Chapter 29 Verified Test Bank Humanitarian Assistance And

CHAPTER 29

Humanitarian Assistance and Intervention

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Why is humanitarian assistance referred to as “development on steroids”?
   1. Its focus on short-term, rapidly provided assistance to relieve immediate suffering
   2. Its inclusion of the same actors working on the same issues
   3. The two form opposite ends of a policy spectrum in the global south
   4. The shared vision of human need
   5. The interrelated concepts of human development and human progress
2. Where are the roots of global humanitarian action found?
   1. The Enlightenment
   2. The world’s religions
   3. Anti-colonialism
   4. The Silk Road
   5. The Treaty of Westphalia
3. What event led Henri Dunant to form what would become the International Committee of the Red Cross?
   1. The American Revolutionary War
   2. The Treaty of Vienna
   3. The Anti-Slavery Movement
   4. Mechanized warfare
   5. The Battle at Solferino
4. Which of the following did Barnett identify as characteristics of the age of imperial humanitarianism?
   1. Public funding of complex development projects
   2. Christian principles of compassion and charity
   3. Military imposition
   4. Colonial subjugation
   5. Periphery–core relations
5. What body was created by the League of Nations to address mass European displacement?
   1. The UN Development Program
   2. The Committee for Humanitarian Relief
   3. The World Rights Body
   4. The High Commission for Refugees
   5. The Vienna Organization
6. What were the legacies of the two World Wars in terms of conceptualizing humanitarian need?
   1. Population displacement
   2. Physical and social destruction
   3. Economic stagnation
   4. All of the above
   5. None of the above
7. Which cluster of agreements paved the way for the expansion of humanitarian action?
   1. The Congress of Vienna
   2. The Paris Agreements
   3. The Geneva Conventions
   4. The Treaty of Versailles
   5. The UN Declaration of Human Rights
8. What term captures the role of the media in influencing world opinion?
   1. The 24-hour news cycle
   2. Empathy Programming
   3. The CNN Effect
   4. The Global Village
   5. Post-structuralism
9. What event marks the beginning of what Barnett calls the age of liberal humanitarianism?
   1. The end of World War I
   2. The end of World War II
   3. The end of the Korean War
   4. The end of the Cold War
   5. The end of the Iraq War
10. What actor did non-governmental organizations (NGOs) increasingly replace at the end of the Cold War?
    1. Policy entrepreneurs
    2. The state
    3. Labour organizers
    4. Security actors
    5. Poverty advocates
11. How is humanitarian intervention distinct from humanitarianism?
    1. Humanitarianism is restricted to civil society actors
    2. Humanitarianism is always part of a UN mandate
    3. Humanitarian intervention seeks to rebuild states
    4. Humanitarianism only happens with state consent
    5. Humanitarian intervention has a military element
12. What principle asserts that a state’s legitimacy comes from its commitment to ensure its citizens’ basic rights are safeguarded?
    1. The UN Declaration of Human Rights
    2. The Responsibility to Protect
    3. The UN Charter
    4. The Geneva Conventions
    5. Collective Security
13. Which of the following is NOT a principle with which Dunantist organizations align themselves?
    1. Neutrality
    2. Impartiality
    3. Politicization
    4. Independence
    5. They align themselves with all of the above
14. With which actor are Wilsonian organizations often aligned?
    1. International institutions
    2. Civil society actors
    3. Grass roots organizations
    4. Governments
    5. Important heads of state
15. Which of the following is NOT one of the five largest NGOs?
    1. Médecins Sans Frontières
    2. Amnesty International
    3. Save the Children Fund
    4. Oxfam
    5. World Vision
16. Where does most of the funding for NGOs come from?
    1. Private organizations
    2. Individual contributions
    3. International institutions
    4. Philanthropic organizations
    5. Governments and EU institutions
17. Most humanitarian organizations not aligned with conflict actors declare an allegiance to which principle?
    1. Impartiality
    2. Dependency
    3. Transparency
    4. Democracy
    5. Self-sufficiency
18. One might argue that 90 per cent of the work of a humanitarian practitioner is concerned with which of the following?
    1. Making judgement calls about prioritization of aid
    2. Forms of response
    3. Ways of managing information when there is no perfect solution
    4. All of the above
    5. None of the above
19. Which country has one of the oldest and most comprehensive famine early warning system?
    1. India
    2. China
    3. Brazil
    4. Sudan
    5. Ethiopia
20. What is a key role played by the UN in providing humanitarian assistance with NGOs?
    1. Providing a secure environment for NGOs to operate
    2. Vetting NGOs
    3. Coordinating information and responses
    4. Policing access to the site of humanitarian crisis
    5. Organizing fundraising campaigns for NGOs
21. What does the UN work through to try and achieve a coordinated response?
    1. Sectoral Access Teams
    2. Humanitarian Reaction Committee
    3. Sectoral Response
    4. Clusters
    5. Joint Access Mobilization
22. Which term refers to the ability to adapt to and recover from hazards and crisis?
    1. Resistance
    2. Responsivity
    3. Reactivity
    4. Responsibility
    5. Resilience
23. Through what means can people who have been affected by human-made or natural disaster be helped?
    1. Humanitarianism
    2. Humanitarian intervention
    3. Humanitarian assistance
    4. Social development
    5. Social policy
24. What is defined as military involvement used to save lives or relieve human suffering?
    1. Humanitarianism
    2. Humanitarian intervention
    3. Humanitarian assistance
    4. Social development
    5. Social policy
25. In what sense can humanitarian assistance be considered a-political?
    1. When it relieves human suffering but does not address the underlying structural causes of that suffering
    2. When it relieves human suffering and addresses the underlying structural causes of that suffering
    3. When it addresses the underlying structural causes of suffering
    4. When applied in practice
    5. When it is not inherently political
26. How can the dividing lines between humanitarianism and development assistance described?
    1. Clear
    2. Applied in theory and practice
    3. Blurred
    4. Decisive
    5. Politically oriented
27. When can humanitarian assistance become long term?
    1. When a neat division between politics and humanitarianism is impossible to draw
    2. When it becomes inherently political
    3. When alliances are built to ensure that those in need are assisted
    4. When people regain their self-sufficiency
    5. When the humanitarian crisis gets prolonged
28. What does it mean to have a protracted refugee situation?
    1. When refugee populations are expected to come back to their homes after a short time
    2. When refugee populations go back to their homes after a short time
    3. When refugee populations are able to go back to their homes before five years
    4. When refugee populations have been displaced for more than five years
    5. When refugee populations have been displaced for less than one year
29. How are natural disasters often categorized?
    1. Human made or natural
    2. Progressive or eroding
    3. Slow or sudden onset
    4. Shocking or low
    5. By frequency or season
30. What is a clear example of a human-made disaster?
    1. Famine
    2. Conflict
    3. Food shortage
    4. Earthquakes
    5. Floods

True or False Questions

Humanitarian and development assistance are distinct from one another.

Humanitarian action is a relatively contemporary phenomenon.

Henri Dunant founded what would become known as the International Committee of the Red Cross.

In the immediate aftermath of World War II, the focus of international humanitarian efforts took on a global focus.

According to Barnett, the end of the Cold War marks the age of liberal humanitarianism.

The post-Cold War era has seen a tension between humanitarian aid and humanitarian intervention.

The two principle categories of humanitarian organizations are Wilsonian and Churchillian.

Then five largest NGOs represent 60 per cent of all humanitarian expenditure in 2013.

Some NGOs try to maintain their independence by refusing government funding.

The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement seek to be impartial but not neutral.

Principled humanitarianism allows NGOs to stay above politics.

The Red Cross was criticized for its lack of reporting on killings in Nazi concentration camps.

UNICEF is an important UN actor in humanitarian assistance.

The funds mobilized by the UN’s Consolidated Appeal Process include funding for NGOs.

It is always better for an NGO to be present than to withdraw from humanitarian crises.

While donors are often able to ensure a degree of accountability, recipients of humanitarian aid are often ignored.

The standards of accountability set by the Core Humanitarian Standard Alliance are binding.

The existence of familial and institutional support defines resiliency.

Humanitarian assistance is most effective when it supports existing recovery efforts.

Resiliency recognizes the agency of those who are most affected by crisis and the need to build on that.

Humanitarian aid can itself be a powerful political tool.

The adoption of the Geneva Conventions in 1949 is probably the most important instrument for the expansion of humanitarian action to address the needs of civilians affected by conflict.

One of the principal provisions of the Geneva Conventions is that conflicts can affect civilian populations within the frame of the hostilities.

In the immediate aftermath of World War II, the focus of international humanitarian efforts was on postwar liberations of displaced populations.

The liberation wars associated with the end of colonialism drove the humanitarian project into a more progressive liberal focus.

Despite the expansion into the Global South, directing the humanitarian enterprise still remained vested with head offices in North America and Europe.

Conflicts in Angola, Ethiopia, Somalia, Afghanistan, and throughout Central America brought both non-governmental actors and intergovernmental humanitarian response to new areas.

The end of the World War II and the dramatic re-shifting of global political power resulted in the age of liberal humanitarianism.

The age of liberal humanitarianism started in 1889 and goes on to the present day.

The principle of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) was introduced in 2010.

Humanitarian assistance, for many donors, has come to be seen as a key asset to be used in the process of liberal peace-building.

The age of liberal humanitarianism has seen a negative backlash to the number of humanitarian organizations working in the sector and in the number of individuals employed in it.

In 2017, humanitarian agencies employed approximately 570,000 people in their operations.

Short Answer Questions

1. How are humanitarian action and international development connected?
2. What is humanitarian assistance?
3. What is the “age of imperial humanitarianism”?
4. What are the Geneva Conventions?
5. What is the CNN effect?
6. What is humanitarian intervention?
7. What tension exists between humanitarian aid and humanitarian intervention?
8. How has humanitarian aid evolved in the “age of liberal humanitarianism”?
9. How is wealth distributed in the field of humanitarian aid?
10. What is “impartiality” in the field of humanitarian aid?
11. Why is the principle of “independence” important in the field of humanitarian aid?
12. How do the four principles of impartiality, neutrality, independence, and humanity relate to the idea of access in humanitarianism?
13. What happens when the need for humanitarian and emergency assistance is greater than the government can provide?
14. How does the UN respond to humanitarian crises?
15. What are the differences between traditional and emergent civil society actors?
16. How does the chronic shortage of funding impact the long-term viability of humanitarian projects?
17. What role does accountability play in humanitarian action?
18. Why has resilience become a buzzword in the field of humanitarian aid?
19. How can humanitarian aid flows play a political role?
20. How did the situation in Eastern Zaire following the Rwandan conflict epitomize the difficult decision for NGOs to stay or go during humanitarian crises?
21. What are the main lines of thoughts related to the ethical dilemmas associated to humanitarianism?
22. Do you agree that governments hold the first responsibility of response in disasters? Why or why not?
23. Do you agree with the tendency to describe humanitarian assistance as “development on steroids”?

Essay Questions

1. Why is researching humanitarian action difficult?
2. What does the future of humanitarian action look like?
3. How does the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) as a Dunantist NGO and the Catholic Relief Services (CRS) as a Wilsonian NGO represent the spectrum of NGOs?
4. Describe the main stages in the historical evolution of humanitarian action. Where do you see improvements and where do you see failures?
5. Referring to the CNN effect, state how this phenomenon exemplifies the age of neo-humanitarianism.