Religion Ch.12 Test Bank Docx

1.

Which of the following refers to the family into which one is born and raised?

A)

traditional family

B)

natal family

C)

nuclear family

D)

family of procreation

2.

Approximately how many children were born during the “baby boom”?

A)

5 million

B)

25 million

C)

77 million

D)

190 million

3.

What is the family formed by a married couple and their children called?

A)

natal family

B)

traditional family

C)

nuclear family

D)

extended family

4.

Most families function as groups of real people who work together toward common ends. Such family groups are referred to as

A)

natal family

B)

extended family

C)

nuclear family

D)

corporate group

5.

If you live in a household with your mom and dad, your grandfather, as well as your aunt and two cousins, you live in what kind of family?

A)

nuclear family

B)

traditional family

C)

extended family

D)

unnatural family

6.

When social norms dictate that someone from a particular clan must marry outside of that clan, anthropologists say that the clan is

A)

a corporate group

B)

endogamous

C)

exogamous

D)

a lineage

7.

Matrilineal descent is traced through which relative?

A)

the father

B)

the mother

C)

the mother's brother

D)

the father's mother

8.

In a kinship system with matrilineal descent, who does a man inherit his rights to land and clan wealth from?

A)

the father

B)

the mother

C)

the mother's brother

D)

the father's mother

9.

A clan that reckons descent through both their mother and father is called a

A)

unilineal clan

B)

patrilineal clan

C)

matrilineal clan

D)

cognatic clan

10.

When a woman marries more than one man she is practicing

A)

polygyny

B)

polyandry

C)

adultery

D)

matrilineality

11.

Anthropologists have studied hundreds of different kinship systems around the world over the past century, but they can all be grouped into six different patterns based on terms for which group of relatives?

A)

grandparents

B)

parents

C)

children

D)

cousins

12.

A surrogate mother is a

A)

woman who agrees to have an embryo implanted in her womb

B)

woman who adopts a child at birth

C)

woman who acts like a mother to an orphan

D)

woman who raises another woman's child

13.

The social system that organizes people in families based on descent and marriage is called kinship.

14.

When divorced couples with kids get remarried they are sometimes called blended families and consist of full siblings, step-siblings, and half-siblings.

15.

A visual representation of family relationships is called a kinship chart.

16.

Anthropologists call family groups that consist of larger groups of relatives beyond the nuclear family extended families.

17.

A special group of relatives who are all descended from a single ancestor is called a clan.

18.

Similar to clans, lineages tend be composed of people who are directly descended from known ancestors.

19.

Since the early nineteenth century, the traditional American family has consisted of a husband, a wife, a few children, and perhaps a pet.

A)

True

B)

False

20.

Nuclear family units occur in and are important to nearly every society around the world.

A)

True

B)

False

21.

One of the key functions of family is controlling and managing its members' wealth.

A)

True

B)

False

22.

Weddings and marriages are usually less about the couple than about relationships with the couple's social network, including friends and family.

A)

True

B)

False

23.

The incest taboo, or the prohibition against marrying within the nuclear family, is a human universal.

A)

True

B)

False

24.

Why were American birth rates low from 1942 to 1946?

A)

most young married men were serving in the military

B)

the majority of household incomes were low because of the Great Depression

C)

there was legislation in place that discouraged or prohibited many people from having children

D)

Americans were not having sex

25.

Clans come in three types: matrilineal, patrilineal, and

A)

cognatic

B)

acephalous

C)

nuclear

D)

corporate

26.

Which of the following do Americans traditionally inherit patrilineally?

A)

land

B)

height

C)

wealth

D)

surnames

27.

When descent is based in a single line it is referred to as

A)

matrilineal descent

B)

patrilineal descent

C)

unilineal descent

D)

cognatic descent

28.

Matrilineal descent is typically difficult for Americans to grasp because it feels so unnatural to us. What explains this feeling that matrilineal descent is unnatural since as Americans we also recognize that we are descended from one mother and her parents?

A)

our kinship system is bilateral, recognizing descent through both mother and father, so it seems strange to recognize only one of these lines

B)

we usually get our surnames from our mother, giving our kinship system a matrilineal bias

C)

although women can now own property, be breadwinner and head of a household, and can earn more than a husband, many Americans still think of the ideal family as centered on the mother

D)

our kinship system is based on innate biological orders for nurturing

29.

What do anthropologists call the structural process of forgetting whole groups of relatives?

A)

ethnic forgetting

B)

ethnic amnesia

C)

genealogical forgetting

D)

genealogical amnesia

30.

What is the combined effect of having surnames that are inherited from a child's father and having a woman take her husband's surname at the time of marriage?

A)

land or real estate automatically goes to the couple's sons rather than the daughters

B)

it is easier for the family to forget the surnames of women after several generations

C)

it prevents women from having any control over the family's wealth

D)

children disavow their matrilineal kin

31.

Women who practice polyandry tend to marry

A)

two or more male cousins

B)

a father and his sons

C)

two or more male friends

D)

two or more brothers

32.

Which of these is known as the “Westermarck effect”?

A)

a birth defect that occurs among children of siblings

B)

a birth defect that occurs among children of cousins

C)

the psychological revulsion against having sex with close relatives

D)

the psychological state where people are sexually attracted to their close relatives

33.

In vitro fertilization (IVF) births account for approximately how many live births in the United States today?

A)

1%

B)

3%

C)

5%

D)

7%

34.

Which technology led to what is referred to as the “sexual revolution” in the 1960s?

A)

television

B)

condoms

C)

in-vitro fertilization

D)

birth control pills

35.

The practice of referring to people by the names of their children (such as father of Peter or mother of Susan) is called tekonyms.

36.

In the 1870s Lewis Henry Morgan studied kinship systems around the word and determined that American kinship was the most rational and descriptive system of all, despite the fact that many kin terms were as classificatory as any in Africa or New Guinea. Morgan's bias can be explained as an example of ethnocentric bias.

37.

The major difference in different kinship systems is the way they classify or group together their cousins.

38.

Payments of cash, cattle, pigs, or shell ornaments between brothers-in-law are

bride price.

39.

Nearly all cultures around the world give a similar importance to biological relatedness as the basis for defining a family.

A)

True

B)

False

40.

In every society there is a gap between that society's ideal family and the real families that exist.

A)

True

B)

False

41.

Forgetting large portions of relatives is usually done on purpose when people want to distance themselves from a certain part of their broad extended family.

A)

True

B)

False

42.

Studies have shown that marriage is mostly about sex.

A)

True

B)

False

43.

Anthropologists think of bride price as being about not buying anyone but compensation for rights in women—her labor, her support for family affairs, her looking after children, and rights of sexual access. What other social payment is structurally most dissimilar to a bride price payment from this perspective?

A)

a series of child price payments

B)

a father's purchase of a new car for his daughter when she goes off to college

C)

a countergift for a bride price payment, usually of much lesser value than the original bride price payment

D)

an American Valentine's gift, given by a college student to his girlfriend

44.

When cultural anthropologists examine families in different cultures, they use cultural analysis to understand all of the following except

A)

why it makes sense for people to get married or not to get married in terms of the economic costs of establishing a separate household

B)

the genetic differences among different members of the extended family

C)

how popular media in the society being studied shapes people's expectations of married life

D)

who looks after children in typical households

45.

From an anthropological perspective, which of the following is not a new issue that arises with in vitro fertilization (IVF), surrogacy, adoption, and frequent divorce and remarriage in American society?

A)

whose names should be listed on the birth certificate as mother and father?

B)

who inherits the parent's land?

C)

what should the child expect of his or her relationship with the biological parents, surrogate mother, adopted parent, and all of the possible siblings?

D)

how should the child address each of these relatives?

46.

For most of our history American kinship has had a patrilineal bias, but in most American families women play a key role in keeping the families together. Using anthropological approaches to kinship, how do you explain this difference?

47.

Extended families are important in America as they are in most societies. In the United States, what determines whether members of an extended family will meet face to face?

48.

What are the social consequences that arise from having a system of unilineal descent rather than a cognatic system such as in the United States?

49.

Consider the “Classic Contributions” box on A. L. Kroeber on classificatory systems of relationship. Although earlier anthropologists understood American and English kinship terms as “descriptive,” they described all other kinship systems as classificatory because they grouped relatives of different sorts in unexpected ways. What American kin terms are actually classificatory terms? Explain your answer.

50.

Although romance novels and romantic comedy films routinely emphasize that people should marry for love, there are many other reasons for marriage. Identify three of these other reasons why people might want to marry, whether they are in love or not. Could one be in love and still marry for these other reasons?

51.

What kind of American corporate kin groups are found today? More than one-third of all households are single-person households. Can these individuals belong to corporate kin groups?

52.

When we hear people talk about the traditional American family as if it has always been structured in the same way since the Revolutionary War, we know they are simplifying the situation in unrealistic ways. What cultural factors are behind these unrealistic simplifications?

53.

Dowry is often used in India to make a daughter more attractive to possible husbands, while bride price is used to compensate a family for the work and children of one of their daughters. Explain how both of these payments unite families but in different ways.

54.

Same-sex marriage is legal in a number of states, but various kinds of restrictions on same-sex marriage and its recognition exist in the other states. What anthropological questions can you identify about the meaning that such unions have for Americans in different parts of the country that help to explain the legislative patterns in each state? What can we say about these cultural expectations when all of these changes happened within less than a decade?

55.

Who would possibly be the “parents” and what kind of possible relationships would exist between those parents and a child in a birth in which an infertile couple used a sperm bank and the egg (ovum) from the wife's sister, a surrogate mother? What would change if the legal parents were killed in an auto accident and the child was adopted by the mother's sister?