Animal Behavior – Ch36 | Test Bank – 18th Edition

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MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) Questions concerned with proximate causation of a behavior would focus on

A) its evolutionary origin using comparative methodology.
B) its genetic origin using recombinant DNA techniques.
C) its physiological cause and effect using experimentation.
D) its ancestry using a cladogram.
E) None of the choices is correct.

2) Ethologists carry out all of the following except

A) attempt to study the behavior of an animal in its natural habitat.
B) have demonstrated that behavioral traits can be isolated and measured.
C) have demonstrated that behavioral traits have evolutionary histories.
D) attempt to study the behavior of an animal in a laboratory environment where all variables can be controlled.
E) identify general laws of behavior that apply to many species.

3) The effort to experiment with animals to determine general laws of behavior that might also apply to humans is

A) sociology.
B) behavioral ecology.
C) comparative psychology.
D) sociobiology.
E) ethology.

4) Sociobiology, the ethological study of social behavior, was originated by

A) Konrad Lorenz.
B) Edward O. Wilson.
C) Niko Tinbergen.
D) Charles Darwin.
E) Karl von Frisch.

5) What is a stimulus that triggers a stereotypical behavior called?

A) a goal or accomplishment
B) a release or sign stimulus
C) imprinting
D) a drive or innate stimulus
E) a reflex arc

6) Tinbergen's male stickleback fish would attack models of other males if the models had

A) a wide gaping mouth.
B) a red underside.
C) a fat pregnant profile.
D) three spines.
E) the exact full shape of a normal stickleback fish.

7) If a behavior is most closely associated with an organism's genetic makeup and is identical to behavior in other members of the species, the behavior is referred to as

A) innate.
B) conditioned.
C) trial-and-error.
D) learned.

8) At first puppies crouch in fear when a leaf flutters overhead. Later they learn to disregard it. What is this called?

A) imprinting
B) habituation
C) conditioned response
D) sensitization
E) cooperative behavior

9) Imprinting includes all of the following except

A) illustrates another form of learned behavior.
B) is confined to a brief sensitive period in the individual's early life.
C) is permanent once it is established.
D) can be modified base on experience.

10) If a male white-crowned sparrow is hatched and reared in isolation but allowed durding a critical period of imprinting (10 to 50 days after hatching) to hear the song of a male from another species, the bird will most likely

A) only learn the appropriate song of its own species.
B) sing the appropriate song of the other species.
C) try to modify the crude song it was "born with" with the other-species song and produce a unique song.
D) not sing at all.
E) develop an abnormal song.

11) A benefit of social organization may be

A) protection from predators.
B) cooperation in hunting for food.
C) to facilitate contact between males and females.
D) all of the choices are benefits.
E) None of the choices is correct.

12) An example of social organization is

A) barnacles attached to a boat bottom.
B) a beehive in full activity.
C) a cloud of moths attracted to a light.
D) a swarm of mosquitoes hovering around a sweaty person.
E) All of the choices are social gatherings.

13) Aggressive behavior between sexual rivals

A) is rare in mammals.
B) is characteristically nonviolent and ritualized.
C) usually results in death or injury of one opponent.
D) occurs equally among females as among males.
E) None of the choices are correct.

14) The function of territoriality may be

A) to reduce intraspecific fighting.
B) to ensure food supply.
C) for mating and rearing of young.
D) All of the choices are correct.
E) None of the choices are correct.

15) A territory

A) is a defended area from which animals of the same species are excluded.
B) is a defended area from which animals of all species are excluded.
C) is the same as an animal's home range.
D) is much more common among mammals than birds.
E) None of the choices is correct.

16) When many female seals gather on a small island so the few dominant males can gain access and defend their groupings of females, this represents

A) a lek.
B) female defense polygyny.
C) male defense polyandry.
D) male dominance polygyny.
E) resource defense polygyny.

17) The leader of a troop of baboons defends his family or honeybees defend their hive "to the death". What do we call this apparent behavior of risking one's life for others?

A) altruism.
B) sexual selection.
C) ritualization.
D) competition.
E) agonistic behavior.

18) Altruistic behaviors between closely related animals

A) force individuals to cooperate with one another and thereby increase population growth.
B) increase the frequency of the altruistic genes in the next generation.
C) reduce cooperation between species.
D) ensure the survival of the altruistic individual but not his close relatives.
E) All of the choices are correct.

19) Evolutionary modification of a normal behavior into a display to improve communication is called

A) altruism.
B) ritualization.
C) imprinting.
D) sensitization.
E) habituation.

20) The waggle dance helps bees

A) communicate when they are hungry.
B) show aggression.
C) communicate the location of food.
D) sound the alarm to protect the hive when it is invaded.
E) find mates.

21) If food is close to the hive,

A) no dance is necessary to communicate a source that is within eyesight.
B) the bees dance in a very small figure-8.
C) the bees perform a round dance.
D) the bees dance in a straight "bee line."
E) None of the choices is correct.

FILL IN THE BLANK. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
22) The ethological study of social behavior in animals, originated by E.O. Wilson in 1975, is called __________.

23) The three ethologists who were awarded the Nobel Prize are von Frisch, Lorenz, and __________.

24) Egg-rolling movement of gray-lag geese is an example of fixed or __________ behavior.

25) Behavior carried out in an orderly, predictable sequence is referred to as __________ behavior.

26) Behavior carried out in an orderly, predictable sequence is referred to as ___________ behavior.

27) The invariable, predictable behavior of animals that does not require learning is called __________ behavior.

28) A simple kind of learning in which there is a reduction or elimination of a response in the absence of any reward or punishment is called __________.

29) An activity related to fighting, whether it be aggression, defense, submission, or retreat, is called __________ behavior.

30) One kind of learning behavior, illustrated by goslings that will follow the first moving object they see (usually their mother) is called __________.

31) The social ranking that serves to reduce social tensions within a social order is called the __________.

32) The undefended area over which many mammals move in their daily travels is called a __________.

33) Honeybees communicate the location of food resources by two types of dances: the round dance and the __________ dance.

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
34) Why is territoriality considered an alternative to dominance behavior?

35) Explain the difference between proximate causation and ultimate (evolutionary) causation.

36) Why does the concept of sociobiology, a subdiscipline founded on basic biological principles and comparative behavior, run into such a public buzz saw of disapproval?

37) Compare the properties of innate behavior with those of learned behavior. How does a researcher separate the two in nature?

38) Explain the complexity of the hereditary transmission of most innate behavior. Why is it so difficult to study?

39) What properties of organisms, species, and ecosystems make the study of behavior so much more complex than the study of a single reaction under controlled conditions in a test tube?

40) Compare and contrast habituation and sensitization. Are the two concepts really different? If so, explain how.

41) Discuss the properties of imprinting. How could any kind of imprinting have evolved?

42) Identify the significance of the following: aggression, agonistic behavior, ritualized displays, ritualization, and dominance hierarchy.

43) How are territories and home ranges different? What is the purpose of distinguishing between the two when neither territory nor home range can be exactly quantified?

44) Many people believe that kin selection, group selection, and mutual altruism are not controlled by genes. What evidence would you present to show that this is or is not so?

45) Outline the "language of the bees" according to the different types of dances expressed from foraging workers.