Test Questions & Answers Ch.10 Gender, Sex, And Sexuality

1.

Which of the following groups were considered nonwhite racial groups?

A)

Jews, Italians, and Finns

B)

Brazilians, New Zealanders, and Jews

C)

Irish, Jews, and Egyptians

D)

Italians, Madagascans, and Brazilians

2.

The “natural” order represented in social hierarchies of any society is supported by

A)

biology

B)

truth

C)

social institutions

D)

historical facts

3.

The social processes that make race part of the natural order of things—by producing theories, schemes, and typologies about human differences is

A)

stereotyping

B)

hegemony

C)

structural violence

D)

the naturalization of race

4.

Which of the following groups of people were instrumental in the development of categorizing humans into distinct races?

A)

politicians

B)

scientists

C)

clergy

D)

artists

5.

All biological approaches to race are problematic because

A)

they accurately describe an actual individual or characterize whole groups of people

B)

the sampling is too broad and focuses only on invisible traits

C)

one trait tends to be representative of other characteristics like intelligence and personal character

D)

they do not take into account variation in nail growth variation

6.

Negative or unfair treatment of a person because of his or her group membership or identity is called

A)

racism

B)

prejudice

C)

discrimination

D)

violence

7.

The social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings is called

A)

racism

B)

ethnocentrism

C)

prejudice

D)

racialization

8.

In Latin America, “blackness” and “whiteness” are based on

A)

skin color

B)

eye color

C)

social behaviors

D)

genetic markers

9.

What is an important factor in making race real?

A)

genetic markers

B)

disease

C)

segregation

D)

racism

10.

What social distinction classifies people according to descent?

A)

class

B)

race

C)

ethnicity

D)

caste

11.

A preformed, usually unfavorable, opinion about people who are different is

A)

discrimination

B)

prejudice

C)

racism

D)

stereotyping

12.

When Americans recognize that people are born into a particular social position due to the economic situations of their families, they are recognizing the existence of

A)

prejudice

B)

discrimination

C)

class

D)

equality

13.

Race is a concept that organizes people into groups based on specific physical traits that are thought to reflect fundamental and innate differences.

14.

Clinal variation means that change is gradual across groups and that traits shade and blend into each other.

15.

Racism is the repressive practices, structures, beliefs, and representations that uphold racial categories and social inequality.

16.

In early public records, the word “Christian” commonly appeared next to the names of Europeans but was later replaced by white.

17.

After the US Civil War, the biologizing of race became extreme and people were defined as black if they had a single African ancestor, which came to be known as the “one-drop rule.”

18.

Primordialism assumes ethnicity is largely a natural phenomenon, based on biological, linguistic, and geographical ties to those with whom individuals have obvious similarities of appearance, geography, language, or socioeconomic context.

19.

There is a biological connection between the trait of skin tone and other “racial” traits, such as certain facial features and bodily shapes.

A)

True

B)

False

20.

Genetically speaking, humans are a remarkably homogeneous species: there is far greater variation within human groups than there is between them.

A)

True

B)

False

21.

Race can become biology, by shaping people's biological outcomes due to disparities in access to certain kinds of healthcare and diets, exposure to certain kinds of diseases, and other factors that can make people either sick or healthy.

A)

True

B)

False

22.

The Irish and a few other groups became white during the past century, but the phenomenon of groups becoming white appears to have stabilized.

A)

True

B)

False

23.

Anthropologists agree that, in addition to prejudice and discrimination, unearned privilege upholds social inequality.

A)

True

B)

False

24.

Why would English colonial leaders portray Africans as uncivilized heathens?

A)

to justify African slavery

B)

to get elected to local government

C)

to follow religious doctrine

D)

to illustrate the intersectional nature of identity

25.

The “one drop rule” enlarged the slave population by

A)

making skin color the chief marker of status and difference

B)

including the mixed-race children of slaveholders in the enslaved population

C)

separating the poor European farmers and the poor African farmers

D)

linking blood type with racial difference

26.

A major problem with the approach to race that defines race as reproductively isolated breeding populations is that

A)

every breeding population qualifies as a race

B)

it is essentially trait-based

C)

it does not allow for cultural factors to be included

D)

it does not acknowledge that race is an aspect of people’s identities as intersection

27.

A good example of disguised discrimination is when

A)

the police do racial profiling

B)

a teacher divides her or his class into brown eye and blue eye groups

C)

formal laws prevent certain social groups from being full citizens

D)

shopkeepers or security guards follow black customers through stores

28.

Censuses interest anthropologists because they

A)

reveal the government's role in classifying and categorizing people

B)

are stable over time

C)

indicate the permanence of social categories

D)

specialize in quantitative data collection and analysis

29.

A key difference between caste and social class is

A)

class divides people in terms of biological relatedness, caste in terms of social relatedness

B)

class divides people in terms of moral purity, caste in socioeconomic terms

C)

caste divides people in terms of moral purity, class in socioeconomic terms

D)

irrelevant, there are no differences between caste and social class

30.

The most important thing about “the invisible knapsack” idea is that

A)

pretty much everybody wears one

B)

these privileges exist whether or not the person carries racial supremacist ideas

C)

most whites have learned to resist it

D)

it is an illustration of explicit discrimination

31.

Anthropologists are interested in a situation like the way the new heart drug BiDil was created and approved because

A)

it illustrates clearly how different racial groups have different biology

B)

it illustrates how government agencies like the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) fight racism

C)

it shows how social classifications like ethnicity are normalized

D)

it shows how cultural, political, and economic processes can work together to promote the idea that race is biologically based

32.

Which of the following is not true about ethnicity?

A)

it can serve powerful interests

B)

it is dynamic

C)

anthropologists agree on the theory to explain it

D)

it tends to organize people in terms of common descent

33.

One of Hortense Powdermaker's key insights about prejudice is that

A)

it is based on flawed logic

B)

people are born with prejudices

C)

it is based on generalizations that are generally correct

D)

once learned, prejudices are impossible to give up

34.

What was so difficult about Japanese American anthropologist Tamie Tsuchiyama's fieldwork in a World War II internment camp?

A)

she had to manage a lot of research assistants because it was such a large project

B)

she had to navigate complicated dynamics of prejudice and resentment

C)

she was forced to openly challenge her research sponsors, which ruined her career

D)

she was short-staffed and forced to abandon her research plan

35.

Does race have biological consequences?

A)

no, because of primordialism

B)

no, because of naturalization

C)

yes, because of racialization

D)

yes, because of racism

36.

Jim Crow laws in the US South after the Civil War are a good illustration of

explicit discrimination.

37.

Saying race is not culturally constructed is not enough because race has real consequences.

38.

Because they have traditionally tended to study non-Western societies, the concept of class has had less relevance among anthropologists than among other social scientists.

39.

Dividing people along lines of moral purity and pollution, such as caste does, is an illustration of social stratification.

40.

For antidiscrimination activists and educators, it is usually enough to simply demonstrate the existence of prejudice and discrimination.

A)

True

B)

False

41.

A key feature of the theory of primordialism is that ethnic groups are created by powerful interest groups in a society.

A)

True

B)

False

42.

Racialization has identified different markers of racial identity in Latin America than in the United States.

A)

True

B)

False

43.

Patterns of social inequality and racial discrimination have important biological consequences for certain groups, such as African Americans.

A)

True

B)

False

44.

A good illustration of the naturalization of race is

A)

people from a particular racial group projecting their ideas of scenic beauty onto a landscape

B)

the natural occurrence of differences in skin color between populations

C)

the processes involved in approving BiDil for use among African Americans

D)

the integration of intersectionality ideologies on the census

45.

An anthropologist who uses instrumentalist theories of ethnicity would explain the rise of “Latino” food distributor Goya as

A)

a response to the demands Latin American immigrants have for tastes from home

B)

a reflection of the heterogeneity of Latino groups

C)

the creation of a special market segment by a food company to enhance its profitability

D)

an effort by a large company to welcome people to the United States

46.

An anthropologist who studies unearned privilege would be most interested in which of the following?

A)

racial profiling of blacks by a security officer

B)

a situation in which an upper-class man gets accepted at an Ivy League university because his father and grandfather went there

C)

a fieldwork situation like the one involving Tamie Tsuchiyama, in which she clearly got privileges other internees did not get because of her involvement with the government

D)

the path that U.S. presidents pursue to earn the votes necessary for a successful election

47.

Which of the following explanations of whiteness would be LEAST likely to come from an anthropologist who studies population dynamics?

A)

whiteness comes from isolated breeding within a population

B)

we can understand whiteness by understanding who mates with whom

C)

whiteness is created through social processes that naturalize race

D)

whiteness is influenced by cultural factors, such as religious affiliation

48.

If you wanted to study ongoing racialization processes in the United States, you would most likely focus on

A)

new ideas emerging about the moral purity and pollution of black people

B)

new patterns in which people are dropping ethnic identification in favor of whiteness

C)

the creation of new products for Latinos by companies like Goya foods

D)

the ways whites use their unearned privileges

49.

An anthropologist who studies the new ways in which class identities are combined with racial and ethnic identities, such as the idea that WASP signifies white or Jew signifies middle class, takes what type of approach?

A)

population dynamics

B)

biological determinist

C)

primordialist science

D)

cultural constructivist

50.

What special insights do you think an anthropologist who studies racial relations in Latin America would have about US race relations?

51.

One of Hortense Powdermaker's major insights about prejudice is that it is based on poor reasoning. Explain a situation in which poor reasoning leads to prejudice.

52.

What are the primary strengths of viewing racial and ethnic identities as naturalized? Give an example of a project in which you might use it.

53.

If you were an antiracism educator in an elementary school in the United States, what role do you think anthropological insights about prejudice and discrimination should play in your work?

54.

Is instrumentalism, the theory about how ethnic identities are formed, applicable to explaining the formation of groups and identities based on socioeconomic class? Explain your answer.

55.

How would you apply the insights about biological variability in human populations described in the textbook in a public service announcement promoting racial equality?

56.

What does it mean that race does and does not exist?

57.

How did Africans become “black” and Europeans become “white”?

58.

How does racialization occur?

59.

How do market forces shape ethnicity?