Understanding Research Results | Chapter.13 | Test Bank Docx

Chapter 13

Test Bank

1. Inferential statisticsA. focus mainly on scales of measurement.B. are used to make conclusions about data.C. are used to generally describe data.D. focus mainly on standard deviations.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Explain how researchers use inferential statistics to evaluate sample data.Topic: Inferential Statistics2. Which of the following is used to determine whether the results held up if an experiment was conducted repeatedly, each time with a new sample?A. descriptive statisticsB. the research hypothesisC. the null hypothesisD. inferential statisticsAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Explain how researchers use inferential statistics to evaluate sample data.Topic: Inferential Statistics3. Arafa has collected data on the relationship between physical attractiveness and judgments of personality characteristics. In order to determine if the results obtained from the sample are representative of the population, Arafa will need to employ ________ statistics.A. qualitativeB. inferentialC. ordinalD. descriptiveAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Explain how researchers use inferential statistics to evaluate sample data.Topic: Inferential Statistics4. Aden finds that, on an average, men have higher starting salaries than women. In order to conclude that the differences in starting salaries are true differences and not a result of random error, Aden would employ the use of ________ statistics.A. inferentialB. descriptiveC. qualitativeD. ordinalAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Explain how researchers use inferential statistics to evaluate sample data.Topic: Inferential Statistics5. A researcher employs inferential statistics to examine the difference in mean scores obtained by fourth-grade boys and girls in a standardized math test. In this case, inferential statisticsA. test the research hypothesis.B. indicate the probability that the difference between means reflects random error.C. summarize and describe the important characteristics of the data.D. indicate the strength of the relationship between the math scores of the boys and girls.APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Explain how researchers use inferential statistics to evaluate sample data.Topic: Inferential Statistics6. According to the ________ hypothesis, the independent variable has no effect.A. nullB. researchC. significantD. practicalAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Distinguish between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis.Topic: Null Hypothesis7. When testing the differences between means, the null hypothesis suggests that any observed difference is due toA. manipulation.B. error variance.C. systematic variance.D. random error.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Distinguish between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis.Topic: Null Hypothesis8. The null hypothesisA. is rejected when there is a high probability that the obtained results are due to random error.B. is used because it is a very precise statement.C. states that the independent variable did have an effect.D. does not allow one to know the probability of the outcome of the study occurring.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Distinguish between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis.Topic: Null Hypothesis9. The research hypothesis states that theA. independent variable has an effect.B. dependent variable has an effect.C. dependent variable has no effect.D. independent variable has no effect.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Distinguish between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis.Topic: Research Hypothesis10. When testing the differences between means, the ________ hypothesis suggests that population means are not equal.A. nullB. researchC. significantD. practicalAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Distinguish between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis.Topic: Research Hypothesis11. When comparing the differences in the ratings of responsibility for an automobile accident between male and female drivers, the null hypothesis would suggest thatA. there is no difference in the ratings of responsibility between male and female drivers.B. men are more responsible drivers than women.C. there is a difference in the ratings of responsibility between male and female drivers.D. women are more responsible drivers than men.APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Distinguish between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis.Topic: Null Hypothesis12. A researcher assesses the length of the prison sentence for physically attractive and physically unattractive defendants. He believes that attractive defendants will receive shorter prison sentences than unattractive defendants. The null hypothesis would suggest thatA. there is no difference in the length of the prison sentence received by attractive and unattractive defendants.B. physically attractive defendants will receive longer prison sentences than physically unattractive defendants.C. physically attractive defendants will receive shorter prison sentences than physically unattractive defendants.D. some other variable such as gender is responsible for the difference in the length of the prison sentence.APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Distinguish between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis.Topic: Null Hypothesis13. If a researcher proposes that there is a difference in the hiring preferences between veterans and nonveterans, such a proposition represents the ________ hypothesis. If the researcher proposes that there is no difference in the hiring preferences between veterans and nonveterans, such a proposition represents the ________ hypothesis.A. research; nullB. descriptive; inferentialC. inferential; descriptiveD. null; researchAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Distinguish between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis.Topic: Null HypothesisTopic: Research Hypothesis14. A researcher was interested in differences in the opinions about marriage between men and women. The researcher predicted that women would have different opinions about marriage from men. What would the null hypothesis suggest in this situation?A. There is a difference between men and women in their opinions about marriage.B. Women have more positive opinions about marriage than men.C. There is no difference between men and women in their opinions about marriage.D. Men have more positive opinions about marriage than women.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Distinguish between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis.Topic: Null Hypothesis15. A researcher studying gender-based differences in the use of disciplinary practices predicted that men use power-oriented practices more frequently than women. In this case, the research hypothesis would most likely suggest thatA. women use power-oriented practices the same amount as men.B. men use power-oriented practices more than women.C. gender does not influence the kind of disciplinary practice used.D. there is no difference between men and women in the use of disciplinary techniques.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Distinguish between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis.Topic: Research Hypothesis16. According to her statistical analysis, an investigator found that significantly more men than women used punishment to discipline their children. Thus, the investigator wouldA. reject the null hypothesis.B. make a Type II error.C. accept the null hypothesis.D. make a Type I error.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Distinguish between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis.Topic: Null Hypothesis17. Anita found no significant difference in the performance of students in a science test between students who received additional tuition and those who didn't receive additional tuition. Which of the following statements is true about the scenario?A. Anita used a very small alpha level in her test.B. Anita used a sign test to arrive at her findings.C. Anita's finding is likely to be consistent with the null hypothesis.D. Anita's finding reflects that the research hypothesis is true.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Distinguish between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis.Topic: Null Hypothesis18. The null hypothesis is rejected wheneverA. past studies prove it wrong.B. there is a low probability that the obtained results could be due to random error.C. the researcher is convinced that the variable is ineffective in causing changes in behavior.D. the independent variable fails to have an effect on the dependent variable.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Distinguish between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis.Topic: Null Hypothesis19. A ________ result is one that has a very low probability of occurring if the population means are equal.A. specifiableB. systematicC. simplisticD. significantAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Distinguish between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis.Topic: Statistical Significance20. Statistically, significant results mean that the results areA. likely to be due to chance differences between the groups.B. likely to be due to true differences between the groups.C. meaningless.D. very important.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Distinguish between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis.Topic: Statistical Significance21. A researcher asked participants to rate the softness of two well-known brands of tissue paper—Daisy and Flora. Daisy was rated softer than Flora and their mean ratings were 5.50 and 3.25, respectively. This difference was statistically significant at the .05 probability level. The null hypothesis for the population suggests thatA. there is a difference between Daisy and Flora in softness.B. there is no difference between the softness of Daisy tissues and Flora tissues.C. Daisy is softer than Flora.D. Flora is softer than Daisy.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Distinguish between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis.Topic: Null Hypothesis22. A researcher asked participants to rate the quality of two well-known brands of paper bags—Prime and Zenith. Prime was rated higher than Zenith, and their mean ratings were 5.50 and 3.25, respectively. This difference was statistically significant at the .05 probability level. The research hypothesis for this study suggests thatA. There is a difference between Prime and Zenith in terms of quality.B. There is no difference between Prime and Zenith in terms of quality.C. Zenith is better than Prime in terms of quality.D. Prime is better than Zenith in terms of quality.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Distinguish between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis.Topic: Research Hypothesis23. The likelihood of the occurrence of some event or outcome is referred to asA. probability.B. reactivity.C. variability.D. reliability.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Discuss probability in statistical inference, including the meaning of statistical significance.Topic: Probability24. Before employing inferential statistics, Alberto selects the probability level required for statistical significance. This level is referred to as the ________ of the test.A. intuitive levelB. research hypothesisC. null hypothesisD. alpha levelAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Discuss probability in statistical inference, including the meaning of statistical significance.Topic: Probability25. The sampling distribution is based on the assumption that the ________ hypothesis is ________.A. null; falseB. null; trueC. research; trueD. research; confoundedAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Discuss probability in statistical inference, including the meaning of statistical significance.Topic: Null HypothesisTopic: Sampling Distributions26. All statistical techniques rely on ________ to determine the probability that the results are consistent with the null hypothesis.A. Type I errorsB. Type II errorsC. sampling distributionsD. statistical significanceAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Discuss probability in statistical inference, including the meaning of statistical significance.Topic: Sampling Distributions27. How does sample size affect determinations of statistical significance?A. The smaller the sample size, the greater the probability that the variable has an effect.B. The smaller the sample size, the more confident one can be in one's decision to reject or retain the null hypothesis.C. The larger the sample size, the greater the probability that the variable has an effect.D. The larger the sample size, the more accurate the estimation of the true population value.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Discuss probability in statistical inference, including the meaning of statistical significance.Topic: Statistical Significance28. The ________ is commonly used to examine whether two groups are significantly different from each other.A. Mann–Whitney U testB. chi-square testC. r testD. t testAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe the t test and explain the difference between one-tailed and two-tailed tests.Topic: t Test29. The expected value of t under the null hypothesisA. varies depending on the alpha level.B. equals 1.C. depends on the degrees of freedom.D. equals 0.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe the t test and explain the difference between one-tailed and two-tailed tests.Topic: t Test30. When comparing two group means, the ________ refers to the number of scores free to vary once the means are known.A. research hypothesisB. null hypothesisC. statistical significanceD. degrees of freedomAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe the t test and explain the difference between one-tailed and two-tailed tests.Topic: Degrees of Freedom31. A one-tailed statistical test is used whenA. the data are from an ordinal scale.B. there is no prediction regarding the direction of difference between groups.C. there is a specific prediction regarding the direction of difference between groups.D. the data are from a ratio scale.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe the t test and explain the difference between one-tailed and two-tailed tests.Topic: One-Tailed vs Two-Tailed Tests32. A researcher wants to test a hypothesis according to which the mean rating of guilt will be higher for unattractive defendants than for attractive defendants. The appropriate statistical test would be theA. Pearson r.B. two-tailed t-test.C. one-tailed t-test.D. chi-square.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe the t test and explain the difference between one-tailed and two-tailed tests.Topic: One-Tailed vs Two-Tailed Tests33. A science test was given to boys and girls from three different schools. Rudolph, a junior researcher, wants to analyze the difference in the variability of the mean scores among the three schools. The appropriate statistical test would be theA. Mann–Whitney U test.B. F test.C. sign test.D. chi-square test.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe the F test, including systematic variance and error variance.Topic: Analysis of Variance (F Test)34. A student is interested in the effect of environmental conditions on task performance. She makes participants complete a series of math problems under different conditions of temperature (cold, warm, and hot) and different noise conditions (quiet and noisy). The most appropriate test to analyze the data would be a(n)A. Pearson r.B. F test.C. chi-square.D. t test.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe the F test, including systematic variance and error variance.Topic: Analysis of Variance (F Test)35. The larger the F ratio, the more likely the results areA. invalid.B. significant.C. manipulated.D. dissimilar.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe the F test, including systematic variance and error variance.Topic: Analysis of Variance (F Test)36. Which of the following is true of systematic variance?A. It is small when the difference between group means is small.B. It is the deviation of scores among individuals in a group.C. It is otherwise known as within-group variance.D. It is usually excluded from F tests and t tests in analyzing the relationship between variables.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe the F test, including systematic variance and error variance.Topic: Systematic Variance37. ________ variance is the deviation of the individual scores in each group from their respective group means.A. AlphaB. ErrorC. SystematicD. InferentialAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe the F test, including systematic variance and error variance.Topic: Error Variance38. Which of the following is true of error variance?A. It is the variability of scores within a group.B. It is insignificant when the F ratio is large.C. It is the deviation of group means from the means of other groups.D. It is commonly referred to as Type II error.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe the F test, including systematic variance and error variance.Topic: Error Variance39. Dr. Afzal finds that students who work less than 10 hours a week have significantly higher test scores than students who work more than 10 hours a week. In order to determine the magnitude of the effect of work hours on test scores, he should calculate an estimate of theA. effect size.B. null effect.C. halo effect.D. critical value.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe the t test and explain the difference between one-tailed and two-tailed tests.Topic: Effect Size40. When analyzing the difference between two means, Professor Angus obtains the effect size as .85 using Cohen's d. In this case, Professor Angus can conclude thatA. 85% of the effect on the dependent variable is due to the manipulation.B. the results would only occur 85% of the time.C. the means are separated by a .85 standard deviation.D. there is a correlation of .85 between the independent variable and the dependent variable.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe the t test and explain the difference between one-tailed and two-tailed tests.Topic: Effect Size41. Andrea is told that the means of two groups in a study were statistically significant. She knows the means and standard deviations of the two groups and is interested in calculating an estimate of effect size. Given this information, which effect size estimate should she calculate?A. effect size rB. alphaC. Cohen's dD. FAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe the t test and explain the difference between one-tailed and two-tailed tests.Topic: Effect Size42. When the independent variable has no effect on the dependent variable, the effect size statistic willA. have a value of −1.0 or +1.0.B. have a value of 0.00.C. be equal to the degrees of freedom.D. vary depending on the alpha level.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe the t test and explain the difference between one-tailed and two-tailed tests.Topic: Effect Size43. According to a survey, 57% of the citizens of the United States prefer a Democratic candidate in an election, while 43% of the citizens prefer a Republican candidate. The survey reports a confidence interval (CFI) of 95%. What can be concluded from these results?A. There is no way of knowing which candidate has a higher likelihood of being elected.B. There is a 5% chance of making a correct prediction about the election.C. There is a 95% chance of making a correct prediction about the election.D. The Republican candidate will win the election.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe what a confidence interval tells you about your data.Topic: Confidence Intervals44. In the context of statistical tests, significant results are most likely to be obtained whenA. the alpha level is .50.B. the sample size is small.C. the variability of scores within groups is large.D. the effect size is large.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Distinguish between Type I and Type II errors.Topic: Statistical Significance45. Tevy reports that individuals who follow her diet plan lose more weight than individuals who follow Jake's diet plan. In actuality, there is no difference in weight loss between those following Tevy's diet plan and those following Jake's diet plan. In this case, Tevy's claim illustrates a ________ error.A. Type IVB. Type IIIC. Type ID. Type IIAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Distinguish between Type I and Type II errors.Topic: Type I Errors46. Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true is called a ________ error, whereas not rejecting a false null hypothesis when it is false is called a(n) ________ error.A. Type I; Type IIB. minor; majorC. beta; alphaD. significant; insignificantAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Distinguish between Type I and Type II errors.Topic: Type I ErrorsTopic: Type II Errors47. Ethan concludes that there is no difference in the driving ability of drivers who have consumed one can of beer and those who have consumed three cans of beer. However, there actually is a difference in the driving ability of the drivers. In this case, Ethan has made a(n) ________ error.A. nullB. Type IIC. Type ID. alphaAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Distinguish between Type I and Type II errors.Topic: Type II Errors48. A Type I error occurs when oneA. accepts the null hypothesis when it is false.B. accepts the null hypothesis when it is true.C. rejects the null hypothesis when it is true.D. rejects the null hypothesis when it is false.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Distinguish between Type I and Type II errors.Topic: Type I Errors49. A Type II error occurs when oneA. accepts the null hypothesis when it is true.B. rejects the null hypothesis when it is false.C. rejects the null hypothesis when it is true.D. accepts the null hypothesis when it is false.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Distinguish between Type I and Type II errors.Topic: Type II Errors50. A consumer analyst asks participants to rate the comfort of the ride for two brands of all-terrain tires—Trail Cushion and Mud Handler. Trail Cushion is rated more comfortable, with a mean of 5.5, than Mud Handler, which is found to have a mean of 4.3. The Type I error would be to conclude that Trail Cushion isA. no more comfortable than Mud Handler when no difference in comfort exists.B. no more comfortable than Mud Handler when Trail Cushion is actually more comfortable.C. more comfortable than Mud Handler when a true difference in comfort exists.D. more comfortable than Mud Handler when the two tires are equally comfortable.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Distinguish between Type I and Type II errors.Topic: Type I Errors51. A consumer analyst asks participants to rate the health benefits of two health drinks—EnerG and Supreme. EnerG is rated more nutritive, with a mean of 5.5, than Supreme, which is found to have a mean of 4.3. The Type II error would be to conclude that EnerG isA. no more nutritious than Supreme when EnerG actually provides more health benefits.B. more nutritious than Supreme when the two brands provide similar health benefits.C. more nutritious than Supreme when a true difference in health benefits exists.D. no more nutritious than Supreme when no difference in health benefits exists.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Distinguish between Type I and Type II errors.Topic: Type II Errors52. Which significance level would minimize the probability of a Type I error?A. .01B. .05C. .10D. .25APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Distinguish between Type I and Type II errors.Topic: Type I Errors53. When researchers ________ the probability of making a Type I error, they ________ the probability of making a Type II error.A. decrease; decreaseB. increase; increaseC. decrease; removeD. decrease; increaseAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Distinguish between Type I and Type II errors.Topic: Type II Errors54. The probability of making a Type II error increases when theA. sample size is large.B. effect size is small.C. probability of a Type I error is high.D. significance level is set very high.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Discuss the factors that influence the probability of a Type II error.Topic: Type II Errors55. A Type II error is unlikely to occur whenA. the alpha level is set too low.B. the population means in an experiment are not equal.C. the effect size is small.D. the research hypothesis is false, and it is rejected.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Discuss the factors that influence the probability of a Type II error.Topic: Type II Errors56. The significance level chosen by a researcher is dependent on theA. scales of measurement used for the study.B. desired probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis.C. type of statistic being used.D. consequences of making a Type I versus a Type II error.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Distinguish between Type I and Type II errors.Topic: Significance Level57. Reida has developed a program that is designed to increase the reading comprehension scores of sixth graders. She randomly selects three students to participate in her program. When she compares the mean score of the students who completed her program to that of three students who did not participate in the program, she finds no significant difference between the mean scores. What is most likely the reason for the nonsignificant finding?A. too strong a manipulationB. a small sample sizeC. the participation of sixth gradersD. a true research hypothesisAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Discuss the reasons a researcher may obtain nonsignificant results.Topic: Nonsignificant Results58. Negative results are problematic because theyA. disprove the theory one tries to support.B. are less important.C. cannot be analyzed statistically.D. are difficult to interpret.APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Discuss the reasons a researcher may obtain nonsignificant results.Topic: Nonsignificant Results59. In the context of a Type II error, a meaningful result is more likely to be overlooked whenA. the effect size is large.B. it is easy to reject the null hypothesis.C. the significance level is very low.D. there is a great chance for a Type I error.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Discuss the factors that influence the probability of a Type II error.Topic: Type II Errors60. A desired probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis is theA. power of the test.B. effect size of the test.C. Type II error.D. Type I error.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Define power of a statistical test.Topic: Power Analysis61. When examining the strength of the relationship between study time and test score, the null hypothesis would suggest that the true population correlation isA. 1.00.B. greater than 0.00.C. less than 0.00.D. equal to 0.00.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Distinguish between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis.Topic: Research Studying Two Variables (Bivariate Research)62. The appropriate statistical test for nominal level data of two groups is theA. Pearson correlation.B. chi-square test.C. t test.D. analysis of variance.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe the criteria for selecting an appropriate statistical test.Topic: Research Studying Two Variables (Bivariate Research)63. A researcher is interested in knowing whether responses to lowering the legal age for drinking alcohol varies by gender. Which statistical test would be most appropriate for this type of data?A. t testB. chi-square testC. Pearson correlationD. analysis of varianceAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe the criteria for selecting an appropriate statistical test.Topic: Research Studying Two Variables (Bivariate Research)64. The appropriate statistical test for interval or ratio level data is theA. t test.B. F test.C. Pearson correlation.D. chi-square test.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe the criteria for selecting an appropriate statistical test.Topic: Research Studying Two Variables (Bivariate Research)65. A researcher wants to know if cholesterol levels are lower in vegetarians or nonvegetarians. Which statistical test would be most appropriate for this data?A. t testB. chi-square testC. Pearson correlationD. analysis of varianceAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe the criteria for selecting an appropriate statistical test.Topic: Research with Multiple Independent Variables66. Which statistical test would be most appropriate for examining the relationship between temperature and the number of ice cream cones sold?A. analysis of varianceB. Pearson correlationC. t testD. chi-square testAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe the criteria for selecting an appropriate statistical test.Topic: Research with Multiple Independent Variables67. A junior researcher is conducting a test to find out the effect of room illumination on test performance. The different conditions of room illumination are high, low, and normal. Which statistical test would be most appropriate to test the relationship between different conditions of room illumination and test performance?A. t testB. sign testC. Spearman correlationD. one-way analysis of varianceAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe the criteria for selecting an appropriate statistical test.Topic: Analysis of Variance (F Test)68. If both the independent and dependent variables use nominal scale properties, the most appropriate statistical test would be theA. chi-square test.B. Pearson correlation.C. analysis of variance.D. t test.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe the criteria for selecting an appropriate statistical test.Topic: Research Studying Two Variables (Bivariate Research)69. When inputting data into a statistical program, the rows of the matrix containA. independent variables.B. correlational scores between groups.C. participant scores on various measures.D. data for each research participant.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe the criteria for selecting an appropriate statistical test.Topic: Computer Analysis

Category # of Questions

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 69

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 39

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 5

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 25

Blooms: Apply 27

Blooms: Remember 29

Blooms: Understand 13

Difficulty Level: Easy 28

Difficulty Level: Hard 27

Difficulty Level: Medium 14

Learning Objective: Define power of a statistical test. 1

Learning Objective: Describe the criteria for selecting an appropriate statistical test. 8

Learning Objective: Describe the F test, including systematic variance and error variance. 6

Learning Objective: Describe the t test and explain the difference between one-tailed and two-tailed tests. 9

Learning Objective: Describe what a confidence interval tells you about your data. 1

Learning Objective: Discuss probability in statistical inference, including the meaning of statistical significance. 5

Learning Objective: Discuss the factors that influence the probability of a Type II error. 3

Learning Objective: Discuss the reasons a researcher may obtain nonsignificant results. 2

Learning Objective: Distinguish between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis. 18

Learning Objective: Distinguish between Type I and Type II errors. 11

Learning Objective: Explain how researchers use inferential statistics to evaluate sample data. 5

Topic: Analysis of Variance (F Test) 4

Topic: Computer Analysis 1

Topic: Confidence Intervals 1

Topic: Degrees of Freedom 1

Topic: Effect Size 4

Topic: Error Variance 2

Topic: Inferential Statistics 5

Topic: Nonsignificant Results 2

Topic: Null Hypothesis 12

Topic: One-Tailed vs Two-Tailed Tests 2

Topic: Power Analysis 1

Topic: Probability 2

Topic: Research Hypothesis 5

Topic: Research Studying Two Variables (Bivariate Research) 5

Topic: Research with Multiple Independent Variables 2

Topic: Sampling Distributions 2

Topic: Significance Level 1

Topic: Statistical Significance 4

Topic: Systematic Variance 1

Topic: t Test 2

Topic: Type I Errors 5

Topic: Type II Errors 8