Chapter 3: Current Controversies and Directions in Clinical Psychology

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Currently, ______ have passed legislation that grants prescription privileges to appropriately trained psychologists.

A. all 50 states

B. 31 states

C. 5 states

D. no states

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prescription Privileges

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Patrick DeLeon, Morgan Sammons, and Robert McGrath are best known as advocates ______.

A. for evidence-based psychotherapies

B. for computer-based psychotherapies

C. for prescription privileges for clinical psychologists

D. against evidence-based psychotherapies

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prescription Privileges

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Which of the following is NOT true of prescription privileges for clinical psychologists?

A. Advocates for prescription privileges for clinical psychologists have made the argument that other nonphysicians have been granted prescription privileges.

B. The American Society for the Advancement of Pharmacotherapy was created, in part, to promote prescription privileges for psychologists.

C. Psychopharmacology training programs are available for psychologists in the U.S. military.

D. Missouri, New Mexico, and Alabama currently allow appropriately trained clinical psychologists to prescribe.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prescription Privileges

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Advocates for prescription privileges for clinical psychologists cite ______ as support for their argument.

A. an excess of psychiatrists, especially in rural areas

B. convenience for clients

C. the opportunity to work collaboratively with physicians

D. the ability to replace psychotherapy with medication

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Why Clinical Psychologists Should Prescribe

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Opponents of prescription privileges for clinical psychologists cite all of the following EXCEPT ______ as support for their argument.

A. the need for further training during or after graduate school

B. the possibility that the practice of psychotherapy would decline

C. professional autonomy and identification for clinical psychologists

D. questions about the type and length of required training

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Why Clinical Psychologists Should Not Prescribe

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. ______’s 1950s assertion that therapy had no positive outcome helped to jumpstart what has evolved into the evidence-based practice movement.

A. Raymond Cattell

B. Hans Eysenck

C. William F. Buckley

D. Patrick H. DeLeon

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. An example of a manualized psychotherapy with empirical evidence for its efficacy is ______.

A. exposure plus response prevention for bulimia

B. exposure plus response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder

C. dialectical behavior therapy for depression

D. dialectical behavior therapy for antisocial personality disorder

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. A book entitled A Guide to Treatments That Work was published in ______ and represented a significant step in the ______ movement.

A. 1960; humanistic psychotherapy

B. 1990; prescription privileges

C. 1998; evidence-based practice

D. 2005; psychotherapy via videoconferencing

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Websites such as psychologicaltreatments.org and effectivechildtherapy.org best illustrate ______.

A. the continued growth of and focus on evidence-based practice in clinical psychology

B. the ever-increasing presence of the Internet in individuals’ lives

C. a trend toward providing psychotherapy services online, rather than in person

D. the APA’s commitment to release all of its major publications online

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Evidence-based practice has also been referred to as ______.

A. empirically researched interventions

B. empirically supported treatments

C. dialectical behavior therapy

D. exposure plus response prevention

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. The term evidence-based practice includes ______.

A. the psychological treatment for a disorder

B. factors related to the people providing and receiving the psychological service

C. both the psychological treatment of a disorder and factors related to the people providing and receiving the psychological service

D. neither the psychological treatment of a disorder nor factors related to the people providing and receiving the psychological service

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Advantages of the emergence of manualized therapies with empirical support include ______.

A. an increase in unique, idiosyncratic forms of therapy created by individual psychotherapists

B. increased reliance on the clinical judgment of each psychotherapist

C. the establishment of minimal levels of competence for the field

D. enhanced autonomy for clinicians as they deliver psychotherapy services

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Advantages of Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Disadvantages of the emergence of manualized therapies with empirical support include ______.

A. strengthening of the relationship or alliance between therapist and client

B. the fact that many clients have relatively simple problems that easily fit into diagnostic categories

C. restriction of clinicians to use only empirically supported treatments

D. irrefutable criteria for determining which treatments should be identified as empirically supported

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Disadvantages of Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Some studies of manualized therapy have found that therapists who demonstrate flexibility while using manuals ______.

A. produce better client outcomes and are more successful in getting clients engaged in therapy

B. produce worse client outcomes and are less successful in getting clients engaged in therapy

C. cause irreparable harm to clients

D. are subject to malpractice lawsuits

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Disadvantages of Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Some clinical psychologists criticize the DSM, stating some disorders’ symptoms are difficult to distinguish from normal behavior. This criticism best illustrates the debate surrounding ______.

A. prescription privileges for clinical psychologists

B. the overexpansion of mental disorders

C. arbitrary insurance reimbursement practices for psychotherapy services

D. the impact of technology on clinical practice

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Overexpansion of Mental Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Research by Cosgrove and colleagues found that ______ of professionals who authored/created the DSM-IV and DSM-5 had financial ties to major pharmaceutical companies.

A. less than 1%

B. approximately 10%

C. approximately 25%

D. over 50%

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Influence of the Pharmaceutical Industry

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. The number of health insurance/managed care companies that pay for psychotherapy services has ______.

A. decreased since the earliest days of psychotherapy

B. remained constant throughout the history of psychotherapy

C. increased since the earliest days of psychotherapy

D. not yet occurred, but is expected to begin within the next decade

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Payment Methods: Third-Party Payment Versus Self-Payment

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. According to surveys of psychologists in private practice (e.g., Murphy et al., 1998), managed care companies have ______.

A. generally had a positive impact on the quality of psychotherapy they provide

B. exerted too much control over clinical decisions

C. had no effect on confidentiality issues

D. allowed psychologists to provide appropriate, ethical services

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Effect on Therapy

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Which of the following is TRUE?

A. Most health insurance and managed care companies will pay for psychotherapy whether or not the therapist assigns a DSM diagnosis to the client.

B. Recent surveys of psychologists have indicated that the way a client is diagnosed is affected by the client’s method of payment.

C. Studies refute the idea that psychologists’ diagnostic decisions are influenced by how a client pays for therapy.

D. Most managed care companies will pay for psychotherapy even if a client does not receive a DSM diagnosis; however, health insurance companies require a diagnosis.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Effect on Diagnosis

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Robert is paying for psychotherapy services with his health insurance. Anne is paying for psychotherapy services out-of-pocket (i.e., with a personal check). Robert is told by his clinical psychologist, Dr. Honores, that he has “several symptoms associated with depression.” Anne receives the same diagnostic information. Based on your textbook’s discussion of current controversies, which of the following is MOST likely to occur?

A. Robert will receive a formal diagnosis of major depressive disorder; Anne will not

B. Anne will receive a formal diagnosis of major depressive disorder; Robert will not

C. Both Robert and Anne will receive a formal diagnosis of major depressive disorder

D. Neither Robert nor Anne will receive a formal diagnosis of major depressive disorder

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Effect on Diagnosis

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. The use of technology, particularly the Internet, by clinical psychologists is often referred to as ______.

A. conference therapy

B. digital therapy

C. telepsychology

D. techpsychology

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Influence of Technology: Telepsychology and More

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Based on current reviews and meta-analyses, we can say that telepsychology generally appears to work ______.

A. about as well as in-person forms of psychotherapy

B. far worse than in-person forms of psychotherapy

C. far better than in-person forms of psychotherapy

D. we cannot compare telepsychology and in-person psychotherapy because no studies exist on this topic

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: How Well Do Telepsychology and Other Applications of Technology Work?

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Guidelines regarding the use of new technologies by clinical psychologists include all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A. obtain informed consent from clients about the services they may receive, the technologies that may be used to provide them, and the confidentiality of the communication

B. ensure client confidentiality as much as possible by using encryption or similar methods

C. be knowledgeable about emergency resources in any community from which your clients may seek services

D. offer clients the option of using secure methods for conducting therapy sessions online

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Emerging Professional Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. According to Cummings (2007), ______ of prescriptions written for psychoactive medications come from primary-care physicians.

A. under 10%

B. 30%

C. 50%

D. over 80%

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Why Clinical Psychologists Should Prescribe

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. In 1952, ______ made the (now refuted) claim that there was no proof that psychotherapy was efficacious.

A. Dianne Chambless

B. Hans Eysenck

C. John Watson

D. Lightner Witmer

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. When psychotherapy outcome researchers seek clients on whom to conduct psychotherapy in a study, they typically seek clients who ______.

A. are “textbook cases” of the diagnosis the therapy intends to treat

B. are simultaneously taking medication for their psychological problems

C. have advanced knowledge about psychological disorders

D. have previous experience as “test subjects” in clinical research

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Disadvantages of Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. In which of the following states do clinical psychologists currently have prescription privileges?

A. Missouri, Indiana, and Texas

B. New York, New Jersey, and Wisconsin

C. Oregon, Nevada, and California

D. Louisiana, New Mexico, Illinois, Iowa, and Idaho

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prescription Privileges

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. The first list of empirically supported treatments was published in ______.

A. 1905

B. 1935

C. 1965

D. 1995

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. Unlike the other states, New Mexico, Louisiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Idaho grant ______ to appropriately trained psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prescription Privileges

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. ______ stated (incorrectly) that psychotherapy does not work.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. The first list of empirically validated treatments was published in ______.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. List two advantages of evidence-based practice.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. List two disadvantages of evidence-based practice.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. ______ is the use of technology, particularly the Internet, by clinical psychologists to provide professional services.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Influence of Technology: Telepsychology and More

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. List two applications of technology in clinical psychology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Influence of Technology: Telepsychology and More

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Define evidence-based practice.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Compared to traditional, in-person forms of psychotherapy, how well does telepsychology work?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Influence of Technology: Telepsychology and More

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Briefly summarize two arguments for prescription privileges for clinical psychologists and two arguments against prescription privileges for clinical psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prescription Privileges

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Briefly summarize two advantages of evidence-based practice and two disadvantages of evidence-based practice.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. How can the way a client pays (out of pocket vs. managed care/health insurance) influence diagnosis?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Payment Methods: Third-Party Payment Vs. Self-Payment

Difficulty Level: Hard