eBook - Diversity in Organizations 2nd Edition by Myrtle P. Bell

SECTION I INTRODUCTION, THEORIES, AND LEGISLATION — p. 1 CHAPTER 1 Introduction — p. 3 Determining “Diversity” in an International Context — p. 5 Multiple Group Memberships and Permeability of Boundaries — p. 6 Terminology — p. 8 The Stimulus for the Focus on Diversity: Workforce 2000 — p. 9 Diversity and Organizational Competitiveness — p. 12 Moral and Social Reasons for Valuing Diversity — p. 21 Difficulties Resulting from Increased Diversity and Organizational Responses — p. 22 The “Value in Diversity” Perspective versus Negative Impacts of Diversity — p. 23 Individual Benefits of Diversity — p. 24 Diversity, Individual Outcomes, and Organizational Effectiveness — p. 25 Organization of the Book — p. 26 CHAPTER 2 Theories and Thinking about Diversity — p. 37 What Is a “Minority”? — p. 38 Categorization and Identity — p. 42 Aversive Racism, Ambivalent Sexism, and Other New Isms — p. 53 Recommendations for Individuals and Organizations — p. 57 CHAPTER 3 Legislation — p. 63 Historical Background — p. 65 Major Federal Acts Related to Diversity in Organizations — p. 66 Other Relevant State, Local, and City Ordinances — p. 102 Future Federal Acts: What’s Ahead? — p. 103 Effects of Diversity on the Judiciary and on Judicial Decisions — p. 103 SECTION II EXAMINING SPECIFIC GROUPS AND CATEGORIES — p. 107 CHAPTER 4 Blacks/African Americans — p. 109 History of Blacks in the United States — p. 111 Relevant Legislation — p. 116 Population — p. 117 Education, Employment, and Earnings — p. 118 Research on the Employment Experiences of African Americans — p. 124 Immigrant Blacks and Their Descendants and Native-born Blacks—Similarities and Differences — p. 131 African American Women at Work — p. 133 Discrimination against Customers — p. 136 Recommendations — p. 137 CHAPTER 5 Latinos/Hispanics — p. 147 History of Hispanics in the United States — p. 148 Relevant Legislation — p. 154 Population — p. 156 Education, Employment, and Earnings — p. 158 Organizational Experiences of Hispanics — p. 162 Latinos as Customers — p. 179 Recommendations for Individuals — p. 181 Recommendations for Organizations — p. 182 CHAPTER 6 Asians/Asian Americans — p. 187 History of Asians in the United States — p. 189 Relevant Legislation — p. 191 Population — p. 195 Education, Employment, and Earnings — p. 196 Asians as the “Model Minority” — p. 201 Asian American Entrepreneurs — p. 206 Research on Experiences of Asian Americans at Work — p. 209 Asian American Women at Work — p. 212 Focus on Selected Asian Americans: Chinese, Indians, and Southeast Asians — p. 215 Recommendations for Individuals and Organizations — p. 218 CHAPTER 7 Whites/European Americans — p. 223 History of Whites in the United States — p. 225 Relevant Legislation — p. 231 Population — p. 238 Education, Earnings, and Employment — p. 239 Research on Whites and Diversity — p. 241 Recommendations for Individuals — p. 249 Recommendations for Organizations — p. 250 CHAPTER 8 American Indians, Alaska Natives, and Multiracial Group Members — p. 257 History of American Indians in North America — p. 259 Population — p. 262 Education, Employment, and Earnings — p. 265 Relevant Legislation — p. 267 Research on American Indians at Work — p. 269 American Indian and Alaskan Native Women — p. 269 Multiracial Group Members — p. 272 Recommendations for Individuals and Organizations — p. 278 CHAPTER 9 Sex and Gender — p. 283 Relevant Legislation — p. 285 Population — p. 286 Education — p. 287 Participation and Earnings — p. 287 Gender Role Socialization — p. 293 Sex Discrimination — p. 299 Sexual Harassment — p. 302 The Glass Ceiling and Other Boundaries — p. 307 Sex, Race, and Ethnicity — p. 310 Unique Gender Issues — p. 312 Recommendations for Individuals and Organizations — p. 314 CHAPTER 10 Work and Family — p. 321 History of Work and Family — p. 323 Relevant Legislation — p. 323 Population, Participation, and Education — p. 329 Earnings — p. 332 Flexible Schedules — p. 335 Unpaid and Paid Leaves — p. 338 Same-Sex Couples in Family Relationships — p. 340 Men, Work, and Family — p. 341 Beyond the Family: Society, Organizations, and Family Issues — p. 342 Family Policies in Selected Countries — p. 343 Elder Care — p. 345 Parenting Again: Grandparents Caring for Grandchildren — p. 346 Recommendations for Individuals — p. 347 Recommendations for Organizations — p. 348 CHAPTER 11 Sexual Orientation — p. 353 History of Gay Rights in the United States — p. 355 Population — p. 357 Education and Income Levels — p. 357 Relevant Legislation — p. 359 Partner Benefits — p. 362 HIV/AIDS at Work: Unfounded Fears — p. 364 Determinants of Attitudes toward Gays and Lesbians — p. 367 Codes of Silence: Not Just the U.S. Military — p. 367 Out at Work? — p. 370 Recommendations for Individuals — p. 372 Recommendations for Organizations — p. 373 CHAPTER 12 Religion — p. 377 History of Religious Diversity in the United States — p. 379 Population and Variations among Beliefs — p. 379 Race, Ethnicity, and Religion — p. 380 Relevant Legislation — p. 381 The Diversity among Arab Americans and Muslims in the United States — p. 387 Religion as an Invisible Identity — p. 388 Women’s Roles in Organized Religion — p. 389 Religion and Diversity in Sexual Orientation at Work — p. 390 Resolving Conflicts — p. 394 Recommendations for Individuals — p. 395 Recommendations for Organizations — p. 396 CHAPTER 13 Age — p. 399 Historical Background — p. 401 Relevant Legislation for Older Workers — p. 401 Legal Protections for Younger Workers — p. 406 Population, Participation Rates, and Employment — p. 408 An Intergenerational Workforce — p. 409 Education — p. 410 Research on Employment Experiences of Older Workers — p. 413 Research on Employment Experiences of Younger Workers — p. 421 Recommendations for Individuals — p. 426 Recommendations for Organizations — p. 427 CHAPTER 14 Physical and Mental Ability — p. 431 History — p. 433 Relevant Legislation — p. 433 Population, Education, and Employment — p. 440 Employment Experiences of People with Disabilities — p. 443 Recommendations for Individuals — p. 451 Recommendations for Organizations — p. 451 CHAPTER 15 Weight and Appearance — p. 459 Population — p. 463 Education, Employment Levels, Types, and Income — p. 466 Legislation Relevant to Weight and Appearance — p. 469 Should Size Discrimination Be Prohibited by Federal Law? — p. 472 Effects of Weight on Health and on Costs to Employers — p. 473 Appearance: Cases and Legislation — p. 479 Recommendations for Individuals and Organizations — p. 482 SECTION III GLOBAL VISION — p. 489 CHAPTER 16 International Diversity and Facing the Future — p. 491 Discrimination and Differential Treatment as Worldwide Phenomena — p. 495 Sex and Gender: The Status of Women around the World — p. 497 People with Disabilities — p. 500 Sexual Orientation — p. 505 Poverty — p. 506 Facing the Future: The Broad Reach of Diversity in Organizations — p. 509 Recommendations for Change at a Societal Level — p. 511 Recommendations for Change at an Organizational Level — p. 511 Recommendations for Change at an Individual Level — p. 518 Capitalizing on the Strength of Diversity in the United States — p. 520