Test Bank Docx Qualitative Data Analysis Chapter 10

CHAPTER 10

TRUE/FALSE

1. Bivariate analyses are used to assess the relationship between two variables to examine if the variables are statistically correlated with each other.
2. The following statement is an example of an inverse relationship: When the number of police officers increases, crime rates decrease.
3. Normal bell-shaped curve is called mesokurtic, which helps determining what percentage of the population is likely to have what score.
4. Leptokurtic results when the scores are spread out relatively evenly.
5. When most scores are congregated at the upper end of the graph, the graph is positively skewed.
6. A histogram is useful for displaying categorical variables.
7. Cross-tabulations can show four important associations between two or more variables: existence, strength, direction, and pattern.
8. Gamma can be used when examining whether two nominal variables are associated with each other.
9. The larger the absolute value of t, the more likely it is to show a significant difference between the two variables.
10. Chi square is proper when testing hypotheses about categorical data.
11. Type II error occurs when the researcher thinks a relationship between variables exists when it really does not.
12. With the Pearson correlation coefficient, it is possible to signify a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables.
13. With regression analyses, it is possible to signify a cause-and effect relationship between two variables.
14. Statistics can be utilized in qualitative research.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following is false regarding bivariate statistics?
2. Bivariate statistics are used to assess the relationship between two variables.
3. Bivariate statistics can address the question: As one variable increase does the other variable increase or decrease?
4. Variables can move in the same direction as well as in the opposite direction.
5. An inverse relationship refers to a situation where one variable decreases as the other variable also decreases.
6. Which of the following is not an example of positive relationships?
7. Crime rates increase as proactive police officers arrest more drug offenders.
8. Crime rates decrease as unemployment rates decrease.
9. The amount of alcohol consumption decreases as self-esteem increases.
10. The grade on the exam increases as the amount of time spent studying for an exam increases.
11. Which of the following is false regarding normal bell curves?
12. The scores presented on the graph are evenly distributed.
13. One very good example of normal bell curves is the IQ curve.
14. With normal bell curves, it is possible to determine what percentage of the population is likely to have what score.
15. None of the above
16. Which of the following is false regarding skewed curves?
17. Criminal justice data are always normally distributed.
18. The age of criminal offending produces a skewed curve.
19. The data on arrests are more likely to produce a skewed curve.
20. None of the above
21. A __________ curve refers to the normal bell shaped curve when the data are plotted.
22. skewed
23. mesokurtic
24. leptokurtic
25. platykurtic
26. The following curve represents a __________ curve.

1. skewed
2. mesokurtic
3. leptokurtic
4. platykurtic
5. The following curve represents a __________ curve.

1. skewed
2. mesokurtic
3. leptokurtic
4. platykurtic
5. The following curve represents a __________ curve.

1. skewed
2. mesokurtic
3. leptokurtic
4. platykurtic
5. The following curve is

1. positively skewed.
2. negative skewed.
3. mesokurtic.
4. platykurtic.
5. In the case of exams where most students achieved between 65 and 80, a tail is pulled to the right of the normal curve. This type of distribution is called a __________________ curve.
6. positively skewed
7. negatively skewed
8. mesokurtic
9. platykurtic
10. In a ______________ curve, scores are spread out relatively evenly.
11. positively skewed
12. negatively skewed
13. mesokurtic
14. platykurtic
15. Which of the following is false regarding distribution curves?
16. When a distribution is skewed, the mean is most strongly affected.
17. The mode is not really affected by just one extreme score.
18. The mean can be greatly affected by one extreme score.
19. None of the above
20. Which of the following is false regarding graphical presentations?
21. To depict data graphically, it is desirable to use complicated graphs.
22. Graphical presentations help identifying outliers.
23. Often times, a simple bar chart or graph is enough to present data.
24. None of the above
25. A ____________ consists of solid bars that are separated by spaces. It is useful for displaying nominal or categorical data.
26. bar chart
27. pie chart
28. histogram
29. cross-tabulation
30. A __________ has bars touching one another. It is useful for displaying continuous data.
31. bar chart
32. pie chart
33. histogram
34. cross-tabulation
35. A ___________________ is a table that shows the distribution of one variable for each category.
36. bar chart
37. pie chart
38. histogram
39. cross-tabulation
40. To measure the association of two nominal variables, _________ can be used.
41. lambda
42. gamma
43. t test
44. Chi square
45. Which of the following is true regarding lambda?
46. Lambda ranges –1 to 1.
47. A perfect association between the two variables would be presented by the number 0.
48. Lambda shows how probable it is that nominal variables are related.
49. None of the above
50. To measure the association of two ordinal variables, ___________ can be used.
51. lambda
52. gamma
53. t test
54. Chi square
55. Which of the following is true regarding gamma?
56. Gamma ranges 0 to 1.
57. A strong positive relationship would be represented by 1.
58. A strong negative relationship would be represented by 0.
59. All of the above
60. The purpose of __________ is to see if the means of two groups of scores differ to a statistically significant degree.
61. lambda
62. gamma
63. t test
64. Chi square
65. _____________ can be used when researchers are interested in hypothesis test of categorical data.
66. lambda
67. gamma
68. t test
69. Chi square
70. Chi square not only provides a numerical value but also a measure of the level of confidence that is reported as
71. lambda.
72. gamma.
73. t level.
74. p level
75. Which of the following is true regarding the probability of making an error in hypothesis testing?
76. Type I error occurs when the researcher thinks a relationship between the variables exists when it actually does not.
77. Type II error occurs when the researcher thinks a relationship between the variables does not exist when it actually does.
78. The lower reported value of statistical significance set by the researcher, the less likely it is that a type I error will occur.
79. All of the above
80. __________ is the most common tool used to measure the relationship between two interval or ratio level variables.
81. t test
82. Chi square
83. Pearson correlation coefficient
84. Gamma
85. The goal of __________ is to determine if the dependent variable is a function of the independent variables.
86. bivariate analysis
87. Chi square
88. Pearson correlation coefficient
89. regression analysis
90. Which is the oldest recorded means of data collection?
    1. oral history
    2. ethnography
    3. case studies
    4. none of the above
91. Which of the following is not a qualitative approach?
    1. oral history
    2. meta analysis
    3. ethnography
    4. interviews
92. What are the common programs often used by qualitative researchers?
    1. SPSS and SAS
    2. QDA Miner
    3. ATLAS
    4. all the above

FILL-IN-THE-BLANK

1. __________ examines the statistical relationship between two variables.
2. A(n) __________ refers to a situation where one variable increases as the other variable also increases.
3. A(n) __________ refers to a situation where one variable increases as the other variable decreases.
4. A(n) __________ is based on the normal distribution of the data.
5. A(n) __________ refers to a normal curve when the data are plotted.
6. A(n) __________ refers to a skewed distribution where most scores are tightly grouped together when the data are plotted.
7. A(n) __________ refers to a flatter curve where the scores are spread out evenly when the data are plotted.
8. A(n) __________ is a graph that depicts categorical data by utilizing individual bars to represent the variables.
9. __________ is a test of statistical significance for nominal level variables.
10. __________ is a test of statistical significance for ordinal level variables.
11. __________ is a statistical test used to determine if the mean values between variables or between samples are statistically different.
12. __________ is a test used when assessing the relationship between variables. It helps to determine if there is true statistical significance in the association.
13. __________ occurs when the null hypothesis is erroneously rejected.
14. __________occurs when the hull hypothesis that there is no relationship between the variables should have been rejected but, in fact, was not.
15. __________ is a measure of association between two continuous variables that can tell both the strength and the direction of the linear relationship.
16. __________, also known as multivariate analysis, focuses on causality, which helps to determine if the values of the dependent variable can be predicted by the values of the independent variable(s).

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. What are three common coding methods?

Open coding, axial coding, selective coding

1. What is a “negative case method”?

Examining what did not happen and what is not explicit in the data

ESSAY QUESTIONS

1. Discuss the challenges of establishing “causality” in a qualitative study.

Cannot even identify study variables beforehand, much less establish temporal order, association or spuriousness; much more subjective approach; philosophical differences form quantitative studies.

1. How are qualitative studies more complicated than many quantitative studies?

Many possible forms of qualitiave studies; strategies must evolve and change as new avenues of inquiry open up; unique ethical challenges, all contingencies cannot be identified prior to data collection; at least 7 different ways to analyze qualitative data

1. What are the factors to consider with mixed methods analysis?

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

1. In order to assess causality, three important criteria must be met. Please list and describe each of these.

2. What philosophical differences exist between qualitative and quantitative researchers?

3. How do these differences impact the issue of causality?

4. Does qualitative analysis differ from quantitative analysis? How do you feel about combining the two?

5. What is the common means of evaluating field data?

6. What are the more common types of qualitative research? Least common?