Chapter 12: Duty and Principle

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. For famed philosopher Emmanuel Kant, morality depends upon ______.

a. the consequences

b. intuitive understanding

c. following absolute rules

d. following God’s will

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Duty and Principle

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. The central question for a Kantian is ______.

a. how ought I to live?

b. what ought I to do?

c. what is the “good”?

d. what is the meaning of life?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Duty and Principle

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. For Kant, motive is essential, and actions possess moral worth only if they are

performed in accordance with the ______ imperative and out of the motive of duty.

a. categorical

b. moral

c. ethical

d. rational

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Duty and Principle

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Kant argued that we ought not only to do what’s right, but ______.

a. we ought not harm others as we do it

b. to be aware of the consequences of our actions

c. to ensure that we act with a good moral character

d. to do it for the right reason or motive

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Duty and Principle

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. According to Kant, ______.

a. we do what is right because it is right and it is right because it is our duty

b. a moral action is right because it will result in happiness

c. deontology is similar to utilitarianism because it includes a focus on the personal

welfare

d. we do what is right because it is right and it is right because if give us “good feelings”

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Duty and Principle

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Kant’s philosophy means that morality should be based on the concepts of ______.

a. duty

b. obligation

c. rationality

d. all of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Duty and Principle

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Morality requires that we act as a fully ______ being would act.

a. justified

b. moral

c. rational

d. emotional

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Duty and Principle

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. For Kant, moral action is done from a respect for ______.

a. inclination

b. duty

c. desire

d. summun bonum

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Duty and Principle

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. For Kant, any action is moral if it is ______.

a. sincerely motivated by a sense of duty.

b. rational given the personal interests of the actor

c. results in greater social good

d. consistent with the general will

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Duty and Principle

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Of Kant’s two types of people who help others, the first type helps ______.

a. for the sake of duty alone

b. for the sake of a categorical imperative

c. without motives of vanity or self-interest

d. all of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Duty and Principle

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Of Kant’s two types of people who help others, the second type helps ______.

a. for the sake of duty alone

b. for the sake of a categorical imperative

c. without motives of vanity or self-interest

d. all of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Duty and Principle

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. In Kant’s version of ______, there are some actions we must perform (p. 342).

a. ethics

b. justice

c. vanity

d. morality

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Duty and Principle

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Moral obligations do not depend on particular desires, but are ______.

a. ethical

b. hypothetical

c. categorical

d. contingent

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hypothetical and Categorical Imperatives

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Kant termed his absolute moral rules ______ imperatives.

a. hypothetical

b. relative

c. contingent

d. categorical

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hypothetical and Categorical Imperatives

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. The ______ imperative would state that you ought to help people if you care for

them or if you have some other purpose that might be served by helping them.

a. categorical

b. hypothetical

c. ethical

d. moral

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hypothetical and Categorical Imperatives

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Through the categorical imperative, a Kantian asks whether he or she would be

willing to ______ the rule, in which case it is morally permissible.

a. obey

b. disobey

c. justify

d. universalize

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hypothetical and Categorical Imperatives | The Principle of

Universality

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. What is a personal or subjective plan of action, incorporating the agent’s reasons for

acting as well as a sufficient indication of what act the reasons call for?

a. morality

b. imperative

c. maxim

d. principle

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Principle of Universality

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Maxim includes ______.

a. principle

b. hypotheticals

c. motive

d. both principle and motive

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Principle of Universality

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Which of the following is an example of a maxim?

a. Always be loyal to your friends.

b. Always watch out for number one.

c. Don’t act in a way that will shame your parents.

d. all of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Principle of Universality

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. The ______ of the act means that rule you would be following if you were to do that

act.

a. morality

b. maxim

c. reasoning

d. determination

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Principle of Universality

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Significant literature has developed as followers of Kant have constructed devices to

make the formula work as a/an ______.

a. justification

b. rule

c. action guide

d. anterior motive

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Principle of Universality

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. If to follow a proposed categorical imperative is ______, then it is not morally

permissible.

a. illegal

b. self-defeating

c. immoral

d. vague

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Principle of Universality

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Kant argues that the categorical imperative binds rational agents because they are

______.

a. rational

b. irrational

c. required by duty to do so

d. reflective of a positive outcome

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Principle of Universality

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Kant assumed that immoral/unethical acts were always also ______.

a. acts that resulted in more harm than good

b. irrational

c. violations of religious tenets

d. violations of the principle of non-deontology

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Principle of Universality

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Kant proposed that the rule against lying is a ______.

a. categorical imperative

b. hypothetical imperative

c. ethical imperative

d. moral imperative

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Principle of Universality

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. One should never lie because if lying became a ______, all relations based on trust

and honoring promises would become unworkable.

a. moral

b. justification

c. principle

d. universal law

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Principle of Universality

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. One form of Kant’s categorical imperative is based on the principle of universality,

while the second version is based on ______.

a. the Golden Rule

b. the “no-harm” principle

c. respect for persons

d. respect for self

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Respect for All Persons

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Kant assumed that, at least in general, human beings are ______.

a. capable of rational behavior and worthy of respect

b. highly emotional and not responsible for acts motivated by emotion

c. irrational and in need of strictly enforced and detailed rules of conduct

d. incapable of resolving moral dilemmas

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Respect for All Persons

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. According to Kant, if we treat others not as ends in themselves, but as means to an

end, then we ______.

a. disregard their humanity

b. violate the hypothetical imperative

c. will never achieve just ends

d. will best achieve just ends

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Respect for All Persons

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. Which theory of punishment, if the only one utilized, is the most inconsistent with

Kant’s theory of not using other people as means to an end?

a. Retribution

b. Rehabilitation

c. General deterrence

d. Just desserts

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Respect for All Persons

Difficulty Level: Hard

31. In Kant’s view, human beings have a/an ______ worth or dignity that is not enjoyed

by other animals.

a. extrinsic

b. intrinsic

c. moral

d. categorical

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Respect for All Persons

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. Kant thought humans had intrinsic worth and dignity because they are ______

agents.

a. animalistic

b. juvenile

c. living

d. rational

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Respect for All Persons

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Kant argued that the moral law is an expression of the law of ______, and therefore

rationale human beings embody the moral law itself.

a. respect

b. reason

c. just ends

d. universality

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Respect for All Persons

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. Kant argued that the ______ is an expression of the law of reason.

a. hypothetical imperative

b. categorical imperative

c. rational law

d. moral law

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Respect for All Persons

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. As an example of Kant’s second categorical imperative, Hinman (1998) describes

research done in the 1930s on the long-term effects of ______.

a. syphilis

b. depression

c. marijuana

d. all of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Respect for All Persons

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. When applied to the criminal justice system, Kant’s theory requires that we ______.

a. place the interests of the victim above those of the offender

b. always treat all offenders with dignity and respect even when they are punished

c. analyze the duties the offender was trying to carry out

d. try to obtain the best outcome for both the offender and society

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Respect for All Persons

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Hill (2000), following Kant, argues that use of force in self-defense against opposing

force ______.

a. shows a lack of human respect for the attacker

b. is a selfish, immoral act

c. violates Kant’s second categorical imperative

d. is moral, and a right and responsibility

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Respect for All Persons

Difficulty Level: Hard

38. In the third categorical imperative the emphasis is that when we act morally we fully

choose our own moral decisions as ______.

a. justified individuals

b. autonomous moral agents

c. thinking beings

d. justified moral agents

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Kingdom of Ends

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. According to Kant, we should not allow our choices to be made for us by anyone

else because we would be compromised by our ______.

a. morality

b. determination

c. autonomy

d. rationality

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Kingdom of Ends

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. Kant’s third or “Kingdom of Ends” categorical imperative means that ______.

a. we should follow divine commands

b. we should only act where others will follow by our example

c. we should rely upon reason, tempered by religious conviction

d. we cannot rely upon society, government, or religious leaders to tell us what our

moral decisions should be

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Kingdom of Ends

Difficulty Level: Hard

41. Kant’s emphasis on absolute moral rules does not provide a means of ______.

a. resolving moral dilemmas

b. encouraging moral behavior

c. educating others as to what ought to be done

d. limiting immoral behavior

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Kingdom of Ends

Difficulty Level: Medium

42. One possible problem within Kant’s theory is the conflict ______.

a. between hypothetical and categorical maxims

b. between reason and emotion

c. between two applicable categorical imperatives when one must act

d. between absolute rules and categorical imperatives

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conflicting Duties

Difficulty Level: Medium

43. One way of dealing with conflicting duties is to ______.

a. ask for help in solving the ethical dilemma

b. argue that moral rules should be treated as generalizations

c. test each option against each of the maxims

d. always opt for the duty that provides the best consequences

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Conflicting Duties

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. Kant argues that we have a prima facie duty to ______.

a. help others

b. keep promises

c. repay past acts of kindness

d. all of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conflicting Duties

Difficulty Level: Medium

45. As Hill (2000) points out, in Kantian moral theory, strict ______ are conceptually impossible.

a. moral dilemmas

b. ethical judgments

c. deontological issues

d. utilitarian dilemmas

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conflicting Duties

Difficulty Level: Medium

46. In the example of “Rough Justice in a Juvenile Institution,” Joe will use a ______ approach to resolving the dilemma of what to do after seeing Darren force a juvenile to eat from bowl on the floor.

a. amoral

b. deontological

c. utilitarian

d. teleological

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension | Application

Answer Location: Applying Deontological Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

47. What is the fourth criteria used when applying a deontological evaluation to an ethical dilemma?

a. Determine the intention of the act.

b. Determine the duties involved in the situation.

c. Determine whether the duties conflict.

d. Determine whether the act will use any person as a means to an end.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Closer Look: Applying Deontology

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. What is the sixth criteria used when applying a deontological evaluation to an ethical dilemma?

a. Determine the intention of the act.

b. Determine the duties involved in the situation.

c. Determine whether the duties conflict.

d. Determine whether the act will use any person as a means to an end.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Closer Look: Applying Deontology

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. Kant believed that human beings are ______ creatures and that every act should be evaluated as if one’s behavior were to become universal law.

a. moral

b. rational

c. categorical

d. hypothetical

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Summary

Difficulty Level: Medium

50. The test for the categorical imperative is whether an individual is ______.

a. willing for a particular moral judgment to be followed by all persons at all times

b. willing for a particular rule to be followed by all persons at all times

c. unwilling to abide by moral rules

d. unwilling to justify his or her moral actions

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Summary

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Kantian theory is consistent with the ideas of due process, fair trials and rights for the accused.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Respect for All Persons

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Because lies can sometimes result in greater good than harm, Kant had no categorical imperative against lying.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Principle of Universality

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. A “maxim” is a general rule or plan of action.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Principle of Universality

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Kant believed that animals should be treated according to the same ethical rules as humans.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Respect for All Persons

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Kant believed that people should always be treated as means to end and never as an end in themselves.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Respect for All Persons

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Kant’s principles are consistent with the 8th Amendment ban on cruel and unusual punishment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Respect for All Persons

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Because Kant viewed adult humans as autonomous, rational human agents, he concluded that we cannot rely on religion, government or others to tell us what is right.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Kingdom of Ends

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. For Kant, hypothetical imperatives were universal moral rules that had no exceptions.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hypothetical and Categorical Imperatives

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. When a person applies Kantian or any deontological theory the person must always consider the consequences of their behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Duty and Principle

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Kant’s theory that every adult was a rational autonomous agent who should make all ethical decisions themselves without external guidance was inconsistent with the prevailing view during his lifetime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Kingdom of Ends

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. In Kant’s theory, absolute moral rules were termed ______.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hypothetical and Categorical Imperatives

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Define the Principle of Universality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Principle of Universality

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Kant used the term ______ to refer to a rule or general plan of action.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Principle of Universality

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Kant’s theory is an example of a ______ theory because it is not concerned with the consequences of an act.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Duty and Principle

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Because Kant viewed adult humans as autonomous ______ he concluded that we cannot rely on religion, government or others to tell us what is right.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Kingdom of Ends

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. According to Kant, people should not be treated as a ______ to an end.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Respect for All Persons

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. The categorical imperative that causes the most conflicting duties or ethical dilemmas is the rule against ______.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conflicting Duties

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Kant’s hypothetical imperatives are sometimes referred to as ______ imperatives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hypothetical and Categorical Imperatives

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Kant argued that moral law is the expression of the ______.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Respect for All Persons

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Research done on the long term effects of ______ is an example of Kant’s second formulation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Respect for All Persons

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. The Dutch fishermen during World War II exemplifies which problem in Kant’s theory? Explain how it is an example. Please also provide another example by analogy.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Conflicting Duties

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Explain how the principles of due process, the ban on cruel and unusual punishment and other current feature of the U.S. criminal justice system are consistent with Kant’s theory.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Kingdom of Ends | Conflicting Duties

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Compare and contrast Kant’s two types of imperatives.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Hypothetical and Categorical Imperatives

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. What was Kant’s second formulation? What did it discuss?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Respect for All Persons

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Discuss how lying is related to Kant’s argument regarding conflicting duties.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Principle of Universality

Difficulty Level: Hard