Test Bank Docx Chapter 11 Cognitive Development - Test Bank | Psychology by Davey 1e by Graham C. Davey. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 11: Cognitive Development
Multiple choice
1. Which of the following scientists associated childhood to a period of fantasy and imagination?
a) Einstein
b) Darwin
c) Newton
d) Galileo
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the two main aims of developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Whose philosopher’s idea of childhood as a time of innocence and play was similar to that of Einstein?
a) Aristotle
b) Rousseau
c) Kant
d) Freud
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the two main aims of developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. According to the philosopher Rousseau, childhood is a time of innocence and:
a) ignorance
b) learning
c) play
d) light heartedness
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the two main aims of developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
4. Imagination is:
a) useless to cognitive development
b) necessary for development
c) not fully developed in children
d) important in development but not in education
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the two main aims of developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. Which of the following is true about developmental psychology?
a) Developmental psychologists are only interested in similarities between groups of people.
b) Most developmental psychologists are only interested in the developmental changes in childhood.
c) Most developmental psychologists now view development as a process that continues throughout the lifespan.
d) Developmental psychologists are only interested in the psychological development of the person, not in biological development.
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the two main aims of developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Hard
6. Why is important to study development?
a) To understand how psychological processes are different across various stages of life.
b) To understand how nature and nurture interact.
c) To help people in either clinical or educational settings.
d) All of the above
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the two main aims of developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. Which of the following is considered a developmental disorder?
a) Drug addiction
b) Down’s syndrome
c) Autism spectrum disorder
d) Williams syndrome
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the two main aims of developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Easy
Short answer
8. What is the most effective method for teaching reading that has also been adopted by the Department for Education?
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the two main aims of developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. Which developmental scientist once said that “development itself is the key to understanding developmental disorders”?
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the two main aims of developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Hard
Fill-in-the-blank
10. Autism spectrum disorder and developmental dyslexia are both examples of __________.
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the two main aims of developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
11. Development is restricted to infancy and early childhood.
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the two main aims of developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. The study of development can inform the research on developmental disorders.
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the two main aims of developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Easy
Essay
13. What are the two main questions that developmental psychologists try to answer?
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the two main aims of developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Hard
Multiple choice
14. What is the most effective method for teaching reading according to the Department for Education?
a) The Whole-word approach
b) Phonics
c) The single-letter approach
d) The Language Experience Method
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the two main aims of developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. According to Einstein, what a mother should ‘give’ to her child to encourage his/her cognitive development?
a) Healthy food
b) Toys
c) Books
d) Fairy tales
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the two main aims of developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
16. Understanding development can help researchers in either ___________ or __________ settings.
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the two main aims of developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
17. According to the scientist __________, childhood is a period of fantasy and imagination.
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the two main aims of developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short Answer
18. Name one developmental disorder.
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the two main aims of developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
19. Developmental dyslexia can manifest for the first time in adulthood as well as in childhood.
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the two main aims of developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
20. Both play and imagination play a crucial role in children development.
Section Ref: Introduction
Learning Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the two main aims of developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Easy
Multiple Choice
21. What key debate in developmental psychology considers whether genetics or environment has a greater impact on behaviour?
a) nature vs. nurture
b) quantitative vs. qualitative
c) endogenous vs. exogenous
d) genetics vs. maturation
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Easy
Fill-in-the-blank
22. What does the term “nature” refer to in the nature vs. nurture controversy?
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Essay
23. Which do you believe is more important: nature or nurture? Reflect on your own life circumstances and determine whether your genetics or your environment has had a greater impact on who you are today. Provide 2 examples to support your choice.
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Hard
Multiple choice
24. Which of the following traditions places a stronger emphasis on the role of nurture on development?
a) Nativism
b) Eugenics
c) Behaviourism
d) Maturationism
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
25. Which of the following researchers belongs to the behaviourist tradition?
a) Watson
b) Gesell
c) Piaget
d) Galton
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
26. Watson is to _________, as __________ is to __________.
a) Galton; eugenics; behaviourism
b) Galton; behaviourism; eugenics
c) eugenics; Galton; behaviourism
d) behaviourism; Galton; empiricism
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
27. Behaviourism takes a(n) __________ perspective on development.
a) empiricist
b) nativist
c) interactionist
d) maturationist
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
28. Which of the following positions emphasizes the role of environmental factors the most?
a) Eugenics
b) Nativism
c) Maturationism
d) Empiricism
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short Answer
29. What theoretical position integrates the empiricist and the nativist positions by claiming that both nature and nurture influence development?
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
30. Name the two trajectories that characterise the development of motor competency in infancy, according to Gesell and Ames.
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
31. Cephalocaudal and proximodistal are the two trajectories that characterise the development of the central nervous system in the foetus.
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
32. Maturationism and behaviourism are both empiricist positions on human development.
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
33. The development of motor competency in infancy is characterised by __________ and __________ trajectories.
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
34. The __________ direction involves the development from head to feet, while the __________ describes how body control start in the core of the body and develops towards the __________.
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Essay
35. Name and describe the current position that most developmental psychologists take on human development.
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Hard
Multiple Choice
36. Which of the following scientists is associated with the theoretical framework of constructionism?
a) Galton
b) Piaget
c) Watson
d) Gesell
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
37. Piaget was mainly interested in:
a) how children acquire knowledge of the world around them.
b) brain development.
c) the influence of social interactions on children’s development.
d) how children acquire their natural language.
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
38. According to __________ development is a process in which infants and children form their own understanding of the world.
a) behaviourism
b) eugenics
c) constructivism
d) maturationism
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
39. Which of the following is not a stage of development according to Piaget?
a) Concrete operations period
b) Sensorimotor period
c) Formal operations period
d) Social interaction period
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short answer
40. What two concepts are associated to Piaget’s idea of ‘active schemas’?
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Hard
41. What are the three stages of cognitive development according to Piaget?
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
42. According to Piaget, children enter the concrete operations period around __________ years of age.
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Multiple choice
43. When does the concrete operation period finish?
a) Around 2 years
b) Around 5 years
c) Around 11 years
d) Around 15 years
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
44. Which of the following age periods correspond to Piaget’s sensorimotor period?
a) 0-2 years
b) 0-4 years
c) 2-6 years
d) 2-11 years
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
45. Adam is now able to think in abstract hypothetical terms. According to Piaget, Adam must be:
a) in the concrete operations period
b) older than 10 years
c) at least 15 years
d) in the sensorimotor period
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short answer
46. What are the two main accounts proposed by Johnson and de Haan to explain developmental changes in the brain?
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
47. Which position on brain development claims that particular brain areas are not predesigned for specific tasks, but they become gradually differentiated in response to environmental stimulation?
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Hard
Fill-in-the-blank
48. According to the ___________ account, the brain areas specialized for particular tasks develop without the need for a major input from the environment.
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Hard
49. Current views on brain development claim that the maturational account is too restrictive to explain the development of brain structures as certainly ___________ factors play a major role in how brain networks develop.
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
50. The maturational account is the best approach to explain brain development.
Section Ref: Theories of Development: How Nature and Nurture Interact
Learning Objective: Compare and contrast some important theories in developmental psychology.
Difficulty Level: Easy
51. In a longitudinal study, comparisons are made between individuals of different ages.
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Easy
52. The benefits of a longitudinal research design are ease and efficiency.
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
53. A __________ research design studies the same people over a significant period of time.
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Essay
54. Describe the drawbacks of longitudinal research designs.
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Multiple choice
55. Eunice, age 65, participated in a research study that compared older adults’ scores on a cognitive test to the scores of younger adults. Which type of study does this example represent?
a) longitudinal
b) experimental
c) cross-sectional
d) qualitative
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
56. If we want to understand why senior citizens sometimes have more difficulty learning to use computers than younger people, which of the following approaches would give us the best information about cohort effects?
a) They should be tested to see if they are developing dementia.
b) Researchers should use a cross-sectional design.
c) Researchers should use a longitudinal design.
d) There is no way to determine why there is an age difference in computer proficiency.
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Hard
57. Which of the following is an advantage of cross-sectional research?
a) Gives reliable information about age changes.
b) Cohort effects are easy to separate.
c) Explains how and when changes might have occurred.
d) Easy and straightforward.
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
58. Which of the following is an advantage of longitudinal research?
a) Gives reasonably reliable information about age changes.
b) Convenient for researchers and participants.
c) Requires relatively little time and money
d) Easy and straightforward.
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
59. Which of the following is a famous case of longitudinal study?
a) The 2000 Longitudinal Study
b) The 2000 Cohort Study
c) The Millennium Longitudinal Study
c) The Millennium Cohort Study
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
60. How many children is the Millennium Cohort Study studying since 2000-2001?
a) Around 900
b) Around 9,000
c) Around 19, 000
d) Around 190,000
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
61. Which of the following types of developmental study allows some sort of intervention?
a) Longitudinal study
b) Training study
c) Cross-sectional study
d) Twin study
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
62. Dr Smith is conducting a study on the effect of mindful sessions on the development of executive functions in a group of children between 10 and 12 years of age. Dr Smith is conducting a:
a) twin study
b) training study
c) longitudinal study
d) cross-sectional study
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
63. If your principal research interest is to study the extent to which environmental factors and genetic variance interact to give rise to a given trait, you should use a:
a) twin study
b) training study
c) longitudinal study
d) cross-sectional study
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
64. Which of the following psychology debates are twin studies MOST interested to address?
a) Qualitative vs quantitative developmental change
b) Nature vs nurture
c) Free will vs determinism
d) Reductionism vs holism
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
65. According to your textbook, twin studies belong to the field of __________.
a) cognitive neuroscience
b) neuropsychology
c) behavioural genetics
d) cognitive psychology
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
66. Which of the following is not an issue in conducting research on children and infants?
a) Infants do not understand experimental instructions.
b) Children cannot focus on a task for too long.
c) Infants tend to move a lot.
d) There aren’t experimental designs which are suitable for children and researchers have to use the same procedures employed with adults.
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Essay
67. Discuss the main challenges that developmental psychologists encounter when testing infants and children.
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short Answer
68. When testing infants or children, who does usually provide the informed consent on their behalf?
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
69. What is the best method to use in order to study the role of environment and inheritance on development?
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
70. What type of design did the Millennium Cohort Study use?
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
71. Alike ___________ studies, ___________ studies test the same participants at different stages in their own development.
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
72. ___________ measure the effects of a particular training regime on cognitive development.
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Easy
74. __________ studies allow to determine whether development is due to __________ (i.e. nature), ____________ (i.e. nurture), or an interaction between the two.
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short answer
75. What is the main limitation of cross-sectional designs?
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
76. What type of studies measure the effects of altered environments on human development?
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
77. Longitudinal studies are quick to carry out.
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Easy
78. In most developmental studies informed consent is not collected since children cannot understand the procedures of the research.
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Easy
79. One of the main challenges of developmental psychology is that we cannot always compare cognitive abilities in different age groups using the same measures.
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
80. Most researchers in developmental psychology believe that both environment and inheritance play roles in human development.
Section Ref: Research Methods in Developmental Psychology
Learning Objective: Discuss the research methods used in the study of developmental psychology and the specific challenges and ethics of working with infants and children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
81. A zygote is the single cell that results from the fertilization of an egg by a sperm.
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Multiple choice
82. During the first two weeks after conception, the fertilized egg is called a(n) ________.
a) gamete
b) embryo
c) foetus
d) zygote
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
83. During __________ the chemical context in which a cell develop determines which parts of its DNA are decoded to create proteins.
a) gene expression
b) segregation
c) cell differentiation
d) replication
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
84. What is the ‘epigenetic landscape’?
a) It’s the physical environment in which the zygote develops.
b) It’s the chemical environment in which a gene is expressed.
c) It’s a metaphor illustrating how the context in which a cell develops has a crucial role in its differentiation.
d) It’s a metaphor illustrating how the context in which a child develops influences his/her cognitive development.
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
85. Which scientist named ‘epigenetic landscape’ the process by which cells get differentiated?
a) Darwin
b) Waddington
c) Mendel
d) Watson
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
86. Which of the following terms describes a layer of cells in the embryo which will later become the nervous system?
a) Mesoderm
b) Endoderm
c) Ectoderm
d) Protoderma
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
87. The ectoderm develops in the __________.
a) zygote
b) embryo
c) foetus
d) gamete
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
88. Which of the following correctly describe the temporal sequence of development from conception to birth?
a) Embryo – foetus – zygote – baby
b) Embryo – zygote – foetus -- baby
c) Zygote – foetus – embryo – baby
d) Zygote – embryo – foetus – baby
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
89. The neural tube contains the cells that will later form the:
a) brain
b) brain and spinal cord
c) spinal cord
d) forebrain only
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
90. Which of the following structures does the neural tube differentiate into?
a) Hindbrain
b) Forebrain
c) Midbrain
d) All of the above
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
91. During the embryonal stage, the cells along the back of the spinal cord and brain differentiate into __________ systems, while the cells along the front become the __________ systems.
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
92. The neural tube differentiates into three structures: the ___________, which includes the cerebral hemispheres, the midbrain and the __________.
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short answer
93. Which structure in the neural tube will later develop into the two brain hemispheres?
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
94. What is the name of toxins that can lead to abnormal prenatal development if the foetus is exposed to?
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
95. Name three different types of teratogens.
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
96. Nicotine consumption is discouraged in pregnant women as nicotine is known for its teratogenic effect on the foetus.
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Easy
97. The zygote is made up of just one cell.
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
98. The adult brain contains approximately 86 million neurons.
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Multiple choice
99. How many connections between neurons are there in an adult human brain?
a) Around 51,600,000,000,000
b) Around 51,600,000,000
c) Around 51,600,000
d) Around 51,000
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Easy
100. Which of the following terms refers to the breaking of synaptic connections?
a) Synaptic proliferation
b) Synaptic depression
c) Synaptic pruning
d) Synaptic reduction
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
101. Which of the following statements is the most ACCURATE?
a) The vast majority of neurons are already present at birth.
b) The vast majority of neurons emerge during the first month after birth.
c) The brain of a newborn baby has a very limited amount of neurons compared to an adult’s brain.
d) A baby’s brain and an adult’s brain are not different. They contain the same number of synapses.
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
102. During the process of synaptic proliferation:
a) many unused synapses are removed.
b) new synaptic connections are formed.
c) pre-existing synapses become stronger.
d) pre-existing synapses become weaker.
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
103. Which of the following factors influences the process of synaptic pruning?
a) Chemical interactions between brain regions.
b) Neurons’ electrical activity.
c) Environmental experience.
d) All of the above
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
104. What is ‘myelin’?
a) A protein
b) A type of synaptic connection
c) A fatty insulating sheath around the neurons’ axons
d) A neurotransmitter
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Easy
105. Myelin:
a) decreases during postnatal life
b) increases during postnatal life
c) remains stable from birth to early adulthood
d) increases during the embryonic stage
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
106. Which of the following statements regarding myelin is INACCURATE?
a) Myelin is principally made of fat.
b) Myelin increases during postnatal life.
c) Myelin protects the neuron from teratogens.
d) Myelin enables neurons to send electrical signals more quickly.
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
107. Synaptic proliferation and pruning occur much later in the:
a) Occipital cortex
b) Temporal cortex
c) Parietal cortex
d) Prefrontal cortex
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
108. Which of the following functions is not influenced by the activity of the prefrontal cortex?
a) Planning
b) Working memory
c) Inhibition
d) Object recognition
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Easy
109. ___________ areas are the earliest to develop as the serve an important role from very early in life.
a) Temporal
b) Prefrontal
c) Sensory
d) Social-cognition
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
110. Whose area’s late development may explain why adolescents are often so impulsive in making decisions?
a) Occipital cortex
b) Prefrontal cortex
c) Inferior frontal gyrus
d) Fusiform gyrus
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
111. Between prenatal and postnatal life there is:
a) a rise and fall in the number of synapses.
b) a constant number of synapses.
c) a steady increase in the number of synapses.
d) a steady decrease in the number of synapses.
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
112. Which of the following statements BEST describes infant brain development?
a) As children grow into adults, the number of synapses steadily increase.
b) Synaptic growth is slow during the first two or three years, and then increases dramatically for preschoolers.
c) Young children’s brains create about three times more synapses than they’ll need.
d) Children are born with as many synapses as they will need.
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Hard
Short answer
113. What two overlapping processes are responsible for the rise and fall in the number of synapses during postnatal life?
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
114. What is a ‘zygote’?
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
114. What are the main functions of the prefrontal cortex?
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
115. What processes are responsible for the growth of the brain during the first few years of life?
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Hard
Fill-in-the-blank
116. The process that removes some of our early neural connections is called synaptic _________.
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
117. Delays in the development of the __________ cortex have an impact on cognitive development.
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
118. Waddington captured the complexity of cellular development in what he called the ____________.
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
119. There are more neurons in an adult’s brain than in a few weeks old baby.
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Medium
120. Different brain areas have different rates of development.
Section Ref: Development of the Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in development of the brain and nervous system from conception to adulthood.
Difficulty Level: Easy
Multiple choice
121. What was the most common view on infants’ perceptual abilities at the beginning of the 20th century?
a) Infants’ perceptual abilities are very sophisticated.
b) Infants’ perceptual abilities are very limited.
c) Infants’ perceptual abilities are potentially as those of adults, with the exception of language.
d) Infants’ perceptual abilities are very limited, with the exception of vision.
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
122. The smooth-pursuit eye movements typical of adults’ fixation on moving objects begin to emerge after:
a) The first hours after birth
b) 1 month of age
c) 3 months of age
d) 9 months of age
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
123. __________ are eye movements following a moving object.
a) Fixations
b) Saccades
c) Pursuit movements
d) Smooth-pursuits
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Easy
124. Which of the following scientists pointed out the difficulties in determining how infants are able to recognize certain objects?
a) Skinner
b) Einstein
c) Darwin
d) Piaget
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
125. When were the first experimental methods to assess perceptual abilities in infants introduced?
a) 1950s
b) 1960s
c) 1980s
d) 1990s
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
126. Before the arrival of experimental methods, developmental psychologists had to based their research purely on:
a) Clinical studies
b) Case studies
c) Observational methods
d) Surveys
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Easy
127. Our perceptions of the world are:
a) Unimodal
b) Bimodal
c) Mainly visual
d) Multisensory
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Easy
128. Our ability to sense begins:
a) at birth
b) a few months after birth
c) in the early stages of prenatal life
d) after the first year of life
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
129. __________ is the first sense to develop in the foetus.
a) Vision
b) Touch
c) Vestibular
d) Audition
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
130. The first evidence of hearing is apparent at ___________ weeks’ gestation.
a) 12
b) 20
c) 24
d) 28
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
131. What was the dependent variable in DeCasper et al. (1980) study on the ability of human foetus to learn in utero sounds from the outside world?
a) The infants’ kicking reflex
b) The infants’ saccades
c) The infants’ mother’s voice
d) The infants’ patterns of sucking
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
132. DeCasper and colleagues’ studies showed that infants:
a) can learn the sounds of a particular voice and prosody.
b) can only learn sounds of a particular voice, but not prosody.
c) can only learn their mother’s voice.
d) can only learn the melodic patterns of speech, but not the sounds of a particular voice.
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
133. ___________ describes the melodic patterns of speech.
a) Semantic
b) Phonetics
c) Prosody
d) Syntax
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
134. Foetus can experience _________ and _________ present in the amniotic fluid. Accordingly, chemosensory receptors are among the first to be mature anatomically.
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
135. _________ refers to the melodic patterns of speech.
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short answer
136. What innovative procedure enabled DeCasper and colleagues to study infants’ preferences of particular voices?
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Essay
137. Describe how DeCasper and Spencer (1986) discovered that babies can recognise a particular pattern of speech.
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Hard
True/False
138. According to Charles Darwin, infants come into the world with a core knowledge of the world.
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
139. Infants have incredibly sophisticated perceptual abilities already in the first weeks of life.
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Easy
Multiple choice
140. Infants can perceive and recognize __________ experienced in utero.
a) voices
b) speech
c) odours
d) voices, speech, and odours
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Easy
141. Which of the following claims regarding the role of the environment in shaping infants’ development of perceptual abilities is the MOST accurate?
a) Perception in progressively tuned to the baby’s specific environment.
b) The environment does not have any influence on the development of perceptual abilities in the first weeks of life.
c) Environment is the only crucial factor in the development of infants’ perceptual abilities.
d) None of the above
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
142. Phonemes are:
a) the common sounds among all languages.
b) the sounds that make up speech and that vary between languages.
c) the first sounds that an infant produce.
d) the specific sounds that a baby perceives from her/his mother’s voice.
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
143. According to the findings of Werker and Tees (1984), which of the following claims is the most accurate?
a) 6-month old babies can only discriminate between phonemes in their own language.
b) 12-month old babies can only discriminate the speech sounds of a foreign language, but not those of their own language.
c) 6-month old babies can equally discriminate between phonemes in their own language and in languages they have not heard before.
d) 12-month old babies can equally discriminate between phonemes in their own language and in languages they have not heard before.
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Hard
Short answer
144. What does ‘perceptual narrowing’ refer to?
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Essay
145. Describe the results of Pascalis et al. (2002) study on the differences between 6- and 9-month-old infants in distinguishing between monkey faces and human faces.
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
146. Infants can perceive correspondence between the senses from birth.
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
147. Pruning refers to the process by which infants gradually learn which aspects of multisensory events belong to one modality and which belong to another modality.
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
148. According to Gibson, development proceeds through ___________, a process by which infants gradually learn which aspects of multisensory events belong to one modality and which belong to another modality.
infants gradually learn which aspects of multisensory events belong to one modality and which belong to another modality.
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
149. The developmental psychologist ___________ proposed that development proceeds through differentiation.
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short answer
150. What is the most likely explanation for the evidence that infants lose the ability to make matches between monkey faces and vocalizations as they become older?
Section Ref: Multisensory Perceptual Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in the development of multisensory perceptual abilities in prenatal, newborn, and young children.
Difficulty Level: Hard
Multiple choice
151. Which of the following terms BEST describes newborn babies’ movements?
a) Goal-directed
b) Precise
c) Uncoordinated
d) Flexible
Section Ref: Sensorimotor Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in sensorimotor development.
Difficulty Level: Easy
152. Neonatal reflexes:
a) are goal-directed
b) are voluntary
c) do not serve any important function
d) are stereotyped
Section Ref: Sensorimotor Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in sensorimotor development.
Difficulty Level: Medium
153. Which of the following is a neonatal reflex?
a) Rooting reflex
b) Sucking reflex
c) Stepping reflex
d) All of the above
Section Ref: Sensorimotor Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in sensorimotor development.
Difficulty Level: Easy
154. Which of the following reflexes refers to the response of the newborn to tactile stimulation on their cheek?
a) Rooting reflex
b) Sucking reflex
c) Stepping reflex
d) Grasping reflex
Section Ref: Sensorimotor Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in sensorimotor development.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
155. The _________ reflex is a rhythmic sucking of the nipple when inserted into the mouth.
Section Ref: Sensorimotor Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in sensorimotor development.
Difficulty Level: Medium
156. The __________ reflex is a response to tactile stimulation on the newborn’s cheek.
Section Ref: Sensorimotor Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in sensorimotor development.
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
157. Neonatal reflexes disappear as the baby gets older.
Section Ref: Sensorimotor Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in sensorimotor development.
Difficulty Level: Easy
158. Both the rooting reflex and the stepping reflex play important roles in gaining food for the newborn baby.
Section Ref: Sensorimotor Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in sensorimotor development.
Difficulty Level: Easy
Essay
159. Discuss why, according to some researchers, the disappearance of the neonatal stepping reflex is only illusory.
Section Ref: Sensorimotor Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in sensorimotor development.
Difficulty Level: Hard
Multiple choice
160. Why does the stepping reflex disappear according to Thelen?
a) The reflex becomes useless for the baby.
b) Because of the development of cortical inhibition.
c) Because of environmental inhibition.
d) The baby’s legs become to heavy.
Section Ref: Sensorimotor Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in sensorimotor development.
Difficulty Level: Medium
161. Which of the following neonatal reflexes’ disappearance in associated with physical changes in the baby’s body?
a) The rooting reflex
b) The sucking reflex
c) The stepping reflex
d) The grasping reflex
Section Ref: Sensorimotor Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in sensorimotor development.
Difficulty Level: Medium
162. Which of the following statements regarding reflexes is INACCURATE?
a) Reflexes can be consciously controlled in particular occasions.
b) Reflexes are usually stimulated by a specific sensory trigger.
c) Reflexes are elicited automatically.
d) Reflexes consist of stereotyped ‘set-piece’ movements.
Section Ref: Sensorimotor Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in sensorimotor development.
Difficulty Level: Medium
163. Which of the following information is used by the brain to enable us to stand upright?
a) Balance
b) Vision
c) Proprioception
d) All of the above
Section Ref: Sensorimotor Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in sensorimotor development.
Difficulty Level: Easy
164. The swinging room is mainly used to show the role of ________ in maintaining balance.
a) vision
b) proprioception
c) auditory cues
d) muscular strength
Section Ref: Sensorimotor Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in sensorimotor development.
Difficulty Level: Medium
165. What does the swinging room cause to infants that have just learned to stand?
a) Clumsy movements
b) Falling over
c) Swaying like puppets
d) Walking faster
Section Ref: Sensorimotor Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in sensorimotor development.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short answer
166. What cue do infants use to help them keep upright?
Section Ref: Sensorimotor Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in sensorimotor development.
Difficulty Level: Medium
167. Which experiment has been created to demonstrate the role of vision in maintaining balance in infants?
Section Ref: Sensorimotor Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in sensorimotor development.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
168. Visual information about movements of the body relative to the environment is referred to as ____________.
Section Ref: Sensorimotor Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in sensorimotor development.
Difficulty Level: Medium
169. Younger infants use __________ also to sit upright.
Section Ref: Sensorimotor Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in sensorimotor development.
Difficulty Level: Medium
170. Adults can cope better than infants in the __________ room.
Section Ref: Sensorimotor Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in sensorimotor development.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Multiple choice
171. __________ studied cognitive development trying to understand the origins of the knowledge that people have of the world.
a) Darwin
b) Piaget
c) Plomin
d) Freud
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Easy
172. Which of the following accounts of cognitive development emphasizes the role of functions such as memory, attention, and planning.
a) Information-processing account
b) Cognitive-processing account
c) Biological-processing account
d) Environment-processing account
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Easy
173. Which research method was used by Piaget to formulate his theory of cognitive development?
a) Naturalistic observation
b) Case study
c) Survey
d) Experiment
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Medium
174. The person credited with advancing research into cognitive development in children was:
a) Mary Ainsworth
b) Konrad Lorenz
c) Erik Erikson
d) Jean Piaget
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Easy
175. According to Piaget's theory of development, which of the following stages is from age 7-11?
a) Preoperational
b) Sensorimotor
c) Formal operational
d) Concrete operational
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
176. Piaget’s theory states that children’s cognitive abilities differ according to age.
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Easy
177. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is also known as information-processing theory.
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Easy
178. Piaget firmly believed that his theory effectively addressed the role of social experiences in development.
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Multiple choice
179. According to Piaget, gradual development of knowledge across the first years of life is a result of __________ development.
a) sensory
b) motor
c) sensorimotor
d) visual
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Medium
180. Whereas ________ investigated cognitive development by focusing on what children cannot do, ______ studied development by focusing on what children can do.
a) Piaget / Vygotsky
b) Piaget / information processing theorists
c) Vygotsky / Piaget
d) Vygotsky/ information processing theorists
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Hard
Essay
181. How does the information processing view of cognitive development compare to Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Hard
Multiple choice
182. According to the information processing view of cognitive development, Piaget _______.
a) accurately depicted children's abilities
b) may have underestimated children's abilities
c) may have overestimated children's abilities
d) was too vague about specifying the predictions of his theory.
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Medium
183. One of the criticisms of Piaget’s view of object permanence is that:
a) babies who cannot yet speak cannot tell us whether they have mastered object permanence.
b) Piaget overestimated children’s developmental speed.
c) babies do not yet have enough control over their bodies to initiate a search.
d) eight month old babies still act surprised when an object reappears.
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Hard
184. The sense of object permanence develops at around _________ months, according to Piaget.
a) 4
b) 8
c) 10
d) 12
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Medium
185. According to Piaget's theory of development, which of the following stages is from age 7-11?
a) Preoperational
b) Sensorimotor
c) Formal operational
d) Concrete operational
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Medium
186. What is the correct order of Piaget’s stages?
a) Sensorimotor, concrete operational, preperational, formal operational.
b) Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.
c) Sensorimotor, properational, formal operational, concrete operational.
d) Preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational.
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Medium
187. When do children pass the perspective-taking task?
a) Around 5 years
b) Around 6 years
c) Not before 7 or 8 years
d) After 10 years
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Essay
188. Why were preoperational kids ‘egocentric’ according to Piaget?
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Hard
Short answer
189. What does the domain-general account of development refer to?
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Hard
Essay
190. According to your textbook, what are the main criticisms to Piaget’s studies?
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Hard
Multiple choice
191. Which psychologist most criticized the lack of consideration of the role of the social world in Piaget’s account of development?
a) Bowlby
b) Vygotsky
c) Miller
d) Perner
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Medium
192. What does ZPD stand for in Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory?
a) Zone of parental distance
b) Zone of pre-adulthood development
c) Zone of proximal distance
d) Zone of proximal development
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Medium
193. Which of the following is not an executive function?
a) Planning
b) Inhibition
c) Cognitive control
d) Language
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Medium
194. What brain structure controls the executive functions?
a) The occipital area
b) The prefrontal cortex
c) The occipito-temporal cortex
d) The amygdala
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short answer
195. Name a classic test of executive function that requires children to sort cards that vary along two dimensions.
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Medium
196. What is the main difficulty that 3-year-olds encounter when performing the dimensional change card sort task?
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Hard
197. Name a famous false-belief task which involves the use of two dolls.
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Medium
Fill-in-the-blank
198. The Sally-Ann task measures the development of __________.
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Medium
199. _________ refers to the ability to understand mental states of others.
Abs: Theory of mind
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
200. Fluid intelligence is expressed when adults are asked to access verbal and factual knowledge. This type of knowledge remains stable until mid- to late 60s.
Section Ref: Cognitive Development
Learning Objective: Identify and describe the key stages in cognitive development from birth to old age.
Difficulty Level: Medium