Verified Test Bank Chapter 18 Foreign Policy

Chapter 18: Foreign Policy

Test Bank

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 01

1) The goal of foreign policy is

Feedback: conceptual

a. American military might.

b. national security, prosperity, and spreading American values.

c. the right of the United States to use force wherever necessary.

d. the use of international law to showcase American power.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 02

2) What percentage of the U.S. federal budget was spent on defense in 2019?

Feedback: factual

a. 42 percent

b. 74 percent

c. 50 percent

d. 38 percent

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 03

3) Which is the correct ranking of the top four countries in terms of economic performance?

Feedback: factual

a. Germany, Russia, United States, and Japan

b. United States, Japan, China, and Germany

c. United States, China, Japan, and Germany

d. Russia, United States, Japan, and Germany

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 04

4) The idea of protecting important national values from external threats relates to

Feedback: conceptual

a. national security.

b. economic hegemony.

c. the role of détente.

d. guarded diplomacy.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 05

5) U.S. national security threats include which of the following?

Feedback: factual

a. Climate change

b. Terrorism

c. Health pandemics

d. All of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 06

6) A realist would be most likely to focus on

Feedback: applied

a. climate change.

b. nuclear development in Iran.

c. health pandemics.

d. unfair trade practices.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 07

7) Which of the following is true?

Feedback: factual

a. The United States spends as much on armed forces as the other top six nations combined.

b. The United States spends less on armed forces than most other developed countries in the world.

c. The United States spends about the same amount on armed forces as other developed countries in the world.

d. The United States spends as much on armed forces as Russia and China combined.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 08

8) The United States accounts for roughly _______ percent of all military spending in the world.

Feedback: factual

a. 35

b. 45

c. 15

d. 25

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 09

9) The reason the United States spends so much on the military relates to the theory of

Feedback: conceptual

a. diplomacy.

b. détente.

c. primacy.

d. neoliberalism.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 10

10) The theory of primacy states that

Feedback: conceptual

a. global peace can be achieved through economic interdependence.

b. the United States should maintain an unrivaled military.

c. economic sanctions are the best way to control rogue nations.

d. international order should be maintained by the United Nations.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 11

11) A problem caused by the use of military force is known as

Feedback: factual

a. a security trap.

b. negative involvement.

c. military negativity.

d. primacy.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 12

12) Which is an example of a security trap?

Feedback: applied

a. U.S.-Israel relations

b. The U.S. experience in Iraq

c. U.S.-British relations

d. U.S. condemnation of terrorist attacks in the Middle East

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 13

13) Unforeseen events produced by military intervention in foreign countries are known as

Feedback: applied

a. security casualties.

b. diplomatic errors.

c. boomerang effects.

d. security traps.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 14

14) Military primacy costs the United States approximately _______ per year.

Feedback: factual

a. $10 trillion

b. $5 trillion

c. $1 trillion

d. $0.5 trillion

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 15

15) Maintaining an unrivaled military force that can overwhelm an enemy is an element of

Feedback: factual

a. primacy.

b. liberalism.

c. realism.

d. soft power.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 16

16) A country that strengthens its global position through culture and commerce is using

Feedback: conceptual

a. hard power.

b. soft power.

c. economic realism.

d. neorealism.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 17

17) The government agency most likely to be involved in diplomacy is the

Feedback: applied

a. Department of Defense.

b. State Department.

c. Central Intelligence Agency.

d. Department of Homeland Security.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 18

18) Which of the following is true?

Feedback: factual

a. The United States is the largest foreign aid donor in the world.

b. The United States spends more than 10 percent of its gross national income on foreign aid.

c. The United States spends 1 percent of its gross national income on foreign aid.

d. The United States spends 5 percent of its gross national income on foreign aid.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 19

19) The United States spends _______ of its gross national income on foreign aid.

Feedback: factual

a. 5 percent

b. 2 percent

c. 1 percent

d. less than 1 percent

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 20

20) The free movement of goods and services across national borders without government interference is known as

Feedback: conceptual

a. capitalism.

b. free trade.

c. protectionism.

d. GATT.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 21

21) Tariffs are a form of

Feedback: applied

a. protectionism.

b. free trade.

c. GATT.

d. globalization.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 22

22) Protecting local business from foreign competition is known as

Feedback: conceptual

a. fair trade.

b. free trade.

c. protectionism.

d. unilateralism.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 23

23) President Clinton used political capital to push which multilateral agreement through Congress?

Feedback: factual

a. GATT

b. WTO

c. OAS

d. NAFTA

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 24

24) The economic organization that oversees international trade rules is the

Feedback: factual

a. World Treaty Organization.

b. World Trade Organization.

c. World Enterprise Organization.

d. World Free Trade Organization.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 25

25) Selling and buying goods from other countries without imposition of tariffs is

Feedback: applied

a. protectionism.

b. globalism.

c. free trade.

d. realism.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 26

26) NAFTA was a multilateral free trade agreement among

Feedback: factual

a. Canada, the United States, and Russia.

b. Canada, the United States, and Mexico.

c. China, Mexico, and the United States.

d. Canada, Brazil, and the United States.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 27

27) The practice of promoting free trade and worker protection is known as

Feedback: conceptual

a. unilateralism.

b. free trade.

c. fair trade.

d. protectionism.

Title: Chapter 06 Question 28

28) The United States and Canada produce about what percentage of the U.S. energy supply?

Feedback: factual

a. 40 percent

b. 72 percent

c. 80 percent

d. 100 percent

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 29

29) The United States consumes approximately _______ of oil per day.

Feedback: factual

a. 20 million barrels

b. 20 million gallons

c. 200 million barrels

d. 25 million gallons

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 30

30) _______ contains 60 percent of global oil supplies.

Feedback: factual

a. The Middle East

b. The Near East

c. China

d. Africa

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 31

31) Refusing to buy goods or services from a country is called

Feedback: applied

a. a boycott.

b. an embargo.

c. divestment.

d. an asset freeze.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 32

32) Restricting the flow of trade into a country is called

Feedback: applied

a. an embargo.

b. a boycott.

c. divestment.

d. rapprochement.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 33

33) _______ results when a country buys more products from other countries than it exports to them.

Feedback: conceptual

a. A trade deficit

b. A net deficit

c. An account deficit

d. A balance of payment

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 34

34) One of the central economic concerns facing the United States is that it has

Feedback: conceptual

a. developed too many free trade agreements.

b. failed to invest in its infrastructure.

c. failed to promote civil rights.

d. been too supportive of dictatorships.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 35

35) The idea that the United States has a special obligation to spread democracy and freedom to other nations is known as

Feedback: conceptual

a. the American mission.

b. American exceptionalism.

c. the American cause.

d. American imperialism.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 36

36) The ultimate source of power on the world stage is

Feedback: factual

a. military strength.

b. diplomacy.

c. economic strength.

d. political power.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 37

37) Avoiding intervention in foreign wars is based on the concept of

Feedback: conceptual

a. unilateralism.

b. isolationism.

c. moral idealism.

d. political realism.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 38

38) The United States has shifted its foreign policy perspective from

Feedback: applied

a. interventionism to isolationism.

b. isolationism to internationalism.

c. unilateralism to interventionism.

d. isolationism to multilateralism.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 39

39) The belief that national interests are best served by actively engaging and working with others is known as

Feedback: conceptual

a. internationalism.

b. interventionism.

c. unilateralism.

d. isolationism.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 40

40) The 1798 conflict with the French and the Barbary War cast doubt on whether the early United States actually practiced

Feedback: applied

a. interventionism.

b. isolationism.

c. unilateralism.

d. internationalism.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 41

41) Refraining from peacetime alliances is a form of

Feedback: applied

a. exceptionalism.

b. interventionism.

c. internationalism.

d. unilateralism.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 42

42) The principle of working with other nations to achieve common goals is known as

Feedback: conceptual

a. multilateralism.

b. unilateralism.

c. interventionism.

d. internationalism.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 43

43) According to the authors, only _______ can defeat terrorism, climate change, and other global uncertainties.

Feedback: applied

a. isolationism

b. international cooperation

c. unilateralism

d. moral idealism

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 44

44) According to George Washington, the United States had a special role in the world to

Feedback: factual

a. champion liberty.

b. overthrow monarchies.

c. eliminate colonialism.

d. write constitutions for others.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 45

45) The _______ was based on the doctrine of preemption.

Feedback: conceptual

a. Carter Doctrine

b. Powell Doctrine

c. Bush Doctrine

d. Obama Doctrine

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 46

46) People who emphasize American values in foreign affairs are called

Feedback: conceptual

a. Hamiltonians.

b. Wilsonians.

c. Jacksonians.

d. Jeffersonians.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 47

47) People who emphasize the use of overwhelming force to fight evil are called

Feedback: conceptual

a. Hamiltonians.

b. neoconservatives.

c. Jeffersonians.

d. Jacksonians.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 48

48) People who emphasize the goal of American prosperity in foreign affairs are called

Feedback: conceptual

a. Wilsonians.

b. Jeffersonians.

c. Jacksonians.

d. Hamiltonians.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 49

49) People who emphasize the role of freedom and democracy at home are called

Feedback: conceptual

a. Hamiltonians.

b. Jeffersonians.

c. Wilsonians.

d. Jacksonians.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 50

50) People who emphasize that the United States should focus on its own security concerns are called

Feedback: conceptual

a. Wilsonians.

b. Hamiltonians.

c. Jeffersonians.

d. Jacksonians.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 51

51) Which institution has the power to declare war?

Feedback: factual

a. The president

b. The Department of Defense

c. Congress

d. The Central Intelligence Agency

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 52

52) Which is true of the Vietnam and Korean Wars?

Feedback: applied

a. Congress declared war in both instances.

b. Congress did not declare war in either instance.

c. Congress declared war only on Vietnam.

d. Congress declared war only on Korea.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 53

53) The Constitution requires the Senate to ratify treaties with a _______ vote.

Feedback: factual

a. one-third

b. two-thirds

c. three-fourths

d. simple majority

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 54

54) Congress sought to check presidential foreign military engagements by passing the

Feedback: conceptual

a. War Powers Act.

b. Nuclear Reduction Act.

c. Strategic Arms Act.

d. Presidential Powers Act.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 55

55) A president can avoid the need for Senate confirmation of an international treaty by issuing an

Feedback: applied

a. executive order.

b. executive agreement.

c. executive pardon.

d. executive privilege.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 56

56) The first cabinet agency established under the Constitution was

Feedback: factual

a. the Department of Defense.

b. the State Department.

c. the Department of Commerce.

d. the Department of the Treasury.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 57

57) A government employee engaged in official diplomatic business is most likely working for which cabinet agency?

Feedback: applied

a. Department of Defense

b. Department of Transportation

c. Department of State

d. Department of Homeland Security

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 58

58) A problem with the Department of State is that

Feedback: conceptual

a. there are too many embassies.

b. it is chronically underfunded.

c. it is too involved in partisan politics.

d. not enough of its employees know foreign languages.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 59

59) The largest governmental organization and biggest employer in the United States is the

Feedback: factual

a. U.S. Postal Service.

b. Department of Commerce.

c. Department of Defense.

d. Department of Homeland Security.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 60

60) The principal agency responsible for foreign intelligence is the

Feedback: factual

a. Central Intelligence Agency.

b. Department of Defense.

c. Department of State.

d. Department of Homeland Security.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 61

61) Which of the following is true about the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps?

Feedback: applied

a. They have the same age recruitment requirements.

b. They all perform amphibious missions.

c. They have equal numbers of personnel.

d. They have different strategies for accomplishing goals.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 62

62) A bureaucratic breakdown between _______ helped the 9/11 terrorists slip through American defenses.

Feedback: applied

a. military agencies

b. Congress and the president

c. intelligence agencies

d. cabinet secretaries

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 63

63) An agency that is part of the Executive Office of the President and is responsible for advising the president on foreign affairs is the

Feedback: factual

a. National Security Council.

b. National State Council.

c. Defense Intelligence Council.

d. Foreign Intelligence Council.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 64

64) A policy conference featuring the secretaries of state and defense, the president, the vice president, and the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff would most likely be held by the

Feedback: applied

a. Department of Homeland Security.

b. National Security Council.

c. Defense Intelligence Agency.

d. Department of Military Intelligence.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 65

65) Foreign policy stalemates can always be broken by the

Feedback: applied

a. secretary of defense.

b. president.

c. vice president.

d. chief of staff.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 66

66) The way a president sees and interprets the world is part of his

Feedback: applied

a. military outlook.

b. grand strategy.

c. world strategy.

d. foreign policy initiative.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 67

67) An overarching vision that defines and guides a nation’s foreign policy is known as a

Feedback: conceptual

a. moral strategy.

b. security dilemma.

c. grand strategy.

d. military strategy.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 68

68) The collective security organization that was created after World War I was the

Feedback: factual

a. League of Nations.

b. United Nations.

c. General Security Assembly.

d. World Peace Organization.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 69

69) Congress did not ratify the League of Nations because members of Congress objected to the principle of

Feedback: conceptual

a. unilateralism.

b. multilateralism.

c. realism.

d. liberalism.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 70

70) When, after World War I, the United States sent troops to Russia, Mexico, and Panama, the actions were based on the principle of

Feedback: applied

a. unilateralism.

b. multilateralism.

c. economic idealism.

d. political universalism.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 71

71) The U.S. isolationist policy came to a formal end with

Feedback: applied

a. the 9/11 terror attacks.

b. the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

c. the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor.

d. the Vietnam conflict.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 72

72) By the end of World War II, the only powerful nation remaining besides the United States was

Feedback: factual

a. England.

b. France.

c. Canada.

d. the Soviet Union.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 73

73) U.S. foreign policy after World War II was based on the principle of

Feedback: conceptual

a. unilateralism.

b. capitalism.

c. liberalism.

d. containment.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 74

74) Containment was based on

Feedback: conceptual

a. creating harmonious relations between nations.

b. advancing socialist agendas.

c. stopping the spread of communism.

d. allowing more free trade globally.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 75

75) Main measures to thwart the spread of communism included

Feedback: applied

a. introducing democracy and capitalism to other countries.

b. using multilateral organizations.

c. negotiating with communist leaders.

d. introducing democracy and capitalism, and using multilateral organizations.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 76

76) Which of the following places the establishment of multilateral organizations in the correct order?

Feedback: factual

a. North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organization of American States, United Nations

b. United Nations, Organization of American States, North Atlantic Treaty Organization

c. United Nations, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organization of American States

d. Organization of American States, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, United Nations

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 77

77) “The Evil Empire” was a Cold War term meant to stigmatize

Feedback: factual

a. Mexico.

b. Iran.

c. the Soviet Union.

d. Iraq.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 78

78) The term New World Order meant

Feedback: conceptual

a. a multilateral approach toward free markets.

b. the threat by the United States to use nuclear weapons.

c. the use of new computer technologies to track international threats.

d. the idea that no country could challenge the United States economically.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 79

79) At the end of the Cold War, some policy voices suggested a return to _______ foreign policy.

Feedback: applied

a. hawkish

b. isolationist

c. humanitarian

d. interventionist

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 80

80) Post-9/11 foreign policy has been based on the concept of

Feedback: conceptual

a. a war on terror.

b. multilateralism.

c. free trade principles.

d. détente.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 81

81) According to Senator Vandenberg, American party politics stop at

Feedback: applied

a. the White House .

b. the water’s edge.

c. Congress.

d. the Constitution.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 82

82) During the Cold War, the United States operated on the theory of

Feedback: conceptual

a. rapprochement.

b. détente.

c. multilateralism.

d. deterrence.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 83

83) Deterrence theory led to _______ in military spending.

Feedback: applied

a. an increase

b. a large decrease

c. no change

d. a slight decrease

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 84

84) The idea that “we would attack them before they could strike us” was a cornerstone of

Feedback: applied

a. the Bush Doctrine.

b. the Reagan Doctrine.

c. the Carter Doctrine.

d. the Monroe Doctrine.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 85

85) A symbol of the Cold War, torn down in 1989, was the

Feedback: factual

a. Moscow Wall.

b. Berlin Wall.

c. Iron Curtain.

d. Berlin Line.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 86

86) The president who challenged Gorbachev to “tear down this wall” was

Feedback: factual

a. George W. Bush.

b. Bill Clinton.

c. Ronald Reagan.

d. Richard Nixon.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 87

87) In the context of the New World Order, the neoconservatives argued that if allies did not want to get on board, they should

Feedback: factual

a. defend themselves.

b. join the enemy.

c. dismantle their military.

d. get out of our way.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 88

88) George W. Bush labeled the aftermath of 9/11 a “war on terror” because he

Feedback: factual

a. did not want to involve the American justice system.

b. thought it sounded more aggressive.

c. thought it polled well.

d. wanted to declare a war.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 89

89) The war on terror targeted

Feedback: factual

a. terrorists.

b. organizations that assisted terrorists.

c. nations that harbored terrorists.

d. terrorists, organizations that assisted terrorists, and nations that harbored terrorists.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 90

90) During the Cold War, deterrence was aimed at

Feedback: factual

a. terrorists.

b. other governments.

c. organizations.

d. specific groups.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 91

91) The cabinet post created after 9/11 was the

Feedback: factual

a. Department of Defense.

b. Department of Terrorism.

c. Department of Homeland Security.

d. Department of Security.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 92

92) The president who stopped using the term “war on terror” was

Feedback: factual

a. George W. Bush.

b. Bill Clinton.

c. Donald Trump.

d. Barak Obama.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 93

93) How many grand strategies did the United States have in the twentieth century?

Feedback: factual

a. Four

b. Six

c. Eight

d. Ten

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 94

94) Which is the grand strategy today?

Feedback: applied

a. Isolationism is the current grand strategy.

b. Multiculturalism is the current grand strategy.

c. Globalization is the current grand strategy.

d. There is no current grand strategy.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 95

95) The United States is responsible for a _______ of the world economy.

Feedback: factual

a. third

b. fifth

c. tenth

d. fifteenth

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 96

96) The nearest economic rival to the United States is

Feedback: factual

a. India.

b. Russia.

c. China.

d. Mexico.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 97

97) U.S. economic policy generally revolves around

Feedback: factual

a. military strength.

b. fair trade.

c. open trade.

d. free trade.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 98

98) The lead in international affairs is

Feedback: factual

a. the president.

b. Congress.

c. the judiciary.

d. the bureaucracy.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 99

99) Foreign policy is understood in light of

Feedback: factual

a. military strength.

b. domestic policy.

c. international affairs.

d. United Nations mandates.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 06 Question 100

100) American leaders champion free trade until they run into

Feedback: factual

a. stronger nations.

b. stronger militaries.

c. powerful interests.

d. weak presidents.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 101

101) What is foreign policy?

Feedback:

Foreign policy defines American relations with external nations, groups, and problems.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 102

102) Compare foreign policy expenditures in 1960 and 2017.

Feedback:

Percentage of U.S. federal budget spent on defense was 52 percent in 1960.

Percentage of U.S. federal budget spent on defense was 15.2 percent in 2020.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 103

103) How are the doctrine of primacy and the idea of a security trap interrelated?

Feedback:

Doctrine of primacy holds that the United States should maintain an unrivaled military.

Security trap is the idea that using military force creates unique, unforeseen problems.

Doctrine of primacy could create security traps.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 104

104) What is the difference between hard and soft power?

Feedback:

Hard power refers to military operations.

Soft power focuses on culture and values.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 105

105) What is the paradox about U.S. foreign aid?

Feedback:

The United States is largest foreign aid donor in the world.

Spends less than one-half of one percent of gross national income on foreign aid.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 106

106) What is the first goal of American foreign policy?

Feedback:

National security through use of primacy.

National security through diplomacy and soft power.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 107

107) What is the difference between free trade and protectionism?

Feedback:

Free trade is the movement of goods and services over international boundaries with no government interference.

Protectionism involves government efforts to protect domestic businesses from foreign competition.

Use of subsidies.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 108

108) What is the international organization that monitors free trade?

Feedback:

World Trade Organization.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 109

109) What is NAFTA?

Feedback:

North American Free Trade Agreement.

Signatories are the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

Protect local industries.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 110

110) What is fair trade?

Feedback:

Free trade.

Focus on environmental and labor protection of indigenous groups.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 111

111) How does oil affect foreign policy?

Feedback:

United States consumes 20 million barrels a day.

Agreements based on energy concerns.

Wars based on oil.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 112

112) What economic sanctions can be imposed on hostile countries?

Feedback:

Boycott.

Divestment.

Asset freeze.

Embargo.

Withholding of foreign aid.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 113

113) What is meant by a trade deficit and has the United States ever had a trade deficit?

Feedback:

A country imports more than it exports.

United States has had a trade deficit every year since 1975.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 114

114) What is American exceptionalism?

Feedback:

Philosophy that the United States plays a unique role in the world.

Focus is to promote democratic values globally.

Unclear whether just a myth, but powerful concept.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 115

115) What is the difference between isolationism and internationalism?

Feedback:

Isolationism, thought to be original cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy, holds that a nation should avoid foreign policy commitments and alliances and withdraw from world affairs

Internationalism focuses on active global engagement.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 116

116) Why do some people argue that the United States was never really isolationist?

Feedback:

1798 battle with the French.

1800 Barbary Wars.

American forces entered Mexico five times between 1836 and 1848.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 117

117) What is the difference between unilateralism and multilateralism?

Feedback:

Unilateralism is acting independently of other nations.

Multilateralism is working with other nations to achieve goals.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 118

118) What is the Bush Doctrine?

Feedback:

Doctrine of preemption.

Used after 9/11 to invade Iraq.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 119

119) What is the War Powers Act?

Feedback:

Congress’s attempt to limit authority of president to conduct foreign policy.

Created in 1973.

President cannot keep troops in harm’s way for more than sixty days without congressional approval.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 120

120) How do the foreign policy philosophies of the Department of Defense and the Department of State differ?

Feedback:

Department of Defense more likely to engage in primacy.

Department of State addresses international problems diplomatically.

This difference led to a conflict in the 2003 Iraq War.

Department of Defense did not use Department of State's Future of Iraq Project report.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 121

121) What is the National Security Council?

Feedback:

Central foreign policy group.

Consists of president; vice president; secretaries of state, defense, and homeland security; Director of National Intelligence; and head of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (as well as others that the president may name).

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 122

122) What is meant by the grand strategy?

Feedback:

An overarching vision that defines and guides nation’s foreign policy.

Standing Alone (1918–1939).

The Cold War (1945–1991).

New World Order (1989–2001).

War on Terror (2001–2009).

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 123

123) What is meant by a preemptive war?

Feedback:

Bush Doctrine.

Principle of attacking perceived threat before it strikes United States.

Rationale for invading Iraq.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 124

124) What was the preeminent Cold War theory of conflict resolution?

Feedback:

Deterrence.

Build powerful military.

Use of nuclear capability.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 125

125) Why was it so hard for the Obama administration to create a new grand strategy?

Feedback:

Terrorism still exists.

Many intense international concerns remain.

Conservative and liberals are split over the issue.

Some policy makers favor unilateralism (stand-alone strategy).

Other policy makers favor multilateralism, which means international efforts to promote economic cooperation and democracy.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 126

126) Why was the strategy following the attacks of 9/11 called a “war on terror” by President George W. Bush?

Feedback:

Did not define attacks as a crime; would have brought in the American justice system.

Attacks were declared an act of war and Bush responded with “war on terror.”

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 127

127) Who did the war on terror target?

Feedback:

Terrorists.

Nations that harbored terrorists.

Organizations that assisted terrorists.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 128

128) Why does deterrence not work for extremists?

Feedback:

Aimed at nations, not groups or individuals

Extremists willing to sacrifice lives for a cause.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 129

129) What methods have proved ineffective in responding to terrorists? What methods have proved effective?

Feedback:

Ineffective: conventional warfare, invading a country.

Effective: gathering intelligence, punishing criminal behavior.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 130

130) What new acts came out of the terrorist attacks on 9/11 and what were the results of these acts?

Feedback:

Homeland Security Act: created department of Homeland Security, cabinet post.

USA Patriot Act: gave policy and security personnel more latitude to monitor, search, and detain suspects at home and abroad.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 131

131) What is U.S. foreign policy, and what are four twenty-first century threats to U.S. national security interests?

Feedback:

Foreign policy defines American relations with external nations, groups, and problems.

Hostile nations.

International terrorism.

Climate change.

Health pandemics.

Cyberwarfare.

Drug trade.

Modern pirates.

Economic meltdowns.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 132

132) Should the United States scale back the military?

Feedback:

Military has higher public approval rating than any other institution.

Primacy—maintaining unrivaled military—is the central approach.

But many foreign interventions have led to security traps or boomerang effects.

Key examples are the Vietnam War and the recent war on terror in the Middle East.

Primacy military costs close to a trillion dollars a year.

Too much military focus undermines concept of building democracy.

Tutelary role—militaries take over country but are not ready to run civil society.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 133

133) What is the difference between hard and soft power?

Feedback:

Hard power correlates to primacy theory.

Soft power is more concerned with preserving the American state through economic cooperation and diplomacy.

Cultural imperialism can occur with deluge of U.S. stores and businesses in foreign countries.

United States is the largest foreign aid donor in the world but spends less than one-half of one percent of gross national income on foreign aid.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 134

134) How can U.S. foreign policy achieve its goal of prosperity?

Feedback:

Free trade—goods and services moving across international boundaries without government interference.

Supported by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

Later supported by the World Trade Organization.

Fair trade—environmental and labor protections in agreements so that nations do not get unfair advantages by exploiting workers or harming the environment.

Another school of thought is protectionism: use nontariff barriers, such as subsidies, to protect domestic industries.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 135

135) What security concern involves foreign oil?

Feedback:

United States consumes 20 million barrels of oil a day.

United States has fought three major wars in the Middle East, which has an estimated 60 percent of the world’s oil reserves.

Saudi Arabia and Iraq export 1.5 million barrels of oil a day to the United States.

More than half of U.S. oil comes from foreign nations.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 136

136) What are five types of economic weapons that can be used against rogue nations?

Feedback:

Boycotts—refusal to buy goods or services from a country.

Divestment—refusal to invest in a country.

Freezing of assets—seizure of foreign bank accounts and other assets located in the United States.

Withholding of foreign aid.

Economic embargoes—restricting flow of trade into a country.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 137

137) What is American exceptionalism, and how does it relate to the foreign policy goal of spreading American values?

Feedback:

Directly relates to this goal.

The United States plays a unique role in world affairs.

Destined to spread values of liberty and equality globally.

Empirical terms to support this thesis used by President George W. Bush: "war against terror" and reference to rogue states as "Axis of Evil."

Critics argue that United States uses language of values to pursue self-interest.

Supporters claim American values still inspire people around the world.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 138

138) What was the major shift in U.S. foreign policy, and when did it occur?

Feedback:

Prior to the early twentieth century, the United States often tended to favor isolationist policies.

Isolationism held that a nation should not interfere in other nations’ affairs and should avoid all foreign commitments and alliances.

Internationalism is the belief that national interests are best served by actively engaging and working with other nations.

Although the United States entered World War I, isolationism returned shortly afterward.

The shift to internationalism occurred with the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor and the U.S. entry into World War II.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 139

139) What are the competing foreign policy perspectives today?

Feedback:

Unilateralism—going it alone.

Multilateralism—working with other countries to achieve goals.

Security by preemption—use of the Bush Doctrine, an international strategy to achieve security goals by preemption and unilateralism.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 140

140) How can we evaluate the unilateralism-multilateralism debate?

Feedback:

Wilsonians believe that American values ought to be the nation’s first goal.

Neoconservatives are a subgroup of Wilsonians who stress military options to solve international conflicts.

Hamiltonians believe foreign policy should focus on prosperity.

Jeffersonians focus on freedom and democracy at home.

Jacksonians believe that the country should focus on its own security and well-being.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 141

141) Who makes foreign policy?

Feedback:

Congress can declare war.

Tried to limit executive power in foreign policy by passing the War Powers Act, designed to stop U.S. involvement in undeclared wars.

President negotiates treaties.

President decides when to intervene in a foreign country.

State Department uses diplomacy in foreign policy.

Department of Defense uses military options.

Intelligence community: Central Intelligence Agency is principal foreign-intelligence agency.

National Security Council is the official foreign policy decision-making body.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 142

142) Describe strategy 1: standing alone (1918–1939).

Feedback:

Reflects unilateralist approach.

United States rejects multilateralism and League of Nations.

United States would intervene only when its own interests were threatened.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 143

143) Describe strategy 2: the Cold War (1945–1991).

Feedback:

Reflects end of unilateralism and isolationist ideas.

At end of World War II, only the Soviet Union had as much power as the United States.

Fear of communism.

Use of containment policy—designed to stop the spread of communism.

Use of deterrence theory.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 144

144) How did multilateralism play a role during the period of strategy 2?

Feedback:

Very important role.

United Nations was created (1946).

Several other international organizations were created as well.

Organization of American States.

North American Treaty Organization.

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 145

145) Describe strategy 3: the New World Order (1989–2001).

Feedback:

Signals the end of the Cold War.

Focus on multilateral approach toward free markets and democracy.

More of the Jeffersonian approach.

Isolationist ideology made a comeback as well.

This ended with the 9/11 terror attacks.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 146

146) Describe strategy 4: the War on Terror (2001–2009)?

Feedback:

Use of the doctrine of preemption, or Bush Doctrine.

Considered controversial because it allowed the United States to intervene wherever it saw a threat.

Created a split in the United States—some saw the doctrine of preemption as a means to protect national security, while others felt that unilateral action presented too many risks.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 147

147) What would you call the current era of foreign policy? Who are the important actors?

Feedback:

Answers will vary.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 148

148) Discuss the intelligence community. How many agencies are involved? How do they work together?

Feedback:

More than fifteen different agencies.

Gather information from around the world.

Best known: Central Intelligence Agency.

Agencies do not work well together.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 18 Question 149

149) Discuss the National Security Council.

Feedback:

Part of the Executive Office of the President.

Advises president.

Includes president; vice president; secretaries of state, defense, homeland security; Director of National Intelligence; head of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.