Test Questions & Answers Ethics Of Development Ch30

CHAPTER 30

Ethics of Development

Multiple Choice Questions

1. When did the field of development ethics emerge?
   1. 1860s
   2. 1930s
   3. 1950s
   4. 1960s
   5. After 1989
2. Which of the following is most responsible for the rise of development ethics in the mid-twentieth century?
   1. Images of babies suffering in the Global South
   2. The generation of poverty from colonialism
   3. The rise of post-colonial movements
   4. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
   5. The acceptance of globalization
3. What does the example of the 2009 film Avatar represent?
   1. Power
   2. Developing world politics
   3. Genocide
   4. Cultural appropriation
   5. A resource grab
4. Who was the most famous defender of Indigenous human status in the sixteenth century?
   1. Charles Darwin
   2. Bartolomé de las Casas
   3. Hernando de Alvardo
   4. Pope John Paul
   5. Klemens von Metternich
5. Who was the father of international law and apologist for Dutch imperialism?
   1. Hugo Grotius
   2. Christiaan Huygens
   3. Eddie Van Halen
   4. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
   5. Mata Hari
6. Which term did John Locke and other similar thinkers use to describe the communally held lands of Indigenous peoples?
   1. Holy lands
   2. Wastelands
   3. Occupied lands
   4. Enslaved lands
   5. Developed lands
7. What does development ethics bring to the fore of development discussions?
   1. The application of moral philosophy to development projects
   2. The perspective of natural law ethics
   3. The pros and cons of colonialism’s legacy
   4. An assessment of structural power
   5. An assessment of who has gained and who has lost
8. What philosophical tradition utilizes a cost–benefit analysis?
   1. Natural law ethics
   2. Utilitarianism
   3. Social contract theory
   4. International law
   5. Marxism
9. From what philosophical tradition are human rights rooted?
   1. Natural law ethics
   2. Utilitarianism
   3. Social contract theory
   4. International law
   5. Marxism
10. What philosophical tradition requires the free participation of agents?
    1. Natural law ethics
    2. Utilitarianism
    3. Social contract theory
    4. International law
    5. Marxism
11. Who wrote A Theory of Justice?
    1. John Locke
    2. John Stuart Mill
    3. Charles Darwin
    4. John Rawls
    5. Hugo Grotius
12. How have corporations responded to the accusation that they have transgressed human rights?
    1. They abide by the laws of their origin
    2. They do good by doing well
    3. They will do good out of self-interest
    4. They are not responsible for the regulatory framework
    5. They seek to work with stakeholders and social license
13. Which UN Secretary General promoted the Global Compact as a means of accountability?
    1. Dag Hammarskjold
    2. Boutros Boutros-Ghali
    3. Kofi Annan
    4. Ban Ki Moon
    5. Antonio Guterres
14. How many people on average are displaced every year for core development processes?
    1. One million
    2. 2–5 million
    3. 5–10 million
    4. 10–15 million
    5. 15–20 million
15. Which of the following is a key determinant in the justification of displacement?
    1. The benefits justly compensate those will be displaced
    2. The national interest as defined by the state
    3. The criteria set out in the NIEO
    4. The rights of landholders first and foremost
    5. A positive economic forecast
16. What strategy links local issues with regional or international actors to apply pressure on the state?
    1. Grassroots advocacy strategy
    2. The elevator model
    3. New World Order strategy
    4. Boomerang model
    5. The inside out model
17. How do Ruggie’s “Guiding Principles” require corporate respect for human rights agreements?
    1. The creation of an implicit international law on corporate responsibility
    2. The expectation of due diligence
    3. The use of the World Trade Organization as a human rights vehicle
    4. A standing tribunal to adjudicate corporate behaviour
    5. The restriction or granting of jurisdictional license
18. What is a crucial limitation of positing “development” as a unilinear process?
    1. It is a top-down process.
    2. It is rooted in a cosmopolitan view of history and development.
    3. It is a bottom-up process.
    4. It ignores stakeholder interests.
    5. It limits alternative approaches/choices.
19. What was the name of Japan’s development process in the late nineteenth century?
    1. Tokyo Process
    2. Meiji Restoration
    3. Greater East Asian Prosperity Sphere
    4. Western Capitulation
    5. Gun boat diplomacy
20. Which term refers to the process whereby senior and mid-level staff spend time sharing the lives of poor people?
    1. Bottom up planning
    2. Walk a mile in my shoes
    3. Immersion visits
    4. Learning through living
    5. Empathy building
21. The World Bank’s World Development Report 2010 does NOT mention which of the following?
    1. Management towards “climate-smart” solutions
    2. Consumption
    3. Efficiency
    4. Human rights
    5. It mentions all of the above.
22. What is an important consideration when dealing with the issue of risk?
    1. How risk is distributed across different groups and persons
    2. How risk must be assessed from a communitarian perspective
    3. How risk is a measure of choice by particular communities
    4. How risk cannot be measured inter-sectorally
    5. How risk has different meaning to different groups
23. Using laws, rules, or litigation to promote human rights is what kind of policy instrument?
    1. Rational Actor Model
    2. Sermons and Dialogue
    3. Carrots and Sticks
    4. Governmental coercion
    5. Insider Mobilization
24. Voluntary codes and guidelines are what kind of policy instrument?
    1. Rational Actor Model
    2. Sermons and Dialogue
    3. Carrots and Sticks
    4. Governmental Coercion
    5. Insider Mobilization
25. Different choices and ways of thinking about development bring greatly different outcomes for different people because:
    1. their choices are value-laden.
    2. people try to think openly.
    3. not every society is the same.
    4. of the priorities and principles that guide societies.
    5. of their political contexts.
26. Attention to values is important because:
    1. they affect people’s motivations.
    2. values are universal.
    3. ethical ideas shape development.
    4. humans are driven by complex psychological motivations.
    5. humans are driven by ethical ideas.
27. What is the main role of development ethics?
    1. To conceal values from those who are unreasonably neglected or sacrificed
    2. To guide people’s choices
    3. To think empathetically about other people so they can engage in action
    4. To reveal the values and choices concealed by powerful groups
    5. To encourage economic growth
28. Where did the field of development ethics emerge from?
    1. European colonialism
    2. North American exceptionalism
    3. North American universities
    4. Post-World War II aftermaths
    5. International development studies
29. What do natural law ethics imply?
    1. A rational calculation fostered by businesses and markets
    2. That humans are seen as a single species
    3. Ethical implications based on the nature of human beings and their environment
    4. Costs and benefits are assessed in terms of monetized market values
    5. That participants, in important respects, are free, equal, and intelligent
30. What is the main question posed by social contract theory?
    1. How does the chance of being born in one nation rather than another determine the life chances of every child who is born?
    2. How are ethics interpreted according to human nature and “the human condition”?
    3. Why should a rich person’s well-being become considered more important?
    4. What are the costs and benefits of monetized market values?
    5. What do or would participants freely agree on?
31. What does the term “money-tarianism” define?
    1. Costs and benefits are assessed in terms of monetized market values
    2. Costs and benefits are assessed in terms of development ethics
    3. Costs and benefits should not be assessed in terms of monetized market values
    4. A rich person’s well-being should not be considered more important
    5. A rich person’s well-being should be considered more important
32. What is Penz, Drydyk, and Bose’s book about?
    1. The lives of some of the poorest and most vulnerable people around the world
    2. The rights of people displaced by development projects
    3. Utilitarianism
    4. Justice and harm; rights and responsibilities
    5. Children and the countries they are born in

True or False Questions

1. Development in human societies involved objective choices.
2. Development ethics seeks to add a voice for those who otherwise are unreasonably neglected.
3. In principle, the gains from more productive use of a location’s resources and opportunities should bring benefits for all parties.
4. Natural law ethics is based on the nature of human beings and their environment.
5. Social contract theory is based on the body of treaties and laws that states have signed on to.
6. The fulfillment of minimum basic rights is a legitimate goal in development ethics.
7. According to Penz et al. no one has an absolute right not to be displaced.
8. Lack of respect for human rights leads to conflict and whereas respect for human rights helps resolve conflict.
9. Ruggie argues that corporations have a duty to not infringe on human rights.
10. The World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) consolidated the human rights movement.
11. The belief in a universal path to a universal destination creates a lack of sensitivity to alternative paths.
12. The human security discourse argues for a global minimum income.
13. Every theory of well-being agrees suffering is undesirable.
14. The quest for meaning and identity are central to development ethics.
15. Stories are useful in that they show case-specifics and deepen understanding of local dynamics.
16. Immersion visits lead to a comprehensive understanding of the other people’s life-worlds.
17. In development ethics, the stage of systematizing ideas can begin with an “identify and describe” phase.
18. The preliminary phase of discourse analysis asks who wrote a text, for what purpose, and how this should affect your interpretation of it.
19. Uncertainty in outcomes means policy should be based on the precautionary principle.
20. Capacity and skills investment are prerequisites for an ethical approach to development.
21. Development ethics thinking and action can be seen as having four aspects: first, observation and experience; second, exposure; third, conceptualizing, analyzing, and theorizing; fourth, attempted application, adaptation, and new learning.
22. Applying ethical awareness and ethical analysis in practical ways happens automatically and effortlessly.
23. Pure philosophy does not and cannot solve all ethical awareness and ethical analysis in practical ways.
24. To look at distinctive real cases in which the need for action often seems urgent, we have to use imperfect general ideas together with typically imperfect data.
25. Development ethics themes and tools apply and connect to only a few specific topics.
26. The root concerns of development ethics apply only to rich countries.
27. The root concerns of development ethics apply only to developing countries.
28. Development paths involve value-laden choices about which values to prioritize and pursue; development discourses have typically included strong elements of asserted necessity.
29. Progress has a universal meaning, content, and destination from a multilinear model perspective.
30. Business leaders and political leaders have frequently acted as if all important values were subsumed within gross national product (GNP).
31. The one thing that every theory of ill-being agrees on is that suffering is undesirable in itself.
32. Narayan’s Voices of the Poor study reviewed more than 10,000 interviews with poor, middle class and rich people.

Short Answer Questions

1. How does the field of development ethics understand the concept of poverty?
2. What traditions are the language of “development” and “development ethics” rooted in?
3. What are the prevalent themes regarding power in the field of development ethics?
4. How does the film Avatar present an analogy of the “resource grab” in international development?
5. How did Hugo Grotius legitimate dispossession of Indigenous communities?
6. How does the field of development ethics assess contemporary structures of developmental thought and practice?
7. What is the utility of applying natural law ethics to development?
8. What is the utility of applying the utilitarian perspective to development ethics?
9. What is the utility of social contract theory to development ethics?
10. What is the utility of assessing development ethics through the concept of harm?
11. What is Ruggie’s approach to bringing corporations onboard in promoting human rights in development?
12. How do Penz et al. argue for a rights-based approach to displacement?
13. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the definitive nature of the human rights literature?
14. What is the human security discourse?
15. What are the three components of a unilinear model of development?
16. Why is the connection between national economic product and development problematic from an ethical perspective?
17. How do the issues of “meaning” and “identity” play a role in development ethics?
18. What are immersion visits?
19. How can ethical awareness be applied to development?
20. What are the “Carrots and Sticks” versus “Sermons and Dialogue” approaches to human rights promotion?
21. Why did international development studies first start and how did development ethics evolve from them?
22. What are some of the main questions posed by, and to, development ethics?
23. Why can it be said that development ethics can be traced to Plato or Aristotle?
24. What is the problem with the expansion of modern development ethics as stated by contemporary Indian-British philosopher Bhikhu Parekh?
25. How do natural law ethics compare to utilitarianism? What is your position in relation to them?

Essay Questions

1. How is “choice” an integral aspect of development ethics?
2. How is the Eurocentric basis of development studies problematic from an ethical perspective?
3. How are the concepts of the “ethics of ill-being” and the “ethics of well-being” a useful starting point for understanding/implementing development ethics?
4. Choose a situation that may be rendered as problematic from development ethics. Consider such situation from the three relevant philosophical traditions of development ethics. What differences can you highlight?
5. What is the importance and influence of the Ruggie Framework and Principles for business corporations’ public responsibilities? What is your view of its application in the next decade? What additions would you suggest?