Bacteria and Archaea Verified Test Bank Chapter 15

Chapter 15: Bacteria and Archaea

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Bacteria and archaea are both classified as

2. Which of these comparisons is correct?

3. Which of the following pairs of domains are MOST closely related?

4. Which of the following groups of characteristics defines prokaryotes?

5. A single-celled organism has linear DNA enclosed within a nucleus. This organism must be a(n)

6. As a group, prokaryotes

7. Why do prokaryotes reproduce more rapidly than single-celled eukaryotes?

8. Prokaryotes are capable of reproducing more rapidly than eukaryotes because prokaryotes

9. Prokaryotes have an optimum temperature for growth. If a prokaryote can divide into two cells every 20 minutes when the temperature is 37^oC, what would happen if the temperature dropped to 35^oC?

10. An experiment is performed to see if an antiseptic will change the skin microbiome. Skin swabs are used before an antiseptic is applied, after the antiseptic is applied, and on the same area 48 hours later. It is observed that the antiseptic drastically reduced the numbers of Staphyloccocus and other bacteria. After 48 hours Staphylococcus reappears as the most common species. What can be inferred from these results?

11. A prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell are placed in an environment ideal for growth of both cells. After 24 hours it is observed that the prokaryote cell population is significantly higher than the eukaryote cell population. This has occurred because prokaryotes

12. As shown in the figure below, a single bacterium has a generation time of 10 minutes. Approximately how much time will have passed when the population is 100 cells?

13. Many bacteria have a shorter generation time at warmer temperatures. Why do food safety guidelines recommend rapidly cooling leftover foods and maintaining them at refrigerator temperatures?

14. Escherichia coli, a bacterium that normally lives in the gut of humans, will have the shortest generation time when it is found

15. The generation time for a prokaryote is 30 minutes. If one cell is present on a petri dish, how many cells will be present after three hours?

16. Citizens use an app to document the location of ash trees in their community. These citizen scientists are participating

17. Professional scientists benefit from citizen science because citizens

18. Citizen science projects contribute to scientific research by the public

19. Individuals who participate in research as experimental subjects are

20. If a professional scientist is trying to build an extensive database of bacterial swabs from humans in all parts of the world, what is the most cost-effective way to increase the number of samples collected in a one-year time period?

21. Archaeans are often referred to as “extremophiles” because they are

22. Microbes that make up the domains Bacteria and Archaea are most similar in their

23. Cells that lack membrane-enclosed organelles and have a single loop of DNA may be

24. Compared to the domain Bacteria, the domain Archaea tends to live

25. Archaea are able to live in extreme environments because they have

26. Archaeans known as halophiles would most likely be found living in a(n)

27. A water sample is taken from a mineral hot spring. The water is found to be highly acidic. Which of the following organisms is MOST likely to be living in this sample?

28. The term “extremophiles” is sometimes used to describe ________ based on the environments in which they live.

29. In which of the following environments would archaea be expected but not bacteria?

30. Prokaryotes that are observed attaching onto nonliving surfaces most likely possess

31. Prokaryotes that are observed “swimming” through a liquid environment most likely possess

32. Prokaryotes may pick up pieces of DNA from the environment or other bacteria and incorporate these pieces into their own genome through

33. Small loops of extra DNA in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes are called

34. Structures produced by bacteria, but not archaeans, that are extremely resistant to boiling and freezing temperatures are

35. A disease-causing bacterium may be protected from the immune system by a slippery

36. Disease-causing bacteria in a human begin to multiply rapidly when they sense that their numbers are high enough to overpower an immune response. This is possible because of

37. Bacterial conjugation is the process in which a bacterium

38. Which of the following prokaryotes would be MOST likely to survive a full year in a freezing arctic tundra?

39. If one forgets to brush his or her teeth, bacteria may use ________ to attach onto the surface of the teeth.

40. Archaeans found in deep-sea hydrothermal vents would be expected to

41. Anaerobic archaeans living in hydrogen-rich environments may feed on hydrogen and release ________ gas as a by-product.

42. A prokaryote living in a deep-sea environment that has limited gases and a deep layer of dead organic matter most likely fits in the category represented by the letter ________ in the figure below.

43. A photosynthetic, heterotrophic prokaryote fits in the category represented by the letter ________ in the figure below.

44. A photosynthetic, autotrophic prokaryote fits in the category represented by the letter ________ in

the figure below.

45. Heterotrophic bacteria and archaeans that are decomposers are important in

46. Prokaryotes can be found in most habitats because they

47. An individual with a deep, closed belly button is more likely to have more ________ bacteria living in his or her belly button compared to an individual with a shallow, open belly button.

48. One of the earliest prokaryotes on Earth played an important role in the evolution of multicellular eukaryotes. These early prokaryotes changed Earth’s chemistry when they began

49. Prokaryotes described as chemoautotrophs are represented by the category labeled ________ in the figure below.

50. Which of the following organisms found in the human microbiome is NOT known to be a pathogen?

51. The belly button project has used citizen scientists to collect information about the prevalence of different belly button species. Using the graphic shown below, determine species abundance from most abundant to least abundant.

1. Bacteria and archaea are together referred to as ________.

2. A citizen scientist documenting dates when migratory birds arrive in an area are participating in data ________.

3. A prokaryote living in a hot hydrothermal vent deep in the ocean is most likely a(n) ________.

4. The prokaryotic structures used to link bacteria together and adhere to surfaces are called ________.

5. Prokaryotes typically reproduce by splitting in two through a process called ________.

6. Plaque that form on the surface of teeth are an example of a(n) ________.

7. A prokaryote that uses carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and sunlight for energy is called a(n) ________.

1. List three characteristics shared between bacteria and archaea.

2. Eukaryote cells require hours for mitosis to occur. Prokaryotes can often divide into two cells in 10–30 minutes. What cell characteristics explain the difference in the length of time required for division?

3. Beginning with a single bacterium for generation 0, calculate the number of cells present at

generation 4.

4. Explain why the growth curve shown in the figure below changes from a relatively flat line to a steeper upward line as the generation number increases.

5. If the generation time for the bacterium shown in the figure below is 30 minutes, how much time will have gone by when the population has reached 1,000?

6. A bacterium that normally resides on human skin and does not cause disease has a very short generation time compared to disease-causing bacteria. How might this short generation time be beneficial to the human?

7. Ben drinks directly out of a new milk container and then leaves the milk out of the refrigerator for at least an hour before remembering to put it away. The next morning, his roommate complains that the milk he just bought has already turned sour. Why did the milk turn sour more quickly than usual?

8. In some cases, science is advanced when the public participates in collecting, and sometimes analyzing, data. Name one way in which citizen scientists benefit from this type of collaborative effort.

9. After boiling water for a short period of time, the water is checked for the presence of living cells. When it is determined that no active, living cells are present, the water is used to make agar, a media used for bacterial growth. Within 48 hours there are numerous colonies of cells growing on the agar. What type of prokaryote is growing? Why was the organism not detected in the water?

10. Explain how bacteria can incorporate a gene for antibiotic resistance from another bacterial cell.

11. What role do pili serve in the formation of a biofilm?

12. In what way do prokaryotes directly help plants?

13. An experiment is designed to test whether plants grow better in a sterile environment free of bacteria than they do in environments with bacteria. The soil, growing containers, and all materials are sterilized and seeds are planted. The seeds sprout but all of the seedlings die very quickly from nitrogen deficiency. Why?

14. A biofilm within a medical device is formed by several bacteria species. A bacterium that is part of this biofilm has a mutation that prevents the formation of the slimy secretion used to protect a developing biofilm. Will this mutation prevent the formation of the biofilm?

15. If prokaryotes were unable to convert nitrogen gas into ammonia or nitrate, how would life on Earth be different than it is today?

16. What is the phenomenon referred to as dysbiosis? What problems may occur as a result of dysbiosis?

1. contains information used to construct proteins

2. helps protect disease-causing bacteria from destruction by the immune system

3. spins like a propeller to allow movement through a liquid environment

4. allow bacteria to adhere to each other or to a surface in their environment

5. used for protein synthesis

OBJ: 15.5 Explain the function of at least one cellular structure that is unique to prokaryotes.

MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 15.5 Explain the function of at least one cellular structure that is unique to prokaryotes.

MSC: Remembering

6. cell membrane

7. ribosomes

8. DNA

9. capsule

10. pili

11. nucleus

12. membrane-enclosed organelles

13. cytoplasm

OBJ: 15.5 Explain the function of at least one cellular structure that is unique to prokaryotes.

MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 15.5 Explain the function of at least one cellular structure that is unique to prokaryotes.

MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 15.5 Explain the function of at least one cellular structure that is unique to prokaryotes.

MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 15.5 Explain the function of at least one cellular structure that is unique to prokaryotes.

MSC: Remembering

Match each term describing prokaryotes with ways of obtaining energy and carbon.

14. a prokaryote that consumes organic matter to obtain energy and carbon

15. a prokaryote that obtains energy from inorganic iron ore and carbon from carbon dioxide

16. a prokaryote that uses sunlight to obtain energy and consumes organic matter to obtain carbon

17. a prokaryote that uses sunlight to obtain energy and takes in carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis

OBJ: 15.4 Illustrate through example the breadth of metabolic diversity found in bacteria.

MSC: Understanding

OBJ: 15.4 Illustrate through example the breadth of metabolic diversity found in bacteria.

MSC: Understanding