Test Questions & Answers Ch.16 Plants, Fungi, and Protists

Chapter 16: Plants, Fungi, and Protists

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Eukaryotic DNA is enclosed in two concentric layers of cell membranes that form the ________ in

the eukaryotic cell.

2. Eukaryotic cells can complete tasks such as digesting and storing food and ridding the cell of waste products because they contain an elaborate system of internal membranes and compartments. This compartmentalization is lacking in

3. DNA exists in a concentration of strands known as a nucleoid in ________ cells.

4. The volume of a prokaryotic cell is, on average, ________ than that of a eukaryotic cell.

5. A eukaryotic cell that is involved in producing a lot of protein would have an extensive network of

6. Ribosomes can be found in ________ cells.

7. Photosynthetic ________ would NOT have chloroplasts.

8. While they may differ in chemical composition, cell walls are often found in

9. The bacterium that causes strep throat would be a ________ that belongs to ________.

10. The organism Entamoeba histolytica is one of the causes of amoebic dysentery. Infection occurs when cysts of this organism are swallowed and enter the patient’s digestive tract. These cysts each have four nuclei, and once in the digestive tract the cysts divide into four cells, each with its own nucleus. Each new cell can invade the mucosal lining of the digestive tract by pushing its pseudopodia into the lining. This organism is a ________ that belongs to ________.

11. Protists and other organisms that use energy and carbon from a variety of sources to fuel their growth and reproduction are most appropriately referred to as

12. A drop of pond water is examined with a microscope, revealing small, green, motile, unicellular organisms that seem to be moving by whipping a small flagellum around. These organisms most likely belong to kingdom

13. Some protists break down waste material by consuming other dead organisms and releasing nutrients into the environment to be reused by producers and cycled back into the food chain. These protists are

14. As Charlotte snorkels near the shoreline, she notices large masses of something green swaying with the surf. She suspects this to be a large plant in the ocean. She collects a sample. Upon closer examination, she discovers that there are no vascular structures to absorb and transport water and nutrients throughout the organism, but there are chloroplasts present in the cells. This organism most likely belongs to kingdom

15. Within kingdom Protista, the ________ are photosynthetic and may or may not be motile.

16. According to the phylogenetic tree below, which of the following combinations are MOST closely related?

17. The organism that causes malaria is transmitted to humans by the bite of mosquitoes. Once in the human bloodstream, this unicellular organism takes up residency inside the red blood cells. It has a nucleus and other cellular structures that are visible upon microscopic examination of the blood. This pathogenic organism is the

18. It is particularly important for pregnant women to carefully wash their hands and take other precautions if they have a pet cat and are changing the litter box. An organism occasionally carried by cats, pig, and sheep can infect humans and pass from mother to child in utero, resulting in severe symptoms in the growing child. Microscopic examination of this organism shows a nucleus and other visible cellular organelles. It obtains all its nutrients from whichever host it currently occupies and can multiply by fission. This pathogenic organism is the

19. Like the first plants that evolved to live on land, the ________ (liverworts and mosses) living today thrive as very simple plants with extremely flat, thin bodies that can directly absorb water into their cells.

20. On a hike, Cheryl notices some flat green plants clinging to the side of a damp rock. She brings a few of these flat but leaf-shaped plants back to the lab to examine under the microscope and determines that these plants are only a few cells thick and have no vascular tissues like xylem and phloem. They appear to be absorbing water directly through their surfaces. These little plants are probably

21. An autotrophic organism that grows on land, has vascular tissues, but does not produce seeds is probably a

22. Fiddlehead greens are the curled, young fronds of a fern. Harvested very early and trimmed close to the ground, they provide a tasty addition to salads. These multicellular, photosynthetic, vascularized organisms that do not produce seeds belong to kingdom

23. Gingko biloba is the sole surviving species of what was once many species. Popular as ornamentals in the United States and Europe, Ginkgos are trees that can reach heights of 90 feet or more. They have wedged-shape leaves that show a branching network of vascular tissues. Pollen is produced on male trees, and the seeds are produced on female trees but are not enclosed in a fruit structure. The Gingko biloba are an example of

24. Which of the following is NOT an evolutionary advantage of seed-bearing plants? The plant embryo

25. Which of the following describes the primary evolutionary advantage of producing flowers on a plant?

26. In the late spring, Miles moves into a new house with a small tree growing in the yard. The flowers on this tree have five white petals tinged with pink. Later in the summer, he notices a small fruit where each of the flowers had bloomed. Miles does not take long to realize this is an apple tree, Malus pumila. This apple tree is a(n) ________ from kingdom Plantae.

27. Pignoli are pine nuts that have lent themselves to culinary uses as far back as the Roman Empire. Pignoli are naked seeds harvested from the scales of the cones produced by the Italian Stone Pine tree. The Italian Stone Pine and other pine nut–producing trees are ________ from kingdom Plantae.

28. Basil will produce tiny flowers if it is not kept trimmed back. After these tiny flowers are pollinated, they produce tiny seeds encased in a papery covering. Basil is an example of a

29. Based upon the evolutionary traits visible in blooming rose bushes in a garden, a reasonable deduction would be that the

30. Pinus sylvestris, Scotch Pine, is native to Europe and Asia. Most Americans refer to them as “Christmas trees.” This species of tree grows from the naked seeds produced on cones and released about 22–24 months after pollination. This tree is an example of a ________ from kingdom ________.

31. Cycas revoluta and Zamia furfuracea are species of cycads commonly used as ornamental plants in landscaping. Both species can grow fairly large and produce naked seeds on very large and unusual-looking cones made of specialized leaves. Neither of these species produces flowers. These species are examples of

32. In angiosperms the modified leaf evolved into the ovary wall, layers of tissue that enclose and protect the ovules. Once fertilized, these ovules develop into ________ and the ovary wall becomes the fruit wall. The fruits of many plants provide food for heterotrophs.

33. Flowers enhance sexual reproduction in plants by providing an avenue for male gametes to unite with female gametes. The drawing below illustrates that the ________ bears the female gamete and the ________ will develop into the fruit.

34. There are three major groups of fungi: zygomycetes, ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes. These groups are named for their

35. According to the phylogenetic tree shown below,

36. Like plant cells, all fungal cells have

37. Truffles are the subterranean fruiting body of a mychorrhizal fungus and usually found in close association with tree roots. The mycelial mat of the truffle

38. Fungi often form mutualistic relationships with plants. These mutualistic relationships are typically characterized by benefits to

39. A lichen is a mutualistic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic prokaryote such as

40. Jim is mowing the lawn and accidently runs over a large round object that seems to explode in a cloud of dust. Upon closer examination, he determines that the object was actually the club-shaped reproductive structure of an organism that has cells with cell walls but no chloroplasts, and the dust particles were actually spores. This organism is probably a ________ that belongs to kingdom ________.

41. Grapes harvested and crushed into juice will often produce a fermented beverage containing alcohol. Grains (such as wheat, barley, rye, or corn) will also produce an alcoholic beverage if they are soaked and allowed to ferment. Which of the following organisms, naturally present in the environment, is the likely cause of the fermentation?

42. Yeasts provide leavening in bread by metabolizing the starches and sugars present in flour. Carbon dioxide bubbles are produced when the ________ present in yeast cells use(s) the sugars for cellular respiration to produce energy for the cell.

43. Eva returns from her month-long holiday and discovers that she left a loaf of bread sitting on the countertop. The bread is now covered in a fuzzy black, gray, and white coating. Because she’s curious, she decides to take the bread with her to a biology lab and examine a bit of the fluff under the microscope. She sees branching, colorless hair-like threads running throughout the bread and small round black spores over the surface of the bread. This is likely an example of a ________ belonging to kingdom ________.

44. In the photo below, the plant on the ________ is most likely to be host to mycorrhizal fungi because the ________.

45. Since ginseng has bright-red seed heads that develop from the flowers after pollination, ginseng is a(n) ________ in the kingdom ________.

46. Large sheets of brownish organisms are attached to the seafloor and waving in the surf. These photosynthetic organisms do not have any vascular tissue and do not live on land. These are probably ________ in the kingdom ________.

47. Paramecium caudatum are unicellular organisms with a thick flexible pellicle covered in cilia and two nuclei. They ingest bacteria and other microorganisms in the environment. Paramecium caudatum is a(n) ________ in the kingdom ________.

48. Diatomaceous earth is used in an amazing variety of ways. It can be a filtration aid in fish tanks, mild abrasive in toothpaste and metal polishes, insecticide, absorptive for liquids, filler in plastics and rubber, kitty litter, porous support for chemical catalysts, stabilizing component of dynamite, and insulation. This versatile product is actually the fossilized remains of eukaryotic, unicellular, photosynthetic organisms that contained a high amount of silica in their cell walls. These fossilized diatoms were once living examples of ________ from the kingdom ________.

49. Many of the 7,000 crops cultivated or collected by humans for food contain seeds encased in a fruit like the one seen in the image below. These types of crops are ________ in kingdom ________.

50. Five cereal crops provide 60 percent of the food energy taken in by the world’s human population. These cereals (grains) are rice, maize, wheat, millet, and sorghum. The portion of these crops consumed by humans is actually the seed with its protective coverings from the fruit. These crops are ________ in kingdom ________.

1. The diameter of a eukaryotic cell is typically ________ than that of a prokaryotic cell.

2. Lipids and hormones are manufactured within the eukaryotic cell’s ________.

3. Prokaryotes and some eukaryotes reproduce through a type of ________ reproduction known as binary fission. This occurs when a cell splits into two genetically identical cells.

4. There are two broad categories within kingdom Protista. The ________ are motile and heterotrophic. The algae are photosynthetic and may or may not be motile.

5. Some protozoa move and obtain food using shape-changing, cellular projections called ________.

6. The amoeba pictured below uses the food vacuoles to ________ its food.

7. The first land plant with a vascular system was the ancestor of present-day ________.

8. The first plants to evolve the seed were ________.

9. The key evolutionary innovation in ________ is the flower.

10. Fungi digest organic material outside the body and absorb the breakdown products. Thus, fungi are ________.

11. Single-celled species of fungi are typically referred to as ________.

12. Fungi are similar to animals in that they store surplus food energy in the form of ________.

13. The international Union for Conservation of Nature announced that 31 percent of cactus species, renowned for their unique forms and beautiful________, are in danger of extinction.

14. According to the infographic shown below, ninety-five percent of the food energy taken in by the world’s human population is provided by ________ crops in kingdom ________.

1. Explain how the compartmentalization of eukaryotic cells enables them to have a much greater cell volume than prokaryotes and still efficiently carry out cell functions and move materials in and out of the cell.

2. Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

3. What is distinctive about how the members of kingdom Protista are grouped together? How is this different from the way other eukaryotic kingdoms are composed?

4. Examine the phylogenetic tree below and explain whether the red, green, and brown algae are equally related and why.

5. Explain the advantage afforded to plants with the evolution of roots with vascular tissues.

6. Explain why the evolution of sexual reproduction in aquatic algae would significantly increase the chances of plant diversity on land.

7. Propose an explanation for how the evolution of lignin in cell walls led to the evolution and growth of the gymnosperms known as giant redwood trees.

8. Propose an explanation for how the evolution of flowers contributed to the global distribution and awe-inspiring variety of angiosperms.

9. Correctly use the terms “fruiting body,” “hypha (hyphae),” “mating type,” “mycelium (mycelia),” and “sexual spores” to describe the life cycle of a fungus.

10. Explain why/how fungal body form often makes fungi good decomposers.

11. How does the key evolutionary innovation of angiosperms contribute to the successful domestication of plants for crops to feed the world’s human population?

12. How does the environment benefit when plant and fungi species are protected from extinction?

1. flowers evolve

2. adaptation to terrestrial

3. seeds evolve

4. vascular tissue evolves

OBJ: 16.3 Outline the key evolutionary innovations of plants. MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 16.3 Outline the key evolutionary innovations of plants. MSC: Understanding

Match these organisms to the correct taxonomic grouping(s).

5. domain Bacteria

6. domain Eukarya, kingdom Protista

7. domain Eukarya, kingdom Plantae

8. domain Eukarya, kingdom Fungi

REF: 16.1 Peculiar Protists |16.3 Green-Fingered Thieves |16.5 Truffle Trouble

OBJ: 16.5 Identify the key characteristics and give an example organism for each kingdom covered in this chapter. MSC: Understanding

REF: 16.1 Peculiar Protists |16.3 Green-Fingered Thieves |16.5 Truffle Trouble

OBJ: 16.5 Identify the key characteristics and give an example organism for each kingdom covered in this chapter. MSC: Understanding