Chapter 8: Life Span Theories, Family Life Course Theories, and Historical Trauma

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following statements about life span theories is true?

a. They are often understood to represent “normal” human growth.

b. They take diversity in human development into consideration.

c. They reflect a new paradigm linking social structures and individual behavior.

d. They consider the role of immigration from Europe to the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Overview of Life Span Theories

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. According to Erikson, an adolescent aged 12–18 is in which psychosocial stage?

a. generativity vs. stagnation

b. initiative vs. guilt

c. industry vs. inferiority

d. identity vs. role confusion

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Overview of Life Span Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. According to Erikson, an adult who is in his/her late 40s is in which of the following psychosocial stage?

a. generativity vs. stagnation

b. initiative vs. guilt

c. industry vs. inferiority

d. identity vs. role confusion

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Overview of Life Span Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. According to Erikson, in which stage do children begin to assume important responsibility for self-care, such as eliminating feces and urine?

a. basic trust vs. mistrust

b. autonomy vs. shame

c. initiative vs. guilt

d. industry vs. inferiority

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Overview of Life Span Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. According to Erikson, in which stage do children master locomotion skills and are ready to take initiative in their learning and behavior?

a. basic trust vs. mistrust

b. autonomy vs. shame

c. initiative vs. guilt

d. industry vs. inferiority

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Overview of Life Span Theories

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. A student enjoys watering class plants, collecting and distributing materials for teacher, and keeping records of forms for teacher. Which stage is this student in according to Erikson?

a. basic trust vs. mistrust

b. autonomy vs. shame

c. initiative vs. guilt

d. industry vs. inferiority

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Overview of Life Span Theories

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. An older adult may find it necessary to reflect and analyze what they have accumulated throughout life and decide what offspring will receive from them upon death. Which stage is this person in according to Erikson?

a. identity vs. role confusion

b. intimacy vs. isolation

c. generativity vs. stagnation

d. integrity vs. despair

Ans : D

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Overview of Life Span Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. An adult is concerned about the future of the environment and equality for all people. Which stage is he/she in according to Erikson?

a. identity vs. role confusion

b. intimacy vs. isolation

c. generativity vs. stagnation

d. integrity vs. despair

Ans : C

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Overview of Life Span Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. According to life course perspectives, the idea that people born in a specific year are members of a birth cohort with a particular historical experience and range of life opportunities that depend on geographic location is referred to as ______.

a. historical and geographical location

b. social embeddedness

c. agency and personal control

d. timing and mastery

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Life Course Perspectives

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. ______ examines how lives change as intergenerational relationships and social roles change.

a. Historical and geographical location

b. Social embeddedness

c. Agency and personal control

d. Timing and mastery

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Life Course Perspectives

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. The process by which people plan and make choices to control their lives is referred to as ______.

a. historical and geographical location

b. social embeddedness

c. agency and personal control

d. timing and mastery

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Life Course Perspectives

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. ______ is often described as a stage of development involving individuals’ exploration regarding work, love and worldviews.

a. Emerging adulthood

b. Childhood and adolescence

c. Older adulthood

d. Younger adulthood

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Life Course Perspectives

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Which of the following statements is true about the concept of emerging adulthood?

a. It provides young adults the opportunity to pursue a prolonged period of independent role exploration

b. It is a prolonged stage of development in which people were given a psychosocial moratorium to freely experiment their roles

c. It does not exist for majority populations who are middle class and above and who live in industrialized cultures.

d. It is a stage of development when adolescents engage in efforts to integrate views of self with how others view them

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Emerging Adulthood As A Distinct Developmental Stage

Difficulty Level: Hard

14. The ______ theory focuses on the process of moving from black self-hatred to an affirmation of a black identity.

a. black identity

b. critical race

c. Nigrescence

d. race salience

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nigrescence Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. According to Cross’s theory, the ______ stage of identity development describes the importance of race to the development of a Black person’s identity

a. pre-encounter

b. encounter

c. immersion-emersion

d. internalization

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nigrescence Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. According to Cross’s theory, during the ______ stage of identity development, Black people may start questioning their beliefs about race in American society.

a. pre-encounter

b. encounter

c. immersion-emersion

d. internalization

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nigrescence Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. According to Cross’s theory, which of the following stage is characterized as an emotionally volatile transition from an old racial identity into a new one?

a. pre-encounter

b. encounter

c. immersion-emersion

d. internalization

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nigrescence Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. According to Cross’s theory, at which stage is a black person likely to develop a Black Nationalist identity?

a. pre-encounter

b. encounter

c. immersion-emersion

d. internalization

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Nigrescence Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Which of the following statements about Chenault is true?

a. She systematically explored the development of self-esteem, sense of belonging, and social support and social action.

b. She was aware of the complexities of traditional Lakota cultural and spiritual beliefs and their impact on helping First Nation people.

c. She believed First Nation people’s spiritual views can contribute to their open wounds regarding their American Holocaust.

d. She was inspired by psychoanalytic beliefs that childhood experiences impact and can determine adult development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction: Weaving Of Personal And Professional Experiences

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. ______ can be understood as a sustained series of events enacted by an invading power on another culture, which facilitates and perpetuates the development of a worldview or ideology that supports oppression and unjust social structures.

a. Imperialism

b. Oppression

c. Colonialism

d. Colonization

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structural Injustices And The American Holocaust

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. ______ is viewed as a condition of powerlessness that cuts across every system within a culture.

a. Imperialism

b. Oppression

c. Colonialism

d. Colonization

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structural Injustices And The American Holocaust

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. What is true about imperialism?

a. It serves as the foundation for colonialism.

b. It values the culture of First Nations people.

c. It is a process of oppressing a group, culture or nation.

d. It depicts a condition of powerlessness within a culture.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Structural Injustices And The American Holocaust

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. How does life course theory address growth and change?

a. It describes broader societal themes which shape the growth and development of people.

b. It views human growth and development as having predictable, linear stages.

c. It addresses the impact of oppression, discrimination, and genocide.

d. It argues that humans need to experience community-based change and growth.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: How Does This Theory Address Growth And Change (E.G., For The Individual And Community)?

Difficulty Level: Hard

24. How did life span theory create a more useful social work model for understanding human behavior?

a. It focused solely on the intrapsychic processes among the id, ego, and superego.

b. It understood human behavior as pathology rather than a developmental process.

c. It understood human behavior as a product more of persons than their environments.

d. It fit well with the emerging emphasis in social work on social systems theory.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Assumptions Underlying Life Span Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

25. A family is trying to manage the challenges that face families as their children move between independent living and the need to return to their families as they attempt to establish themselves outside the family. What stages of life course is this family in?

a. the family in later life

b. between families

c. families at midlife

d. families with adolescents

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Context For Family Life Course Thinking

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Life course perspectives are largely silent about the influences of gender, race and ethnicity, historical oppression, and other on identity development

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Case Example: Michaela’s Exploration

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. According to biracial and monoracial theories, one’s racial identity is fixed and stable over time.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Multiracial Identity Development And Border Crossings

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Chenault contributed to the development of the concepts of historical trauma, unresolved historical grief, and psychoeducational interventions.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction: Weaving Of Personal And Professional Experiences

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Indigenous colonization describes the conscious actions and planned strategies that indigenous people engage in to reconnect with and reclaim their knowledge, philosophies and practices

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Structural Injustices And The American Holocaust

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Life span and life course theories are limited in their capacity to be applied to groups of marginalized or vulnerable populations.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: How Consistent Is This Theory With Social Work Values And Ethics?

Difficulty Level: Hard

Short Answer

1. According to Root, how do multiracial individuals address, experience and negotiate their racial identity?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Multiracial Identity Development And Border Crossings

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Give four examples of Generations of loss for the Lakota people.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Historical Trauma, Historical Unresolved Grief And Healing Strategies

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Describe the four components Brave Heart’s psychoeducational intervention to address First Nations grief and loss.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Historical Trauma, Historical Unresolved Grief And Healing Strategies

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Critique how holistic life course perspectives are.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: How Holistic Is This Theory?

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Discuss and critique three assumptions underlying life span theory.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Assumptions Underlying Life Span Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard