Test Bank Self And Social And Moral Development Chapter 3

Woolfolk et al., Educational Psychology, 7^th Canadian edition

Chapter 3: Self and Social and Moral Development

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which adult seems to be well informed and have the right idea about children’s handedness?

A) “You don’t want Alissa to be left-handed. Encourage her to use her right hand.”

B) “Stop trying to make Aden right-handed. Handedness is genetic.”

C) “Leave Michelle alone. It’s too late to change her handedness.”

D) “Teach Mark to use both hands equally. If you train him early, he’ll do well with both hands.”

Page Ref: 66

Skill: Understanding

1. Based on general statistics, which one of the following students is most likely to have fewer problems associated with timing of maturation?

A) Hayden, a broad-shouldered boy who experiences spermarche around age 11

B) Kelli, who is taller than other girls her age and is maturing earlier

C) Jason, a boy who shows signs of maturity a bit later than other boys his age

D) Claire, who experiences menarche just before her 15^th birthday

Page Ref: 66-67

Skill: Understanding

1. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement on physical activity for school students?

A) Physical activity may influence cognitive development.

B) The Canadian government recommends 90 minutes of daily physical activity.

C) Students with disabilities have fewer opportunities for physical activity in comparison to their peers.

D) More than three quarters of Canadian students reach federal recommendations for physical activity.

Page Ref: 69-70

Skill: Knowledge

1. Which of the following is the defining characteristic of bulimia?

A) Limited food intake

B) High BMI

C) Low BMI

D) Binge eating followed by purging

Page Ref: 71

Skill: Knowledge

1. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Urie Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model of human development?

A) the mesosystem is another word for the teacher.

B) the microsystem refers to the society at large and how it influences the individual.

C) The family is more important than the school environment for human development.

D) the parent's work place is a sample setting within the exosystem that influences the development of the child.

Page Ref: 73-74

Skill: Knowledge

1. In which contextual category would you find immediate family within Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model?

A) Exosystem

B) Macrosystem

C) Microsystem

D) Chronosystem

Page Ref: 73

Skill: Knowledge

1. Which of the following parenting styles is characterized by highly controlling behaviour but low in warmth?

A) Authoritarian

B) Authoritative

C) Permissive

D) Rejecting/Neglecting

Page Ref: 74

Skill: Knowledge

1. Which of the following parenting styles is characterized by low parental warmth and low control?

A) Authoritarian

B) Authoritative

C) Permissive

D) Rejecting/Neglecting

Page Ref: 75

Skill: Knowledge

1. Adults who were rejected by peers when they were children tend to have

A) fewer problems than adults whose childhoods were without caring adults.

B) friends who are socially competent and mature, even though their childhoods were essentially friendless.

C) higher self-esteem than adults who were socially competent as children.

D) more problems than adults who had close friends when they were children.

Page Ref: 79

Skill: Knowledge

1. One of the girls in Mr. Kent’s class is shy and has difficulty making friends. Her social skills are immature and awkward. She usually walks to class alone, holds her head down, avoids contact with other students, and tries not to speak up in class. Based on the categories of children’s popularity, this girl’s behaviour fits which category?

A) Neglected

B) Rejected aggressive

C) Rejected withdrawn

D) Controversial

Page Ref: 79

Skill: Knowledge

1. Which level of government is responsible for child protection laws?

A) Municipal

B) Provincial

C) Federal

D) All levels of government

Page Ref: 82

Skill: Knowledge

1. Erik Erikson interprets development from the perspective of what theory?

A) Psychosexual

B) Psychosocial

C) Psychosomatic

D) Sociocultural

Page Ref: 84

Skill: Knowledge

1. Erikson's notion of developmental crises can be defined as a

A) concern with parental control and self-determination.

B) conflict between a positive and an unhealthy alternative.

C) conflict between physical growth and cognitive growth.

D) puzzle that may assist a person's cognitive development.

Page Ref: 84

Skill: Knowledge

1. The emphasis in Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development theory is on

A) behaviours and their consequences.

B) the development of moral values.

C) the formation of a personal identity.

D) the process of acculturation in school settings.

Page Ref: 84-85

Skill: Knowledge

1. What does a conflict such as initiative vs. guilt represent in Erikson's theory?

A) A developmental crisis

B) Cognitive dissonance

C) Disequilibration

D) Equilibration

Page Ref: 84-85

Skill: Knowledge

1. Children experiencing the Eriksonian conflict of trust vs. mistrust are also in what Piagetian stage?

A) Concrete operations

B) Formal operations

C) Preoperational thought

D) Sensorimotor

Page Ref: 85

Skill: Knowledge

1. Which one of Erikson's crises would you be LEAST likely to encounter in a K-12 classroom?

A) Identity vs. inferiority

B) Identity vs. role confusion

C) Initiative vs. guilt

D) Integrity vs. despair

Page Ref: 85, 90

Skill: Knowledge

1. Sally is in the stage Erikson calls initiative vs. guilt. Her parents supervise her closely and direct all her activities. The danger is that Sally may

A) develop an exaggerated sense of her own abilities.

B) eventually grow to mistrust her parents.

C) have difficulty trusting her own judgment.

D) not learn that some things should never be done.

Page Ref: 85-86

Skill: Understanding

1. The way that children resolve the autonomy vs. shame and doubt crisis influences their later sense of

A) attachment to the family.

B) confidence in their own abilities.

C) cooperation in groups.

D) evaluation of new ideas.

Page Ref: 85-86

Skill: Knowledge

1. Francis is no longer satisfied with pretending he has a place of his own. He's in the third grade now and old enough to build a real playhouse. He sets to work with boards and cardboard and takes great pleasure in the completed project. Francis is at the stage of

A) autonomy vs. doubt and shame.

B) generativity vs. self-absorption.

C) identity vs. role diffusion.

D) industry vs. inferiority.

Page Ref: 87

Skill: Understanding

1. The school and the neighbourhood first become highly important influences during what Eriksonian stage?

A) Autonomy vs. shame

B) Generativity vs. stagnation

C) Industry vs. inferiority

D) Intimacy vs. isolation

Page Ref: 87

Skill: Knowledge

1. Christine can't decide what she wants to pursue when she graduates from high school this year. "Life is so confusing," she thinks to herself. "Perhaps it is best not to think about these decisions at all." Christine is experiencing

A) identity achievement.

B) identity diffusion.

C) identity foreclosure.

D) moratorium.

Page Ref: 88

Skill: Understanding

1. Seventeen-year-old Carl has considered several career options and has developed a firm career goal. Carl is experiencing

A) identity achievement.

B) identity diffusion.

C) identity foreclosure.

D) moratorium.

Page Ref: 88

Skill: Understanding

1. Ever since Maida was a child, her parents talked about the possibility of her becoming a doctor. They brought her chemistry sets and equipment, such as stethoscopes and tongue depressors. When Maida entered college, she enrolled in the pre-medical program without even considering other options. What category of identity status is she exhibiting?

A) Identity achievement.

B) Identity diffusion.

C) Identity foreclosure.

D) Moratorium.

Page Ref: 88

Skill: Understanding

1. Which of James Marcia’s categories of identity status is characterized by gradual exploration and a delay in commitment to personal and occupational choices?

A) Diffusion

B) Conventional

C) Foreclosure

D) Moratorium

Page Ref: 88

Skill: Knowledge

1. Jerry has become active with a group working to save Canada’s topsoil. He believes that steps must be taken to prevent food shortages 100 years from now. George's situation represents Erikson's concern for

A) generativity.

B) integrity.

C) isolation.

D) self-absorption.

Page Ref: 90

Skill: Understanding

1. Which of the following is a statement of self-concept?

A) I remember the first day of high school when I didn’t know anyone else or have a clue about what to do or where to go.

B) I plan to go to college and major in music, but I don’t know what I’ll do after that.

C) I don’t have very many books on my shelves because I don’t like to read paper copies.

D) I am not good at solving interpersonal conflicts, but I am good at solving math problems.

Page Ref: 91

Skill: Understanding

1. The development of children's self-concept evolves by means of

A) constant self-evaluation in many different situations.

B) contrasting themselves with their peers.

C) differentiating between their skills and those of their peers.

D) gauging the verbal reactions of significant others.

Page Ref: 92

Skill: Knowledge

1. George attends a rural middle school in Virginia. On standardized achievement tests given in George's school, the school average is near the national average. George's friend Harold attends an elite private school in Washington, D.C. The average score of students at Harold's school on the same achievement measure is well above the national average. According to Marsh, George is more likely to feel better about his abilities than does Harold, even though both boys received high scores on the test. What developmental concept is illustrated?

A) "Big Fish, Little Pond"

B) Gradual development

C) Identity diffusion

D) Moratorium

Page Ref: 92-93

Skill: Understanding

1. The implication of the "Big Fish, Little Pond" idea is that

A) children in "average" schools may feel better about their own abilities than those in "high-ability" schools.

B) larger schools are likely to promote higher achievement than smaller schools.

C) self-concept is lower when competition is weaker than when it is stronger.

D) smaller schools offer limited opportunities for self-concept to develop.

Page Ref: 92-93

Skill: Knowledge

1. By definition, self-esteem is associated with

A) the academic skill set you are able to achieve.

B) your perception of others’ opinions about you.

C) Your value judgment about your self-worth.

D) the value you place on others’ opinions

Page Ref: 94

Skill: Knowledge

1. The difference between self-concept and self-esteem is that

A) self-concept is an affective reaction while self-esteem is a cognitive structure.

B) self-concept is a cognitive structure while self-esteem is an affective reaction.

C) self-esteem is a general concept while self-concept is specific to a given situation.

D) there is actually little or no difference between self-esteem and self-concept.

Page Ref: 91, 94, 107

Skill: Knowledge

1. Which one of the following students is expected to have the highest self-esteem?

A) Charlene, who won the tennis tournament after the number one seed was injured

B) Jennifer, who scored highest in her class on the physics exam even though she hated physics

C) Richard, who won Best-of-Class in a statewide modelling competition

D) Terry, who became class president after the elected president moved to a new school

Page Ref: 94-95

Skill: Understanding

1. Woolfolk has suggested that self-esteem is probably increased the most by

A) demonstrating competence in valued knowledge domains.

B) demonstrating understanding in school subjects.

C) having a rich and diverse social life.

D) receiving public recognition and rewards.

Page Ref: 95

Skill: Knowledge

1. Programs designed to increase students' self-esteem such as "Student of the Month" have

A) had little effect on increasing self-esteem.

B) are relevant only for certain ethnic cultures.

C) have a great influence on increasing students' self-esteem.

D) should be used only in special education classes.

Page Ref: 95

Skill: Knowledge

1. Based on recent studies, which of the following children is likely to have the greatest difficulty with assessing the intention of others?

A) Bart, a ten-year-old with high self-esteem

B) Enid, an aggressive three-year-old

C) Liliana, a passive five-year-old

D) Philip, an aggressive nine-year-old

Page Ref: 96

Skill: Understanding

1. Which of the following children seems to have the most well-developed theory of mind?

A) Stefano’s favourite flavor of popsicle is green, so he told his mom to give his friend a green popsicle too.

B) Gina saved a seat for her friend, but the friend sat next to someone else. Gina didn’t really care. She was interested in the play.

C) Darby realized that Bryson didn’t mean to step on her when he moved his desk into place for group work, so she didn’t make an issue of it.

D) Grant apologized for breaking his friend’s toy after his friend threatened to tell his mom about the incident. Grant knew his mom would make him apologize.

Page Ref: 96

Skill: Understanding

1. Frank said, "If I were starving, I'd steal a loaf of bread, but it would be wrong and against the law." According to Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, what level of moral reasoning does Frank demonstrate?

A) Conventional

B) Nonconventional

C) Preconventional

D) Postconventional

Page Ref: 97

Skill: Understanding

1. Vic was struggling with a difficult math exam. Abbey, an A+ student, was not covering her paper, so Vic decided to copy some of her answers in order to avoid having to try solving the rest of the problems himself. What level of moral reasoning did Vic demonstrate?

A) Conventional

B) Nonconventional

C) Postconventional

D) Preconventional

Page Ref: 97

Skill: Understanding

1. Sue is presented with a moral dilemma and responds that she would act in a certain way to please her parents. The moral reasoning stage reflected is

A) conventional.

B) nonconventional.

C) postconventional.

D) preconventional.

Page Ref: 97

Skill: Understanding

1. One of the most hotly debated criticisms of Kohlberg's moral reasoning theory is that his theory is based on a longitudinal study that favours

A) Western values and individualism.

B) non-Western values and collectivism.

C) Western female values and the ethic of care.

D) Western male values and individualism.

Page Ref: 97

Skill: Knowledge

1. Mrs. Fuller is dealing with a classroom management issue involving an argument in one of her groups. The second graders were working at the math centre and discussing the best way to share the make-believe pizza. Tomas said he should have more than the other children because he is bigger. Mrs. Fuller is dealing with an issue that is best described as:

A) social convention

B) distributive justice

C) personal choice

D) morality of cooperation

Page Ref: 98

Skill: Understanding

1. In a state of moral realism, a young child is likely to believe that

A) a person's intentions are really what matters, rather than results.

B) hitting two children deserves a stronger punishment than hitting one child.

C) misbehaving in school always merits punishment of some severe form.

D) punishment is rarely justified even though the behaviour was undesirable.

Page Ref: 98-99

Skill: Knowledge

1. Jonathan Haidt’s research identifies three key principles that comprise his Social Intuitionist Model. Which of the following statements represents one of his key principles?

A) Reasoning comes first, and intuition comes second in moral judgment.

B) Moral judgment is based on justice and welfare.

C) There is more to morality that fairness and harm.

D) Moral judgment binds groups with shared beliefs and makes them more open to moral beliefs of other groups.

Page Ref: 100-101

Skill: Knowledge

1. In addition to self-concept, what other influences affect moral behaviour?

A) Caring and correction

B) External standards and integration

C) Internalization and modelling

D) Valuing justice and sharing

Page Ref: 101

Skill: Knowledge

1. Relational aggression involves

A) physical abuse between siblings.

B) threatening or damaging social relationships.

C) being assertive about one's rights.

D) inflicting intentional harm.

Page Ref: 102

Skill: Knowledge

1. Canadian researchers using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth, have demonstrated that

A) children will react aggressively to “Bobo” dolls after watching adults behave aggressively.

B) strong associations exist between family membership and family functioning and aggressive behaviour.

C) siblings are the greatest source of aggressive models.

D) socioeconomic status is the strongest predictor of young adult aggressive behaviour.

Page Ref: 103

Skill: Knowledge

1. Research has shown that students who watch others behaving aggressively

A) become more aggressive.

B) become more passive.

C) do not change their behaviour.

D) tolerate less aggression among peers.

Page Ref: 103

Skill: Knowledge

1. According to Woolfolk, one of the best ways to prevent cheating in a classroom is to

A) make every attempt to avoid placing learners in high-pressure situations.

B) inform students you will call their parents if they are caught cheating.

C) ignore the first cheating behaviour because students typically do not cheat on a regular basis.

D) emphasize why grades are so important to the learning process.

Page Ref: 105

Skill: Knowledge

True/False Questions

1. Research shows that boys enter puberty earlier than girls.

Page Ref: 66

1. Play stimulates the brain at all ages and may help with cognitive development.

Page Ref: 68

1. Bulimia is an eating disorder marked by eating practically nothing while often exercising obsessively.

Page Ref: 71

1. Approximately two-thirds of people with eating disorders actually receive treatment and get help.

Page Ref: 72

1. The authoritative parenting style is marked by warmth while still setting clear limits for behaviour and enforcing rules that are clearly explained.

Page Ref: 74

1. Peer cultures are relatively small friendship-based groups.

Page Ref: 78

1. Rejected withdrawn children more likely to commit crimes as they grow older.

Page Ref: 80

1. If a teacher suspects a child is being abused or neglected, they must alert the principal, counsellor, or a school social worker.

Page Ref: 82

1. Erikson, like Piaget, saw development as a passage through a series of interdependent stages.

Page Ref: 84

1. According to Erikson, children's first development crisis is resolving initiative vs. guilt.

Page Ref: 85

1. Children's failure to gain a sense of industry may result in feelings of inferiority.

Page Ref: 85, 87

1. Adolescents who do not experiment with different identities or consider a range of options are experiencing identity diffusion.

Page Ref: 88

1. According to Erikson, adolescents who are having difficulty with identity choices are experiencing a moratorium.

Page Ref: 88

1. A successful means of dealing with the adolescent identity crisis is identity foreclosure.

Page Ref: 88

1. The basic difference between self-concept and self-esteem is that self-concept is a cognitive structure while self-esteem is an affective structure.

Page Ref: 94, 107

1. Academic self-concept influences students’ course selection.

Page Ref: 94

1. Students experience the greatest increases in self-esteem when they grow more competent in the areas that their parents value.

Page Ref: 94

1. The development of perspective-taking continues from early childhood to adulthood.

Page Ref: 96

1. Being recognized as a "good" child by one's parents is especially important at the preconventional stage of moral development.

Page Ref: 97

1. When individuals adopt external standards as their own, they are internalizing those standards.

Page Ref: 101

1. Aggression and assertiveness are synonymous behaviours.

Page Ref: 102

1. Children whose parents are divorcing can benefit from authoritative teachers.

Page Ref: 106

Completion Questions

1. ________ marks the beginning of sexual maturity.

Page Ref: 66

1. The eating disorder that involves binge eating followed by purging, fasting, or excessive exercise is ________.

Page Ref: 71

1. According to Urie Bronfenbrenner, families and teachers are part of a child's ________.

Page Ref: 71, 73

1. Urie Bronfenbrenner's theory, which describes the social and cultural contexts of development is referred to as his ________ model of development.

Page Ref: 73

1. Stepbrothers and half-sisters who live in the same household belong to ________ families.

Page Ref: 73

1. Teachers who observe children with frequent, severe bruises and other signs of physical and behavioural trauma should be alerted to the possibility of ________.

Page Ref: 83

1. Erikson examined individual development using his ________ theory.

Page Ref: 84

1. Children experiencing the Eriksonian conflict of trust vs. mistrust are in Piaget's ________ stage.

Page Ref: 85

1. According to Erikson’s theory, primary school students strive to avoid feeling ________ when they are not allowed to do certain things on their own.

Page Ref: 86

1. The relationship between perseverance and the pleasure of a job completed is what Erikson calls ________.

Page Ref: 87

1. Adolescents who fail to develop a strong identity in Erikson’s theory are likely to experience ________.

Page Ref: 87-88

1. According to Erikson, the main conflict for adolescents involves the search for ________.

Page Ref: 87-88

1. Adolescents who commit themselves to the goals and value of others without exploration may experience identity ________.

Page Ref: 88

1. Identity ________ describes individuals who do not explore any options or actions and who reach no conclusions about who they are or what they are doing with their lives.

Page Ref: 88

1. In adulthood, one of the conflicts that people must face is stagnation vs. ________.

Page Ref: 90

1. Situations in which people must make difficult decisions are called ________.

Page Ref: 96-97

1. An "obedience" orientation characterizes Kohlberg's stage of moral reasoning known as ________.

Page Ref: 97

1. Three important influences on the development of moral behaviour are internalization, self-concept, and ________.

Page Ref: 101

Short Answer Questions

1. What are some ways teachers can address student's physical differences without calling unnecessary attention to the variation?

Page Ref: 68

1. Describe the four types of parenting styles according to the work of Diana Baumrind (1991).

Authoritarian parents (low warmth, high control) seem cold and controlling in their parenting.

Authoritative parents (high warmth, high control) set clear limits and enforce the rules in a caring manner.

Permissive parents (high warmth, low control) are warm and nurturing, but set few rules and/or consequences for misbehaviour.

Rejecting/Neglecting parents (low warmth, low control) may appear to not care at all and may even be absent. They may appear to not want to be bothered with their parenting responsibilities.

Page Ref: 74-75

1. What personal conflicts are most likely to be experienced by individuals of the following ages: (a) age of three; (b) age of 10; and (c) age of 15? What can parents or teachers do to help the individual achieve a healthy resolution?

Page Ref: 85-88

1. Define the term "self-concept." How do school experiences affect the formation of self-concept?

Page Ref: 91-92

1. Define theory of mind and explain why it is important to development.

Page Ref: 96

1. Outline Kohlberg's three levels of moral development and describe an example of reasoning at each level.

Page Ref: 96-97

Case Studies

1. A member of your school board gives an impassioned speech regarding the need for "a dollar's worth of learning for every dollar spent." "The children of today are rarely challenged," he asserts. "We need to promote accelerated programs." For the next hour, he outlines a plan to introduce algebra in the sixth grade, physics in the seventh grade, reading in the preschool, and skipping grades for any student who scores highly on the provincial achievement test. Some people in the audience look skeptical, others show strong displeasure, but a surprising number appear to agree with the sentiments expressed.

A) Argue for or against the proposed program drawing from the ideas of (a) Erikson and (b) Kohlberg.

Page Ref: 84-90, 96-97

1. How might accelerated programs generally influence children's (a) self-concept and (b) social development?

Page Ref: 91-93

1. In your opinion, in what ways can educational systems become more effective without developing moral dilemmas for children?

Page Ref: 101-104

1. Annie, a fifth-grade student in Mr. Baer's class, is being quiet and sullen for the fifth day in a row. "I just can't do this writing stuff," she finally says in an appeal to Mr. Baer. "I'm not a good student. Give me P.E. or art over this stuff any day!"

Discuss Annie's problem from the perspective of the development of self-concept and self-esteem.

Page Ref: 91-92, 94-95