Test Bank Docx Gender And Gender Roles Chapter 5 10e

Human Sexuality, 10e (Yarber)

Chapter 5 Gender and Gender Roles

1) In our culture, women's clothing is designed to

A) provide warmth and comfort, especially to the breast area.

B) demonstrate the basic humanity of the wearer by deemphasizing sex-related characteristics.

C) accentuate women's suitability for female roles such as nurturing and emotional support.

D) emphasize secondary sex characteristics.

2) Most clothing items that emphasize or exaggerate secondary sex characteristics are

A) made for females.

B) made for males.

C) only found in traditional clothing.

D) largely unavailable in stores today.

3) A woman wears perfume, and dresses with ruffles, a soft hairstyle, and makeup. These feminine characteristics are primarily determined by which of the following nonanatomical factors?

A) nature

B) hormones

C) culture

D) chromosomes

4) All of the following are aspects of our anatomical sex EXCEPT

A) genitals.

B) hormones.

C) gonads.

D) internal reproductive structures.

5) The social and cultural characteristics associated with biological sex relate to

A) sexuality.

B) gender.

C) sexism.

D) anatomy.

6) Which of the following refers to whether one is biologically female or male?

A) sex

B) gender

C) sexual dimorphism

D) gender dysphoria

7) Which of the following refers to the physical sex structures of a person such as gonads, uterus, vulva, vagina, and penis?

A) genetic sex

B) gender dysphoria

C) anatomical sex

D) sexual dimorphism

8) Which of the following refers to the gender given by others, usually at birth?

A) genetic sex

B) gender identity

C) anatomical sex

D) assigned gender

9) Which of the following refers to a rigidly held, oversimplified, and overgeneralized belief about how each gender should behave?

A) gender variation

B) gender-role stereotype

C) gender identity

D) assigned gender

10) Jacob, a 20-year-old male, feels that he has a blend of both feminine and masculine characteristics. He is attracted to women and men. This internal perception of Jacob is called ________.

A) assigned gender

B) gender identity

C) gender schema

D) gender neutral

11) In a delivery room, the pronouncement "It's a girl!" or "It's a boy!" refers to

A) genetic sex.

B) gender identity.

C) assigned gender.

D) gender role.

12) While being interviewed for the position of a commercial airline pilot, Julia is questioned if she would be able to handle in-flight situations as efficiently as a male pilot. Annoyed with the interviewers' attitude, she challenges them to test her abilities and hire her should she succeed. She passes all the tests and, as a result, the airline hires her. In this scenario, Julia most likely defies ________.

A) heteronormativity

B) a gender-role stereotype

C) gender dysphoria

D) a gender schema

13) Which of the following occurs among individuals who cannot or choose not to conform to societal gender norms and those who deviate from their gender behavior?

A) gender variation

B) behavior anomaly

C) frotteurism

D) transmisogyny 

14) Alex dresses and behaves like a boy, and he tells everyone he is a boy. This is an example of

A) an assigned gender.

B) gender identity.

C) a gender role.

D) a gender-role stereotype.

15) The assignment of gender usually occurs at birth and is usually based on

A) gender identity.

B) anatomical appearance.

C) behavioral genetics.

D) dominant hormones.

16) The attitudes, behaviors, rights, and responsibilities that particular cultural groups associate with one's assumed or assigned sex are called

A) gender identities.

B) gender stereotypes.

C) gender roles.

D) gender variations.

17) Matt and Ashley are a newly married couple. In their household, each of them has distinct duties. Matt is responsible for cooking, buying groceries, and cleaning the house. Ashley is responsible for paying the bills, making electrical and plumbing repairs in the house, and tending to the garden. These distinctions in duties between Matt and Ashley exemplify a deviation in ________.

A) sexual orientation

B) gender-role stereotypes

C) gender identities

D) social learning

18) A person's internal sense of being male or female is called

A) gender identity.

B) genetic sex.

C) assigned gender.

D) a gender role.

19) Mary compels her daughters to practice proper etiquette wherever they go. She instructs them to cook and do household chores and forbids them from playing sports. Which of the following statements is likely to be true in the context of this scenario?

A) Mary believes in gender polarization.

B) Mary is conforming to a gender-role stereotype.

C) Mary is embracing a nonbinary option.

D) Mary supports gender nonconforming behavior.

20) A major problem with gender-role stereotypes is that they

A) are false and misleading both for individuals and for the whole group.

B) prevent statistically valid generalizations from being made.

C) interfere with the development of a solid gender identity.

D) fail to consider the effects of biological sex on behavior.

21) By what age does one internalize and identify with one's gender?

A) 1 year

B) 2 years

C) 5 years

D) 7 years

22) The Nguyens give their baby a girl's name based on her physical characteristics. They dress her in pink and lace coveralls and put bows in her thin hair. Which of the following is being emphasized here?

A) assigned gender

B) gender variation

C) gender identity

D) gender dysmorphia

23) Until the age of 3, most children identify the gender of others based on

A) genitals.

B) nonanatomical signs.

C) facial features and musculature.

D) behavior.

24) By age 4 or 5, children learn about

A) social stereotypes.

B) sexual behavior.

C) the connection between genitals and gender.

D) the prevalent sexual variations in society.

25) For most people, anatomical sex, gender identity, and assigned gender are

A) discordant.

B) ambiguous.

C) congruent.

D) unrelated.

26) The umbrella term for those whose gender expression or identity is not congruent with the sex assigned at birth and whose gender is not validated by the dominant culture is

A) homosexual.

B) cisgender.

C) heterosexual.

D) transgender.

27) Biology creates males and females; culture creates

A) genetic sex.

B) physical and mental ability.

C) anatomical sex.

D) masculinity and femininity.

28) Han, who belongs to a traditional Western society, believes that all men are assertive and all women are submissive. He believes that only women can be sensitive to the needs of other people, whereas men should be, and are, insensitive to such needs. In other words, Han believes that

A) men are superior to women.

B) men and women complement each other.

C) men and women possess polar opposite traits.

D) these differences draw men and women together.

29) In some East African societies, a male child is referred to as a

A) he-she.

B) keiki.

C) woman-child.

D) man-child.

30) In some East African societies, at about the age of 7, boys

A) are circumcised, to "make" him a man.

B) must engage in exactly the same activities as girls.

C) are encouraged to become sexually active.

D) must leave the family to live in sexual seclusion.

31) As a manager, Michael has a team of 10 people reporting to him. He usually favors the men in his team for a complex project as he believes they are task-oriented and have good analytical skills. He often remarks that the women in his team are too emotional and that they lack the rationality and analytical skills required to complete a task. In this scenario, Michael's attitude and behavior exemplify ________.

A) gender variation

B) androgyny

C) sexism

D) heteronormativity

32) Anthony, a middle-aged man, hates the idea of women as professionals. He refuses services in flights with an all-women crew, and he avoids taxis driven by women. He believes that a woman's place is only in the kitchen and that they are bound to cause accidents if they step out. Anthony's attitude toward women is termed as ________.

A) androgyny

B) gender variation

C) heteronormativity

D) misogyny

33) Which of the following statements defines the term "heteronormativity"?

A) It is a set of interrelated ideas used to organize information about the world on the basis of gender.

B) It is the belief that heterosexuality is standard, natural, and superior to all other expressions of sexuality.

C) It is the view that heterosexual men often have more female biological characteristics than homosexual men do.

D) It is a person's internal sense or perception of being male, female, a blend of both, or neither.

34) How are sexual orientation and gender identity related to each other?

A) Gender identity determines sexual orientation.

B) They are conceptually independent of each other.

C) Sexual orientation determines gender identity.

D) They are both determined by a person's sex.

35) The belief that a "real man" is not gay and therefore gay men are not "real men" is an example of

A) heteronormativity.

B) homophobia.

C) misandry.

D) misogyny.

36) Which of the following theories is widely used in the study of sexuality and includes queer theory?

A) evolutionary theory on gender

B) biological theory on gender

C) psychodynamic theory on gender

D) social construction theory on gender

37) According to cognitive social learning theory, we learn attitudes and behaviors as a result of

A) social interactions with others.

B) active interpretation of messages received from our environment.

C) the physiological evolution process.

D) biological characteristics inherited from our parents.

38) Rebecca identifies herself as a gender-neutral person. She believes that the concept of gender cannot be completely understood by the actions of the heterosexual community. She also believes that the societal roles assigned to men and women are constructs to serve the political systems of a country. In this scenario, Rebecca most likely believes in ________.

A) queer theory

B) cognitive development theory

C) the ecological theory of development

D) cognitive social learning theory

39) As a child, Lilly observed that even though both her parents were employed, her mother served all family members their dinner. She noticed that her mother did all sorts of "little things" to please family members. She saw that although her father took the children to doctors, dentists, etc., it was her mother who made and kept track of these appointments. As an adult, Lilly incorporated all these behaviors into her own family life. This example supports the ideas of the

A) cognitive social learning theory.

B) gender modeling theory.

C) moral development theory.

D) psychoanalytic theory.

40) Which of the following is true of cognitive social learning theory?

A) It views gender as a set of practices and performances that occur through language and a political system.

B) It is derived from the psychoanalytic perspective on psychology.

C) It emphasizes observable events and their consequences, rather than internal feelings and drives, when explaining actions.

D) It identifies gender and sexuality as systems that are not gender neutral and cannot be understood by the actions of heterosexual males and females.

41) The phenomenon of modeling is usually associated with

A) psychoanalytic theory.

B) cognitive development theory.

C) cognitive social learning theory.

D) developmental gender theory.

42) Twins Isaac and Taylor engage in pretend play. Isaac often imitates their father, while Taylor imitates their mother. Isaac pretends to go to work, while Taylor pretends to do the cooking and other household chores. Which of the following theories of socialization is depicted in this scenario?

A) cognitive social learning theory

B) queer theory

C) the ecological theory of development

D) social construction theory

43) A cognitive development theorist and a cognitive social learning theorist agree on many things. However, they DISAGREE on

A) the influence of culture on gender roles.

B) whether age determines how learning takes place.

C) the role of parents in gender-role socialization.

D) the role of modeling behavior.

44) In the context of gender role learning in children, ________ is out of place here.

A) channeling

B) manipulation

C) verbal appellation

D) indoctrination

45) While walking through the toy store with her 1-year-old son, Brianna stops and points out the baseballs, shows her son guns and trucks, and walks quickly past the Barbie dolls. This aspect of parental gender socialization is called

A) activity exposure.

B) channeling.

C) indoctrination

D) verbal appellation.

46) Tressa is playing with her dolls. Her mother compliments her on how nicely she has dressed them. This makes Tressa more interested in her dolls and in hairstyling. Which theory does this exemplify?

A) psychodynamic theory

B) cognitive social learning theory

C) moral development theory

D) sociobiology theory

47) When Sydney insists on sitting on her mother's lap, her mother says she is being loving. When Damien insists on sitting on his mother's lap, he is told that he is being a baby. This demonstrates the concept of

A) manipulation.

B) channeling

C) verbal appellation.

D) verbal abuse.

48) Mary sends her son to a military school because she is concerned about his affinity to "women's activities" such as cooking and sewing. She believes that equestrian and other outdoor activities will make him manlier. Which of the following methods of socialization does Mary most likely use here?

A) verbal appellation

B) activity exposure

C) channeling

D) indoctrination

49) Tanya and Kevin are twins. They recently got a new swing set for their backyard. Kevin is allowed to play on the swing by himself, but Tanya is only allowed to play with her mother's assistance. This is a typical example of

A) scrutinizing.

B) a double standard.

C) channeling.

D) sibling rivalry.

50) African American women ________.

A) tend to be more rigid in their thinking about gender roles.

B) have represented the symbol of strength in their communities.

C) are epitomes of the traditional female role model.

D) are more dependent than women of other minority groups.

51) During gym class at an elementary school, Ms. Yomogida sends the boys to the football field, while she teaches the girls ballet. This is a typical example of how teachers

A) emphasize physical fitness for both sexes.

B) model non-stereotypic roles for both sexes.

C) use gender-inappropriate behavioral appellations in socializing children.

D) serve as agents of traditional gender-role socialization.

52) When the kids on the block play "airplane," Tran, who wants to play the flight attendant, is ridiculed by the other boys who say, "That's for girls!" This example typically shows how peers influence gender-role learning through

A) verbal disapproval.

B) overt physical punishment.

C) verbal appellation.

D) mean comments.

53) Which of the following characterizes typical female characters on television?

A) They are under age 30.

B) They are thin.

C) They are attractive.

D) All of the answers are correct.

54) Although gender is not inherent in inanimate objects or in behaviors, we treat many objects and behaviors as if they were masculine or feminine. This cognitive organization of the world according to gender is referred to as

A) a gender bias.

B) sex typing.

C) a gender schema.

D) gender stereotyping.

55) All of the following are associated with the traditional masculine gender role EXCEPT

A) power orientation.

B) feelings of superiority.

C) communication.

D) competitiveness.

56) In the context of traditional gender roles and scripts, which of the following is included in the traditional male sexual script?

A) All physical contact leads to sex.

B) A man always wants love and actively seeks it.

C) Men should have (or at least should express) certain feelings.

D) Love and sex are inseparable.

57) All of the following are associated with the traditional female gender role EXCEPT

A) passivity.

B) compliance.

C) nurturance

D) independence.

58) Vanessa's parents are African American. It is most likely they will socialize her to be

A) more independent than girls raised in traditional White households.

B) a full-time homemaker focused on her children.

C) meek and obedient to social stimuli.

D) independent and assertive with only girls of her ethnicity.

59) A significant difference between the Black female gender role and the White female gender role is that Black women

A) socialize their daughters to be more self-reliant and assertive.

B) see being a wife and a mother as exclusive of participation in the workforce.

C) defer more to Black men.

D) place less emphasis on the role of father.

60) Which of the following is NOT an element of the traditional female sexual script?

A) Sex is good and bad.

B) Women shouldn't talk about sex.

C) Women should look like models.

D) Men have to be taught to love.

61) In the context of changing gender roles and scripts, which of the following is included in contemporary sexual scripts?

A) Females are solely entitled to the freedom to accept sexual pleasure and experience orgasm.

B) Legitimate sexual activities are limited to sexual intercourse.

C) Sexual activities should be predominantly initiated by males.

D) Sexual activities involve a mutual exchange of erotic pleasure.

62) A person who combines the trait of instrumentality traditionally associated with masculinity with the trait of expressiveness traditionally associated with femininity could be described as

A) borderline masculine.

B) feminine.

C) androgynous.

D) a latent homosexual.

63) Hilary identifies herself as gender neutral. She sports a boyish haircut and dresses in jeans, shirts, and tees. However, she also wears short skirts and makeup. Hilary can be described as a(n) ________ person.

A) asexual

B) postgendered

C) androgynous

D) gynomorphic

64) Those with disorders of sexual development (DSD) are also referred to as

A) transsexuals.

B) sexually fluid.

C) bisexuals.

D) intersex.

65) Henry is born male. However, he is convinced that he is meant to be a woman and not a man. He likes cross-dressing and also does exercises at home to tone his body down and make it look feminine. Here, Henry is most likely to be concerned about

A) gender affinity.

B) his sexual orientation.

C) gender identity.

D) sexual satisfaction.

66) Robyn has no ovaries, but her external genitals are those of a normal female. As she grows up, her body remains short, she does not develop a mature feminine physique, and she does not menstruate. Robyn most likely has

A) gonochorism.

B) hermaphrodism.

C) Klinefelter syndrome.

D) Turner syndrome.

67) Which of the following physiological characteristics is likely to be observed in a person with Turner syndrome?

A) masculine physical appearance

B) small testes and penis

C) the absence of ovaries

D) the presence of menstrual periods

68) A chromosomal condition in which a female does not have the usual pair of two X chromosomes in her cells is called

A) Klinefelter syndrome.

B) Turner syndrome.

C) transsexuality.

D) gonochorism.

69) At birth, Eric appeared to be a girl, although he was genetically male. However, his parents raised him as a boy. During adolescence, his breasts start to develop but his penis remains small in size. On consulting with doctors, Eric and his parents realize that Eric is infertile because of a prenatal hormonal variation. Eric is most likely suffering from ________.

A) Klinefelter syndrome

B) Turner syndrome

C) congenital adrenal hyperplasia

D) androgen insensitivity syndrome

70) When a person who is genetically male (has XY chromosomes) is unable to respond to male hormones, he is said to have ________.

A) Klinefelter syndrome

B) congenital adrenal hyperplasia

C) 5-alpha reductase deficiency

D) androgen insensitivity syndrome

71) A genetic male who does not produce enough of a hormone called dihydrotestosterone may have external genitalia that appear female. This condition is most likely caused by

A) a Klinefelter chromosome configuration.

B) 5-alpha reductase deficiency.

C) too much androgen.

D) too much progesterone.

72) Aaron was genetically male at birth, but he had ambiguous genitalia. As a result, his parents raised him as a female. A medical examination revealed that Aaron was unable to produce dihydrotestosterone in utero, and hence he would most likely be infertile in the future. During adolescence, Aaron adopted a male gender role. Aaron was most likely suffering from ________.

A) Klinefelter syndrome

B) Turner syndrome

C) congenital adrenal hyperplasia

D) 5-alpha reductase deficiency

73) Identify the condition in males in which the urethral opening forms on the underside of the penis or scrotum, rather than on the tip of the penis.

A) hypospadias

B) transvestism

C) bladder exstrophy

D) testicular dysgenesis syndrome

74) A person with the chromosomal makeup of XXY has

A) hypospadias.

B) Klinefelter syndrome.

C) congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

D) Turner syndrome.

75) Andrea was born as a female, and her parents raised her as a girl. As an adult, she is unable to conceive with her partner. A medical examination reveals that she has the genetic makeup of a man and lacks a uterus, as a result of which she is infertile. In this scenario, Andrea is most likely suffering from ________.

A) androgen insensitivity syndrome

B) congenital adrenal hyperplasia

C) 5-alpha reductase deficiency

D) Klinefelter syndrome

76) Jordan was born as a female. However, she does not develop any secondary female characteristics during puberty. She lacks breasts, has abnormal menstrual periods, and has excessive facial hair growth. Internally, she has a pair of ovaries and a vagina, but externally she develops as a male. Jordan's condition is most likely ________.

A) Turner syndrome

B) congenital adrenal hyperplasia

C) androgen insensitivity syndrome

D) 5-alpha reductase deficiency

77) People with congenital adrenal hyperplasia lack an enzyme needed by the adrenal gland to make the hormones

A) androgen and estrogen.

B) testosterone and progesterone.

C) cortisol and aldosterone.

D) insulin and prolactin.

78) Vivian is born with a rare condition where his genitals cannot be clearly categorized as male or female. His doctor observes that he lacks a hormone called dihydrotestosterone and is infertile. Which of the following hormonal disorders is Vivian most likely suffering from?

A) Turner syndrome

B) androgen insensitivity syndrome

C) 5-alpha reductase deficiency

D) Klinefelter syndrome

79) Chris realizes that every time his newborn son urinates, the urine passes through an opening behind the penis. The doctor informs him that his son was born without a urethra and that a penis-straightening surgery should correct this disorder. Which of the following abnormal sexual development problems does Chris's son suffer from?

A) hypospadias

B) aposthia

C) aphallia

D) diphallia

80) According to the American Psychiatric Association, when a person is intensely uncomfortable and distressed with his or her biological gender and strongly identifies with, and wants to be, the other gender, that person may be said to have

A) monorchism.

B) gender dysphoria.

C) hypospadias.

D) 5-alpha reductase deficiency.

81) In the context of gender variations, identify a true statement about transsexual individuals.

A) They believe that heterosexuality is normal, natural and superior to all other expressions of sexuality.

B) They psychologically identify themselves as a gender other than that which they were assigned at birth.

C) They avoid identifying with a specific gender category and favoring one gender over another.

D) They believe that gender is an either-or option of male or female.

82) Sydney loves participating in adventure sports and driving racing cars. She aspires to become a Formula One racer. She dresses like a tomboy and avoids making remarks when asked about her gender expectations. In this scenario, Sydney's behavior is most likely consistent with the behavior of individuals who are ________.

A) gender variant

B) heteronormative

C) gender nonconforming

D) pansexual

83) Eli, a middle-aged man, likes to wear dresses and high heels. He also wears makeup and bright lipstick whenever he goes shopping. On the other hand, his sister Claire wears only trousers and shirts as she feels more comfortable in this attire. In this scenario, Eli and Claire are exhibiting ________ personalities.

A) agender

B) asexual

C) cisgender

D) transvestic

84) In almost all cultures, male and female clothing differs to varying degrees so that we can easily identify a person's gender.

85) Our gender role is the gender we feel ourselves to be.

86) Gender and gender role are conceptually dependent on sexual orientation.

87) A doctor proclaiming "It's a girl" is an example of assigned gender.

88) Until children are 3 years old, they identify themselves and others as "boys" or "girls" based on hairstyle, clothing, and other nonanatomical factors.

89) For most people, it is rare that a person's gender identity and gender role are congruent with their anatomical sex.

90) In the traditional Western view, masculinity and femininity are polar opposites.

91) Stereotypes are reflections of the probabilities that a woman or a man will have a certain characteristic based on his or her gender.

92) Cognitive social learning theory is derived from behavioral psychology.

93) Cognitive social learning theory suggests that gender roles are acquired largely through rewards, punishments, and modeling.

94) Queer theory identifies gender and sexuality as systems that cannot be understood as gender-neutral or by the actions of heterosexual males and females.

95) In the context of theories of socialization, Kohlberg's cognitive development theory focuses on children's active interpretation of the messages they receive from the environment.

96) Allowing your son to start dating at age 13, and your daughter at 18, you are parenting with a sexual double standard.

97) A gender schema is a way of categorizing the world according to gender.

98) Male sexual scripts dictate that men should always be willing and able to have sex.

99) Female sexual scripts dictate that women should have intimate knowledge of the functioning of their own bodies.

100) The transgender group encompasses individuals whose gender identity differs from the sex originally assigned to them at birth.

101) People who do not identify with any of the gender categories or do not favor one gender over another may identify themselves as agender or gender-neutral.

102) Males with Klinefelter syndrome are short in stature.

103) Individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia are genetic males with outwardly female appearances.

104) Children with 5-alpha reductase deficiency are often raised as girls, about half of whom adopt a male gender role in adolescence or early adulthood.

105) Gender dysphoria is the same as transgender.

106) The American Psychological Association (2009) notes that the older the children who identify themselves as transgender are, the less likely they will persist as transgender as the years pass.

107) What are the main differences between the concepts of sex and gender?

108) What is a person's gender identity?

109) How are gender roles and sexual orientation related?

110) Identify and briefly explain the four major processes through which children are socialized to their gender roles.

111) Why do humans construct gender schemas? What are the consequences of using gender schemas?

112) What is androgyny?

113) What is androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)?

114) What is gender dysphoria?

115) Women and men are often mistakenly viewed as opposites. What are some of the ways this oppositeness is portrayed and what are the consequences of this characterization?

116) What are the key concepts of cognitive social learning theory?

117) Maria and Ben are alone at home. They are sitting on the couch kissing passionately, and both are becoming aroused. Explain how traditional sexual scripts are likely to influence the continuation of this scene for both of them.

118) Discuss disorders of sex development (DSD).

119) Describe Klinefelter syndrome and its characteristics.