Chapter 8: Issues in Policing

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. ______ refers to a legal standard that means that an officer believes that an offense has been or is about to be committed.

a. Search

b. Emergency exception

c. Probable cause

d. Exclusionary rule

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Policing and the Law

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

2. A ______ is when a person’s reasonable expectation of privacy is violated.

a. warrant

b. search

c. consent search

d. seizure

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Policing and the Law

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

3. Legal documents that allow officers to complete a search of person’s belongings are referred to as ______.

a. cease-and-desist notices

b. warrants

c. subpoenas

d. restraining orders

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Policing and the Law

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

4. If the police act in accordance with the law, but make an unintended error, then the evidence can still be used. This is referred to as ______.

a. the good faith exception

b. probable cause

c. the exclusionary rule

d. the fruit of the poison tree

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Search and Seizure

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

5. Indirect evidence that is obtained within the context of the exclusionary rule is known as the ______.

a. Carroll doctrine

b. good faith exception

c. probable cause

d. fruit of the poisoned tree doctrine

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Search and Seizure

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

6. In what case did the exclusionary rule establish that, if evidence is obtained outside of the context of a warrant, such items must be excluded and cannot be used against someone in a court of law?

a. Mapp v. Ohio

b. United States v. Chadwick

c. California v. Acevedo

d. Terry v. Ohio

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Search and Seizure

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

7. An emergency exception to the warrant requirement may be exercised if ______.

a. consent is not given, but police believe you are acting nervous

b. police illegally stop you, but see drug paraphernalia in your passenger seat

c. police believe someone will be harmed if they wait for a warrant

d. consent is not given, but another person tells an officer that you have something illegal

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Warrantless Searches

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

8. A type of search that occurs when the individual gives permission to conduct a search is referred to as ______.

a. permission search

b. consent search

c. warranted search

d. unwarranted search

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Warrantless Searches

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

9. With regard to automobile searches, if someone is pulled over for a lawful traffic stop and placed under arrest, then the police can search a vehicle without a warrant if they have probable cause to arrest the occupants of the vehicle and if they have probable cause that the car contains illegal items. This is known as the ______.

a. Chadwick doctrine

b. Innis doctrine

c. Acevedo doctrine

d. Carroll doctrine

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Automobile Searches

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

10. Which of the following cases held that while the police could seize an containers found within the car, they could not open them without a warrant?

a. Carroll v. United States

b. United States v. Chadwick

c. United States v. Ross

d. Mapp v. Ohio

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Automobile Searches

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

11. In which of the following cases was the court faced with the question of whether an individual’s refusal to submit to a breathalyzer or blood draw in a suspects DUI case is a crime?

a. Carroll v. United States

b. United States v. Chadwick

c. United States v. Ross

d. Birchfield v. North Dakota

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Automobile Searches

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

12. In which of the following cases did the court consider whether the automobile exception applied to an unaccompanied vehicle parked in a person’s driveway?

a. Collins v. Virginia

b. United States v. Chadwick

c. United States v. Ross

d. Birchfield v. North Dakota

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Automobile Searches

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

13. Which of the following is used to inform people who are under arrest that the 5th Amendment provides protection against self-incrimination during an interrogation?

a. Carroll doctrine

b. Miranda warning

c. Exclusionary rule

d. Good faith exception

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Miranda Warning

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

14. The Miranda warning provides protections under the ______.

a. First Amendment

b. Fourth Amendment

c. Fifth Amendment

d. Eighth Amendment

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Miranda Warning

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

15. The Rhode Island v. Innis case sought to clarify the meaning of the term ______.

a. search

b. warrant

c. interrogation

d. arrest

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Miranda Warning

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

16. Which of the following was identified as a reason as to why ethical dilemmas occur?

a. when the officer has determined the right path to action

b. when following the right path is easy

c. when the wrong path becomes tempting to the officer

d. when their superiors force them to follow the wrong path

Learning Objective: 8-2: Identify the ethical challenges that police officers face as part of their job duties.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ethical Dilemmas and Corruption

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

17. Which of the following was identified as a way an ethical dilemma can occur?

a. accountability

b. discretion

c. deliberation

d. legitimacy

Learning Objective: 8-2: Identify the ethical challenges that police officers face as part of their job duties.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ethical Dilemmas and Corruption

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

18. Which of the following occurs when an officer is unsure about the right path of action, when following the right path is difficult, or when the wrong path becomes tempting to the officer?

a. discretion

b. ethical dilemma

c. good faith exception

d. rotten apple theory

Learning Objective: 8-2: Identify the ethical challenges that police officers face as part of their job duties.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ethical Dilemmas and Corruption

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

19. ______ is considered to be one of the most powerful tools of the criminal justice system.

a. Duty

b. Honesty

c. Corruption

d. Discretion

Learning Objective: 8-2: Identify the ethical challenges that police officers face as part of their job duties.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Discretion

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

20. ______ allows for officers to determine when to stop an individual, when to issue a citation, and when to initiate an arrest.

a. Discretion

b. Duty

c. Corruption

d. Probable cause

Learning Objective: 8-2: Identify the ethical challenges that police officers face as part of their job duties.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Discretion

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

21. ______ is the decision to act, or NOT to act, based on an individual police officer's judgment regarding the best course of action to take in any given situation.

a. Probable cause

b. Police transparency

c. Police discretion

d. Ethical dilemma

Learning Objective: 8-2: Identify the ethical challenges that police officers face as part of their job duties.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Discretion

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

22. In policing, discretion allows for officers to determine ______.

a. when to stop an individual

b. that they can use excessive force

c. specific policies dictating how they should respond

d. when they are allowed to make decisions based on race or ethnicity

Learning Objective: 8-2: Identify the ethical challenges that police officers face as part of their job duties.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Discretion

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

23. An ethical dilemma where officers are faced with challenges based on how they view their role as police officers is referred to as an issue of ______.

a. discretion

b. honesty

c. corruption

d. duty

Learning Objective: 8-2: Identify the ethical challenges that police officers face as part of their job duties.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Duty

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

24. Failures of ______ can impact how the public views police and also lead to corruption.

a. honesty

b. duty

c. discretion

d. loyalty

Learning Objective: 8-2: Identify the ethical challenges that police officers face as part of their job duties.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Honesty

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

25. Which of the following occurs when officers fail to make good ethical decisions and the results of their actions lead to personal gain?

a. honesty

b. corruption

c. discretion

d. loyalty

Learning Objective: 8-2: Identify the ethical challenges that police officers face as part of their job duties.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Corruption

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

26. Officer Perez is considered to be corrupt. In order to protect himself, he has lied to cover up his wrongdoings. This is known as ______.

a. mooching

b. bribery

c. shakedown

d. perjury

Learning Objective: 8-2: Identify the ethical challenges that police officers face as part of their job duties.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Corruption

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

27. A form of corruption that involves receiving free items in exchange for favorable treatment is known as ______.

a. perjury

b. shakedown

c. mooching

d. stealing

Learning Objective: 8-2: Identify the ethical challenges that police officers face as part of their job duties.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Corruption

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

28. Taking items without paying for them is referred to as ______.

a. breakdown

b. mooching

c. bribery

d. shakedown

Learning Objective: 8-2: Identify the ethical challenges that police officers face as part of their job duties.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Corruption

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

29. Officers who are considered to be involved in corrupt activities in a passive sense are referred to as ______.

a. meat-eaters

b. grass-eaters

c. rotten apples

d. good apples

Learning Objective: 8-2: Identify the ethical challenges that police officers face as part of their job duties.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Corruption

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

30. Officers who actively pursue corrupt activities that could result in significant and illegal gains are referred to as ______.

a. meat-eaters

b. grass-eaters

c. moochers

d. good apples

Learning Objective: 8-2: Identify the ethical challenges that police officers face as part of their job duties.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Corruption

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

31. The ______ identified two categories of police corruption.

a. Ethical Challenges and Corruption Commission

b. Peel Commission

c. New York Corruption Commission

d. Knapp Commission

Learning Objective: 8-2: Identify the ethical challenges that police officers face as part of their job duties.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Corruption

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

32. What is one of the two categories of corruption that was identified by the Knapp Commission?

a. grass-eaters

b. plant-eaters

c. animal-eaters

d. leaf-eaters

Learning Objective: 8-2: Identify the ethical challenges that police officers face as part of their job duties.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Corruption

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

33. The ______ suggests that the corruption of a select few individuals can in turn shed a negative light on a department.

a. meat-eater theory

b. fruit of the poison tree theory

c. rotten-apple theory

d. grass-eater theory

Learning Objective: 8-2: Identify the ethical challenges that police officers face as part of their job duties.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Why Does Corruption Occur?

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

34. While the decision in Whren v. United States (1996) permitted the police to stop motorists and search their vehicles if they had probable cause that the drivers were transporting contraband such as illegal drugs or weapons, it also gave officers permission to stop motorists based on their ______.

a. race

b. ethnicity

c. race and ethnicity

d. age

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss how actions by the police may involve the discriminatory treatment of certain groups in society.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Racial Profiling

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

35. Which of the following occurs when the race or ethnicity of an individual is used as the sole or primary determinant by the police when making decisions?

a. corruption

b. racial profiling

c. mooching

d. discretion

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss how actions by the police may involve the discriminatory treatment of certain groups in society.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Racial Profiling

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

36. Which of the following cases permitted the police to stop motorists and search their vehicles of they had probable cause that the drivers were transporting contraband?

a. Whren v. United States

b. Mapp v. Ohio

c. Tennessee v. Garner

d. Brown v. City of Oneonta

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss how actions by the police may involve the discriminatory treatment of certain groups in society.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Racial Profiling

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

37. According to data from a Gallup Poll, in 2013 24% of ______ surveyed stated that they had been treated poorly by the police during the past month.

a. young black men

b. middle-aged black men

c. young Hispanic men

d. middle-aged Hispanic men

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss how actions by the police may involve the discriminatory treatment of certain groups in society.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Research on Racial Profiling

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

38. Which of the following individuals are more likely to believe they receive fair treatment?

a. women

b. minorities

c. young adults

d. juveniles

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss how actions by the police may involve the discriminatory treatment of certain groups in society.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Research on Racial Profiling

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

39. Much of the research on racial profiling is focused on ______.

a. robberies

b. murders

c. traffic stops

d. status offenses

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss how actions by the police may involve the discriminatory treatment of certain groups in society.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Research on Racial Profiling

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

40. What strategy would best prevent officers from engaging in racial profiling as well as protecting them from fabricated claims of discrimination?

a. a witnesses present who could testify that the officer did not engage in racial profiling

b. policies that would prohibit racial profiling

c. police officers wearing a body cam

d. guided procedures that mandate how officers should carry out traffic stops

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss how actions by the police may involve the discriminatory treatment of certain groups in society.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Strategies to Reduce Racial Profiling

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

41. What case did the U.S. Supreme Court hold that deadly force may be used to prevent an escape of a known offender if the officer’s life, or the lives of others around them, are at imminent risk?

a. Maryland v. King

b. California v. Acevedo

c. Tennessee v. Garner

d. Berghuis v. Thompkins

Learning Objective: 8-4: List the different types of force used by the police.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Use of Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

42. ______ is defined as the application of amount and/or frequency of force greater than required to compel compliance from a willing or unwilling subject.

a. Racial profiling

b. Excessive force

c. Mooching

d. Impact force

Learning Objective: 8-4: List the different types of force used by the police.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Use of Force

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

43. Which type of force involves the use of restraining substances, such as pepper spray or mace?

a. physical force

b. impact force

c. electronic force

d. chemical force

Learning Objective: 8-4: List the different types of force used by the police.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

44. Which type of force involves the use of restrain techniques such as wrist locks, bodily force, and choke holds?

a. physical force

b. impact force

c. electronic force

d. chemical force

Learning Objective: 8-4: List the different types of force used by the police.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

45. Which type of force involves the use of tasers, which can temporarily incapacitate an offender?

a. physical force

b. impact force

c. electronic force

d. chemical force

Learning Objective: 8-4: List the different types of force used by the police.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

46. Which type of force involves the use of batons, flashlights, and other instruments that deliver force against an individual?

a. physical force

b. impact force

c. electronic force

d. chemical force

Learning Objective: 8-4: List the different types of force used by the police.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

47. Which of the following was identified as a factor that can influence the use of force decision-making process?

a. the current political climate

b. the culture and administrative policies within a department

c. the personal beliefs of the police officer

d. the education of the police off

Learning Objective: 8-4: List the different types of force used by the police.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

48. Research has shown that fatal cases that involved the use of a taser were more likely to involve a suspect who ______.

a. was young

b. was mentally ill

c. was homeless

d. was a smoker

Learning Objective: 8-4: List the different types of force used by the police.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

49. The legitimacy of the police is dependent on how officers deploy their power and authority is referred to as ______.

a. proper justice

b. procedural justice

c. appropriate justice

d. legitimate justice

Learning Objective: 8-5: Describe how police departments establish legitimacy in a community.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Police Legitimacy

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

50. Research indicates that ______ can indirectly impact the levels of community satisfaction with the police.

a. race

b. age

c. gender

d. socioeconomic status

Learning Objective: 8-5: Describe how police departments establish legitimacy in a community.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Police Legitimacy

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

51. Which of the following was listed as a positive coping strategy for occupational stress?

a. bonuses

b. mentorship

c. drinking

d. partying

Learning Objective: 8-6: Identify sources of occupational stress for police officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Police Occupational Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

52. Which of the following was identified as an implication of occupational stress for police officers?

a. high job performance

b. enhanced racial profiling

c. physical and mental health problems

d. lack of collegiality

Learning Objective: 8-6: Identify sources of occupational stress for police officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Police Occupational Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

53. Which of the following was identified as being a benefit for the use of body cameras by police officers?

a. technological limits

b. privacy issues

c. less proactivity

d. greater transparency

Learning Objective: 8-5: Describe how police departments establish legitimacy in a community.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Current Controversy 8.1: Should Police Agencies Require Officers to Wear Body Cameras?

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

54. Greater transparency can help improve all of the following EXCEPT ______.

a. police–community relations

b. build trust

c. increase discourtesy

d. enhance legitimacy

Learning Objective: 8-5: Describe how police departments establish legitimacy in a community.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Current Controversy 8.1: Should Police Agencies Require Officers to Wear Body Cameras?

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

55. One of the possible consequences of body-worn cameras is that officers may shift to a more ______ style of policing.

a. community-oriented

b. problem-solving

c. legalistic

d. predictive

Learning Objective: 8-5: Describe how police departments establish legitimacy in a community.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Current Controversy 8.1: Should Police Agencies Require Officers to Wear Body Cameras?

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

56. Which of the following was identified as a concern for the use of body-worn cameras?

a. protection of officers

b. greater transparency

c. protection of citizens

d. more bureaucracy

Learning Objective: 8-5: Describe how police departments establish legitimacy in a community.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Current Controversy 8.1: Should Police Agencies Require Officers to Wear Body Cameras?

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

57. Which of the following is an example of a police officer being reactive?

a. communicating with citizens

b. working with juveniles

c. responding only to 911 calls

d. working with social services

Learning Objective: 8-5: Describe how police departments establish legitimacy in a community.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Current Controversy 8.1: Should Police Agencies Require Officers to Wear Body Cameras?

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

58. Police use of discretion is often associated with ______ policing.

a. predictive

b. problem-oriented

c. community

d. order maintenance

Learning Objective: 8-2: Identify the ethical challenges that police officers face as part of their job duties.

Answer Location: Current Controversy 8.2: Does Police Discretion Help or Harm Our Criminal Justice System?

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

59. Research has provided support for the idea that police officers have a great deal of discretion in how they deal with extralegal factors, such as ______.

a. gender, race, class, etc.

b. seriousness of the crime, gender, and past criminal history

c. past criminal history, race, class

d. race, seriousness of the crime, and past criminal history

Learning Objective: 8-2: Identify the ethical challenges that police officers face as part of their job duties.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Current Controversy 8.2: Does Police Discretion Help or Harm Our Criminal Justice System?

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

60. Which of the following statements is consistent with the argument that police discretion is harmful to our criminal justice system?

a. It can manifest as racial profiling.

b. It can be used to mediate disputes, instead or making arrests.

c. It allows police officers to interpret criminal laws that are too vague.

d. It gives police officers the ability or option to handle community-level problems informally.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss how actions by the police may involve the discriminatory treatment of certain groups in society.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Current Controversy 8.2: Does Police Discretion Help or Harm Our Criminal Justice System?

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

True/False

1. Reasonable suspicion means that an officer believes that an offense has been (or is about to be) committed.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Policing and the Law

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

2. The practice that allows police to take items and admit them into evidence is referred to as seizure.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Policing and the Law

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

3. A legal document that allows an officer to complete a search of a person’s belongings is referred to as a warrant.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Policing and the Law

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

4. In Mapp v. Ohio, the Court held that the search, given the context of the officer’s observations, was reasonable and therefore, the search was committed legally.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Search and Seizure

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

5. If evidence is obtained outside of the context of a warrant, such items must be excluded and cannot be used against someone in a court of law.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Search and Seizure

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

6. The good-faith exception posits that if evidence is obtained without a warrant as a result of unintended error, then the evidence can still be used.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Search and Seizure

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

7. United States v. Chadwick held that there is the same expectation of privacy in an automobile compared to a residence.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Automobile Searches

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

8. A consent search occurs when the individual gives permission to conduct a search.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Automobile Searches

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

9. The Miranda warning provides rights based on the Fourth Amendment.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Miranda Warning

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

10. As a police officer, you are expected to be honest in your interactions with the public as well as fellow officers or other criminal justice professionals.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Identify the ethical challenges that police officers face as part of their job duties.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Honesty

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

11. Of categories of police corruption, identified by the New York City Police Department investigation in the 1970s, meat-eaters were considered more dangerous.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Identify the ethical challenges that police officers face as part of their job duties.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Corruption

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

12. Officers who actively pursue corrupt activities that could result in significant and illegal gains are referred to as grass-eaters.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Identify the ethical challenges that police officers face as part of their job duties.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Corruption

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

13. The rotten apply theory suggests that the corruption of a select few individuals can shed negative light on a department.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Identify the ethical challenges that police officers face as part of their job duties.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Why Does Corruption Occur?

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

14. Racial profiling occurs when the race or ethnicity of an individual is used as the sole or primary determinant by the police when making decisions.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss how actions by the police may involve the discriminatory treatment of certain groups in society.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Racial Profiling

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

15. In Tennessee v. Garner the U.S. Supreme Court held that deadly force may be used to prevent an escape of a known offender if the officer’s life, or the lives of others around them, are at imminent risk.

Learning Objective: 8-4: List the different types of force used by the police.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Use of Force

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

16. Excessive use of force is defined as “the application of amount and/or frequency of force greater than required to compel compliance from a willing or unwilling subject.”

Learning Objective: 8-4: List the different types of force used by the police.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Use of Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

17. Impact force involves the use of physical restraint techniques such as wrist locks, bodily force, and chokeholds.

Learning Objective: 8-4: List the different types of force used by the police.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

18. Chemical force involves the use of substances such as pepper spray or mace.

Learning Objective: 8-4: List the different types of force used by the police.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

19. Changes in technology have also impacted the use of force.

Learning Objective: 8-4: List the different types of force used by the police.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

20. Research indicates that race can indirectly impact the levels of community satisfaction with the police.

Learning Objective: 8-5: Describe how police departments establish legitimacy in a community.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Police Legitimacy

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

21. Data indicate that communities of color tend to have a high number of negative contacts with the police, and suggest that these experiences can threaten the legitimacy of the police for certain communities.

Learning Objective: 8-5: Describe how police departments establish legitimacy in a community.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Police Legitimacy

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

22. Occupational stress can have several implications for the lives of police officers, including physical and mental health problems, poor job performance, burnout, and the use of force.

Learning Objective: 8-6: Identify sources of occupational stress for police officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Police Occupational Stress

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

23. Job stress for police officers cannot be mediated by any type of reward or job satisfaction.

Learning Objective: 8-6: Identify sources of occupational stress for police officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Police Occupational Stress

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

24. Limited opportunities for promotion can contribute to job stress in policing.

Learning Objective: 8-6: Identify sources of occupational stress for police officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Police Occupational Stress

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

25. A typical day of a police officer is rather exciting.

Learning Objective: 8-6: Identify sources of occupational stress for police officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Police Occupational Stress

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

Short Answer

1. What is probable cause?

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Policing and the Law

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

2. What protections are provided under the Fourth Amendment?

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Policing and the Law

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

3. What is needed to obtain a warrant?

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Policing and the Law

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

4. What is the Carroll doctrine?

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Automobile Searches

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

5. What is the rotten apple theory?

Learning Objective: 8-2: Identify the ethical challenges that police officers face as part of their job duties.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Why Does Corruption Occur?

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

6. What is racial profiling?

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss how actions by the police may involve the discriminatory treatment of certain groups in society.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Racial Profiling

Difficulty Level: Easy

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

7. What is excessive force? How common does it occur?

Learning Objective: 8-4: List the different types of force used by the police.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Use of Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

8. What are the five different types of force? Give an example of each.

Learning Objective: 8-4: List the different types of force used by the police.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

9. How can police establish legitimacy?

Learning Objective: 8-5: Describe how police departments establish legitimacy in a community.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Police Legitimacy

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

10. What are the major implications occupational stress has on the lives of police officers?

Learning Objective: 8-6: Identify sources of occupational stress for police officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Police Occupational Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

Essay

1. What is the background and significance of Miranda v. Arizona?

Learning Objective: 8-1: Discuss how the law has impacted the ways in which police carry out searches.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Miranda Warning

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

2. What is discretion and how can it be problematic?

Learning Objective: 8-2: Identify the ethical challenges that police officers face as part of their job duties.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Discretion

Difficulty Level: Hard

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

3. What are some strategies that are used to reduce racial profiling?

Learning Objective: 8-3: Discuss how actions by the police may involve the discriminatory treatment of certain groups in society.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Strategies to Reduce Racial Profiling

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

4. What is the difference between physical force and impact force? Provide one example of each.

Learning Objective: 8-4: List the different types of force used by the police.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.

5. What are the sources of occupational stress for police officers?

Learning Objective: 8-6: Identify sources of occupational stress for police officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Police Occupational Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

TOP: SAGE Course Outcome: Examine the development of policing organizations and strategies and the challenges faced by police.