Chapter 21: Current and Future Issues in Counseling and Educational Research

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. There has been considerable debate over why the ______ model has not worked for professionals practicing in the fields of counseling and education.

A. scientist–practitioner

B. practitioner–scientist

C. practitioner

D. scientist

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Practitioner–Scientist Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. The researcher who proposed steps to bridging science and practice based on a problem-solving approach is ______.

A. Love

B. Kanfer

C. Luebbe

D. none of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Practitioner–Scientist Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Heppner (1992) argues there can be a much different configuration than a simple 50/50 split of time between practice and research; he suggested ______.

A. 20% on practice and 80% on research

B. 80% on practice and 20% on research

C. 25% on practice and 80% on research

D. 25% on research and 80% on practice

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Practitioner–Scientist Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The researcher who proposed a view of differentiating more traditional science views and evidence-based practice views is ______.

A. Love

B. Kanfer

C. Luebbe

D. Gelso

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Practitioner–Scientist Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. ______ suggested early learning experiences with research during academic training as an approach to integrating science and practice.

A. Love

B. Kanfer

C. Luebbe

D. Gelso

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Practitioner–Scientist Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The practice in which clinical trials provide important evidence to facilitate in the decision-making is ______.

A. EBT

B. ESA

C. RBT

D. EST

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Practitioner–Scientist Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The use of ______ for practitioners focuses the effort on collecting and evaluating scientific information, which fits well with a practitioner–scientist orientation.

A. EBT

B. ESA

C. RBT

D. EST

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Practitioner–Scientist Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. It has been noted that practitioners typically have ______ attitudes toward research.

A. positive

B. neutral

C. negative

D. optimistic

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Relevance of Research to Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. One criteria which may be helpful to employ when considering the use of the scientific approach is to ______.

A. note whether progressively difficult situations arise that are resistant to change

B. determine if there are diversity issues

C. determine the lifestyle of the sample population

D. determine what observational methods will be utilized

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Practitioner–Scientist Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The method which typically involves efforts to study naturally occurring events is ______.

A. quantitative methods

B. qualitative methods

C. inferential methods

D. formative methods

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Relevance of Research to Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Educators and counselors demonstrate some reluctance in accepting field-based research because of ______.

A. suspected threats to needs

B. suspected threats to external validity

C. suspected threats to the population being studied

D. suspected threats to internal validity

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Relevance of Research to Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. When one does not use traditional laboratory methods, there is ______.

A. too much control

B. a loss of control

C. a lack of clarity

D. a lack of publishable information

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Relevance of Research to Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. De Anda proposed a model for conducting research that involves the use of ______.

A. qualitative methods

B. true experimental methods

C. quasi-experimental methods

D. all of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Relevance of Research to Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. In conducting research from a cross-cultural and diversity perspective, researchers should ______.

A. only study White males

B. never study diverse populations

C. not be concerned about rejection from the population being studied

D. be aware of oppression issues and personal values

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Summary

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Constantine et al. (2007) discussed the importance of counselors to understand the relevance of ______ in research.

A. social justice

B. minority issues

C. oppression

D. all of these

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Justice Issues

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Counseling and education practitioners are confronted more and more with pressure to incorporate research into practice.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Current and Future Issues in Counseling and Educational Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Sociopolitical influences increasingly require demonstration of effectiveness in practice.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Current and Future Issues in Counseling and Educational Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. A variation of the scientist–practitioner model is the practitioner–scientist model.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Practitioner–Scientist Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. In the scientist–practitioner approach, the emphasis is on practice, but practice that is based on a perspective and foundation of science and evidence-based research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Practitioner–Scientist Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. You can use newly developed skills acquired from research published in the professional literature to identify relevant and potentially effective strategies to test.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Practitioner–Scientist Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Essentially, EST is a subset of evidence-based practice in which clinical trials provide important evidence to facilitate in decision-making.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Practitioner–Scientist Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The issue of making research relevant to practice has been an inconsistent debate over the past several decades.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Relevance of Research to Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. In applied fields like education and counseling, laboratory research results may not be as applicable as field-based research methods.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Relevance of Research to Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. It is important for training programs to help students understand their own personal values.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Value Issues in Counseling

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. As a practitioner, you cannot take time to search out scientific information for each individual you work with in a counseling or educational setting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Practitioner–Scientist Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. List four of the steps Kanfer (1990) proposed to bridging science and practice based on a problem-solving approach.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Practitioner–Scientist Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. How does Luebbe et al. define EST and EBP?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Practitioner–Scientist Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. List two of the three helpful suggestions Lowman (2012) offered on how to provide a link between science and practice.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Practitioner–Scientist Model

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. List three issues related to conducting research from a cross-cultural and diversity perspective.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Summary

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Give an example of why attempting to find the best methods of research may cause an issue of relating research to practice.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Relevance of Research to Practice

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Why has it traditionally been difficult for researchers to get published in professional journals when research is not based on scientific methods?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Relevance of Research to Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. What design did De Anda propose for conducting research that involves the use of quasi-experimental methods?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Relevance of Research to Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. What are the two main problems with the issue of relating research to practice?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Relevance of Research to Practice

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. What are the issues surrounding research from a cross-cultural and diversity perspective?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Summary

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Briefly discuss how the issues of values are used in counseling and research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Value Issues in Counseling

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Discuss why there has been debate over why the scientist–practitioner model has not worked for professionals practicing in the fields of counseling and education.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Practitioner–Scientist Model

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Define and discuss the practitioner–scientist model.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Practitioner–Scientist Model

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Discuss Love et al.’s (2007) approach to integrating science and practice.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Practitioner–Scientist Model

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Discuss several criteria that may be helpful to employ when considering the use of the scientific approach.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Practitioner–Scientist Model

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Discuss negative practitioner attitudes toward research and provide support as to why these attitudes may exist.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Relevance of Research to Practice

Difficulty Level: Hard