research process

C. with empirical support include exposure and response prevention for OCD and parent training for ADHD

D. are highly effective with children but not adults

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: How Well Does It Work?

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. Who is the creator of the law of effect?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. What is the goal of behavior therapy?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Goal of Behavior Therapy

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. In the case of Pavlov’s dogs, the food was a ______ stimulus, and, initially, the sound of the bell was a(n) ______ stimulus.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Exposure therapy and systematic desensitization are examples of ______ conditioning.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Techniques Based on Classical Conditioning

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. What is a main difference between exposure therapy and systematic desensitization?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Techniques Based on Classical Conditioning

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. ______ refers to the removal of an expected reinforcement that results in a decrease in the frequency of the behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Techniques Based on Operant Conditioning

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. If a kindergarten teacher gives students a sticker each time they are good, takes a sticker away each time they are bad, and allows students to trade in a certain number of stickers for a prize, the teacher is likely using what operant conditioning technique?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Techniques Based on Operant Conditioning

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. What form of behavioral consultation helps parents with the problematic behaviors of their children?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Alternatives to Behavior Therapy

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. What are the five stages of behavioral consultation?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Goal of Behavior Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Describe the process of exposure therapy. What psychological problem is it usually used to treat? Include key elements or techniques used in this type of therapy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Techniques Based on Classical Conditioning

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Briefly define both generalization and discrimination as understood by behavior therapists. Also, explain how each could alter the development of a phobia related to a traumatic incident in an elevator.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Alternatives to Behavior Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Briefly explain the extinction burst.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Techniques Based on Operant Conditioning

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Briefly explain how behavior therapists conduct parent training.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Alternatives to Behavior Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium