Test Bank Docx Ch11 The Living Ocean

Investigating Oceanography, 3e (Sverdrup)

Chapter 11 The Living Ocean

1) Sea cucumbers must drink seawater to set up a concentration gradient and prevent dehydration.

2) Salmon spawn in seawater and Atlantic eels spawn in fresh water.

3) Microorganisms are more impacted by viscosity than gravity.

4) On average, the individual cells that make up a whale are thousands of times larger than the individual cells that make up a small marine worm.

5) Autotrophs do not respire.

6) Bioluminescence is commonly used to avoid being eaten.

7) Sunlight usually penetrates to a greater depth in coastal waters than in the open sea.

8) Both light energy and inorganic nutrient concentrations are highest in the surface waters and decrease with depth.

9) Countershaded fish usually have a dark back and a light undersurface.

10) Taxonomy is the scientific classification of the ocean's environmental zones.

11) Oxygen concentrations are lowest in the deepest parts of the ocean.

12) Most fish species are easily able to tolerate a large range of salinities.

13) Members of the most ancient group of organisms, the prokaryotes, still exist today.

14) Plants are considered autotrophs.

15) All bacteria are heterotrophs.

16) Photosynthesis is used by all autotrophs to make food.

17) Respiration uses carbon dioxide and produces oxygen and energy.

18) The most numerous organisms in the sea are the largest organisms.

19) The abyssal zone is an area of perpetual darkness showing no seasonal changes.

20) The biological pump ________.

A) helps regulate atmospheric CO2 concentrations

B) depends on photosynthesis

C) feeds most life in the ocean

D) refers to organisms that filter the water for food

E) helps regulate atmospheric CO2 concentrations, depends on photosynthesis, and feeds most life in the ocean

21) The swim bladder of a fish ________.

A) allows it to move rapidly between depths

B) is filled with oxygen

C) keeps the fish neutrally buoyant

D) All of these are correct.

E) None of these is correct.

22) If a marine animal has body fluids that have a lower salt content than the surrounding seawater, water will pass through the animal's body tissues from the ________ to the ________ because of ________.

A) outside; inside; electrolysis

B) inside; outside; electrolysis

C) outside; inside; osmosis

D) inside; outside; osmosis

E) None of these is correct; the salt moves, not the water.

23) Increased interest in the oceans' biodiversity is due to ________.

A) lack of knowledge of the total numbers of ocean species

B) the variety of habitats within the oceans

C) the loss of species from the land portions of the planet

D) All of these are correct.

E) None of these is correct; there is no increasing interest.

24) To maintain their bodies' water balance, marine fish ________.

A) excrete salt through their gills

B) drink water continually

C) produce small amounts of urine

D) excrete salt through their gills and drink water continually

E) excrete salt through their gills, drink water continually, and produce small amounts of urine

25) Countershading of fish ________.

A) makes them more visible

B) causes them to be more transparent

C) reduces their visibility from above and below

D) is a sign of sexual maturity

E) None of these is correct; fish do not exhibit countershading.

26) Populations can be isolated from one another by changes in ________.

A) light

B) temperature

C) density

D) salinity

E) All of these are correct.

27) The two most important inorganic nutrients for photosynthesis are ________.

A) nitrate and carbon dioxide

B) phosphate and nitrate

C) phosphate and oxygen

D) oxygen and carbon dioxide

E) phosphate and carbon dioxide

28) The only zone of the ocean with sufficient light for photosynthesis is the ________.

A) euphotic zone

B) aphotic zone

C) disphotic zone

D) None of these is correct.

E) All of these are correct.

29) In the open ocean, photosynthesis can occur to an average depth of ________.

A) 10 m

B) 50 m

C) 100 m

D) 200 m

E) 1000 m

F) 2000 m

30) Bacteria that make their own organic compounds by obtaining energy from chemical compounds and not directly from light are ________.

A) heterotrophic

B) living off decaying organisms

C) photosynthetic

D) protists

E) chemosynthetic

31) Cyanobacteria are characterized by being ________.

A) decomposers

B) found only in the plankton

C) having a glass-like skeleton

D) protists

E) photosynthetic

32) Which of the following are not protists?

A) dinoflagellates

B) cyanobacteria

C) diatoms

D) foraminiferans

E) ciliates

33) An organism's substrate provides ________.

A) food

B) shelter

C) place of attachment

D) shelter and place of attachment

E) food, shelter, and place of attachment

34) The ocean environmental zone having low temperature, little or no light, and great pressure is the ________ zone.

A) neritic

B) photic

C) abyssal

D) benthic

E) littoral

35) Which zone changes most with latitude?

A) littoral

B) bathyal

C) abyssal

D) mesopelagic

E) hadal

36) Which zone is more likely to undergo seasonal changes?

A) hadal

B) bathypelagic

C) neritic

D) mesopelagic

E) aphotic

37) If an organism looks nearly identical and shares similar lifestyle characteristics as a known species, then the organism must belong to that species.

38) Biogeochemical provinces divide the ocean into regions based on depth and substrate.

39) In the oceans, the size and abundance of organisms are directly related.

40) Phylogenetic taxonomy classifies organisms based on evolutionary relationships between ancestor organisms and their descendants.

41) Archaea may comprise as much as ________ percent of the prokaryotes in waters deeper than .

A) 10

B) 20

C) 40

D) 80

42) Molecular transport that acts upon momentum is called ________.

A) convective

B) viscous

C) conductive

D) diffusive

43) Organisms that can produce energy from inorganic compounds and also consume other organisms are best referred to as ________.

A) heterotrophs

B) chemoautotrophs

C) mixotrophs

D) phototrophs

44) Starting from the surface, the ocean is divided into the following regions based on light penetration.

A) euphotic, disphotic, aphotic

B) euphotic, aphotic, disphotic

C) euphotic, aphotic, bioluminescent

D) disphotic, euphotic, aphotic

45) Bioluminescence is thought to be used for ________.

A) predator avoidance

B) attracting predators

C) counter-illumination

D) attracting prey

E) All of these are correct.

46) Psycrophiles are organisms that ________.

A) live in deep-water trenches

B) live in hydrothermal vent waters

C) live in very cold environments

D) live in regions that have abrupt temperature gradients

47) The plankton include all of the following except ________.

A) phytoplankton

B) small fish

C) viruses

D) zooplankton

48) Bony fish maintain a fluid balance by ________.

A) almost continuously drinking seawater and excreting salt

B) maintaining high urea concentrations in their tissues

C) maintaining the same salinity in tissues as the surrounding seawater

D) excreting salt with feces

49) Which of the following secrete gases in order to stay afloat?

A) portuguese man-of-war

B) chambered nautilus

C) squid

D) portuguese man-of-war and chambered nautilus

E) portuguese man-of-war, chambered nautilus, and squid

50) If a marine animal has body fluids that have a lower salt content than the surrounding seawater, water will pass through the animal's body tissues from the ________ to the ________ because of ________.

A) outside; inside; electrolysis

B) inside; outside; electrolysis

C) outside; inside; osmosis

D) inside; outside; osmosis

E) None of these is correct; the salt moves, not the water.

51) To maintain their bodies' water balance, marine fish ________.

A) excrete salt through their gills

B) drink water continually

C) produce small amounts of urine

D) excrete salt through their gills and drink water continually

E) excrete salt through their gills, drink water continually, and produce small amounts of urine

52) Natural selection refers to the survival of individuals that leads to a more successful population.

53) Populations of individuals that are poorly adapted to their environment are likely to go extinct.

54) Prokaryotes include bacteria, protists, and Archaea.

55) Typically, the individual cells that make up a multicellular organism are more or less the same size.

56) Mixotrophic plankton can photosynthesize.

57) The most common function for bioluminescence in the ocean is thought to be attraction of mates during reproduction.

58) Even when the supply of inorganic nutrients to the surface is high, due to for example upwelling, the absolute concentration of nutrients in the surface may still be low.

59) Anaerobes cannot survive low-oxygen conditions.

60) At the level of species, the ocean is much less diverse than the terrestrial environment, with only approximately ________ percent of the total known species.

A) 5

B) 10

C) 15

D) 20

E) 25

61) The richness and variety of life found on our planet, including the oceans, is referred to as ________.

A) endemism

B) biodiversity

C) species richness

D) evolution

62) All phytoplankton and seaweeds require ________ such as nitrogen and phosphorus.

A) gases

B) inorganic nutrients

C) micronutrients

D) vitamins

63) About 90 percent of the ocean is remarkably uniform in temperature, ranging from ________.

A) –10°C to 10°C

B) –1°C to 30°C

C) –1°C to 4°C

D) –10°C to 30°C

64) Going from the surface (more light) to depth (less light), the light zones in the ocean are referred to as ________.

A) aphotic, disphotic, euphotic

B) euphotic, aphotic, disphotic

C) euphotic, disphotic, aphotic

D) euphotic, disphotic, bioluminescent

65) Plankton are the "drifters of the sea" and include all of the following except ________.

A) bacterioplankton

B) zooplankton

C) phytoplankton

D) nekton

66) As a rule of thumb, a 10-fold increase in the abundance of an organism is associated with ________ in size.

A) a 10-fold increase

B) a 10-fold decrease

C) a proportional increase

D) no change

67) Single-celled organisms can be found in all of the following groups except ________.

A) Eukaryotes

B) Prokaryotes

C) Archaea

D) Bacteria

E) Animalia

68) Two organisms that exhibit similar lifestyles and look nearly identical, but are not closely related, may be ________.

A) cryptic species

B) prokaryotes

C) autotrophs

D) identical species

69) Small organisms in the ocean, such as single-celled plankton, tend to be dominated primarily by ________ forces while large organisms such as fish and whales are more impacted by ________.

A) gravity; inertia

B) viscous; inertia

C) inertial; viscous

D) gravitational; inertia

70) Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are different in all of the following except ________.

A) having a nucleus

B) the presence of organelles

C) the use of mitochondria

D) their appearance in the fossil record

E) potentially being single-celled

71) Organisms that rely directly or indirectly on sunlight for energy include all of the following except ________.

A) heterotrophs

B) chemoautotrophs

C) eukaryotes

D) photoautotrophs

E) animals

72) Which zone changes the least with latitude?

A) littoral

B) neritic

C) abyssal

D) photic

E) epipelagic

73) Moving from land to ocean, the order of the zones is ________.

A) littoral, supralittoral, sublittoral

B) littoral, sublittoral, supralittoral

C) sublittoral, littoral, supralittoral

D) sublittoral, supralittoral, littoral

E) supralittoral, littoral, sublittoral

74) The following are adaptations to light (or its absence) in the dysphotic zone of the oceans except ________.

A) swim bladder

B) transparency

C) dark coloring

D) countershading

E) bioluminescence

75) Cold-loving organisms are referred to as ________.

A) poikilophiles

B) psychrophiles

C) thermophiles

D) homeophiles

E) endophiles

76) Which of the following is useless to animals leaving at great depths, due to the high pressures there?

A) fins

B) a swim bladder

C) a swim bladder full of gas

D) a swim bladder full of lipids

E) a large mouth

77) Phytoplankton use which of the following to control their buoyancy?

A) Feathery appendages

B) Spikes

C) Oil

D) None of these

E) All of these

78) All of the following can be used as nutrients by the vast majority of marine photosynthesizers except ________.

A) NO3–

B) NH4+

C) N2

D) PO43–

E) CO2

79) The compound that exerts a major control on the pH of seawater is ________.

A) NO3–

B) NH4+

C) N2

D) PO43–

E) CO2