Test Bank Chapter 9 Testing Hypotheses With Categorical Data - Answer Key + Test Bank | Statistics for Criminology and Criminal Justice 5e by Bachman by Ronet D. Bachman. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 9: Testing Hypotheses With Categorical Data
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. A contingency table shows the joint distribution of two ______.
a. interval-level variables
b. ratio-level variables
c. categorical variables
d. dependent variables
Learning Objective: 9.2. Identify the components of a cross-tabulation table.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. The Chi-square test investigates the null hypothesis that two ______.
a. nominal- or ordinal-level variables are independent
b. ordinal- interval-level variables are independent
c. nominal- interval-level variables are independent
d. nominal- ratio-level variables are independent
Learning Objective: 9.2. Identify the components of a cross-tabulation table.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Contingency tables and the two-variable Chi-square test of independence.
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. The Chi-square test ______.
a. tells us if there is a significant relationship between two variables AND the strength of that relationship
b. tells us if there is a significant relationship between two variables ONLY
c. tells us if there is a significant relationship between two variables AND the direction of the difference
d. produces negative values for especially strong negative relationships
Learning Objective: 9.3. Explain how to calculate and interpret the appropriate cell percentages in a cross-tabulation table when you want to determine whether the independent variable affects the dependent variable.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Contingency tables and the two-variable Chi-square test of independence.
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. The expected frequencies of a contingency table is ______.
a. the joint frequency distribution we would expect to see if the two variables were dependent on each other
b. the joint frequency distribution we would expect to see if the two variables caused each other
c. the joint frequency distribution we would expect to see if the independent variable influenced the dependent variable
d. the joint frequency distribution we would expect to see if the two variables were independent on each other
Learning Objective: 9.3. Explain how to calculate and interpret the appropriate cell percentages in a cross-tabulation table when you want to determine whether the independent variable affects the dependent variable.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Chi-square test of independence.
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. Which of the following is the correct equation to calculate the degrees of freedom in a Chi-square test?
a. 
b. 
c. 
d. 
Learning Objective: 9.3. Explain how to calculate and interpret the appropriate cell percentages in a cross-tabulation table when you want to determine whether the independent variable affects the dependent variable.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Chi-square test of independence.
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. For results that included four groups with a total number of 250 participants, what would the appropriate degrees of freedom be?
a. 3
b. 4
c. 249
d. 250
Learning Objective: 9.3. Explain how to calculate and interpret the appropriate cell percentages in a cross-tabulation table when you want to determine whether the independent variable affects the dependent variable.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Chi-square test of independence.
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. The researcher calculated the χ2 comparing people’s feelings of safety and whether they or not they felt the police did a good job. If the null hypotheses are not rejected, which of the following would be the most appropriate conclusion?
a. There is no difference between people who are afraid and if they are satisfied with police.
b. The expected frequencies differed significantly from the observed frequencies.
c. The was a small effect between the expected and observed frequencies.
d. The groups are not all equal to each other.
Learning Objective: 9.3. Explain how to calculate and interpret the appropriate cell percentages in a cross-tabulation table when you want to determine whether the independent variable affects the dependent variable.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: The Chi-square test of independence.
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. The alternative computational formula for a Chi-square test ______.
a. produces results that are slightly higher than the definitional formula
b. produces results that are slightly lower than the definitional formula
c. produces results that are identical to the definitional formula
d. produces results that are much different than the definitional formula
Learning Objective: 9.3. Explain how to calculate and interpret the appropriate cell percentages in a cross-tabulation table when you want to determine whether the independent variable affects the dependent variable.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: A simple-to-use computational formula for the Chi-square test of independence.
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. In the definitional formula, 
, and the computational formula, 
, squaring the numerator ensures that ______.
a. a Chi-square statistic is never zero
b. a Chi-square statistic is never less than zero
c. only severely variables that are dependent on each other will be negative
d. it is easier to reject the null hypothesis because exponentiating a value increases its size
Learning Objective: 9.3. Explain how to calculate and interpret the appropriate cell percentages in a cross-tabulation table when you want to determine whether the independent variable affects the dependent variable.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: A simple-to-use computational formula for the Chi-square test of independence.
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. ______ is a summary measure that captures the magnitude or strength of the relationship between two variables.
a. Chi-square test
b. Joint frequency distribution
c. Alpha level
d. Measure of association
Learning Objective: 9.5. Describe what a measure of association tells us compared with the Chi-square hypothesis test.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Measures of association: Determining the strength of the relationship between two categorical variables.
Difficulty Level: Easy
11. The phi-coefficient as a measure of association is appropriate for ______.
a. nominal-level variables in a 2x2 table
b. nominal-level variables in any kind of table
c. ratio-level variables in a 2x2 table
d. ratio-level variables in any kind of table
Learning Objective: 9.5. Describe what a measure of association tells us compared with the Chi-square hypothesis test.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Measures of association: Determining the strength of the relationship between two categorical variables; Nominal-level variables
Difficulty Level: Easy
12. The contingency coefficient as a measure of association is appropriate for ______.
a. nominal-level variables in any kind of table
b. ratio-level variables in a 2x2 table
c. ratio-level variables in any kind of table
d. nominal-level variables in a 2x2 table only
Learning Objective: 9.6. Calculate and interpret measures of association appropriate for both nominal- and ordinal-level variables.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Measures of association: Determining the strength of the relationship between two categorical variables; Nominal-level variables
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. One disadvantage of the contingency coefficient is that ______.
a. a perfect relationship may be greater than 1.0
b. a perfect relationship may be lower than 1.0
c. a perfect relationship may be twice as large as 1.0
d. it cannot estimate a perfect relationship
Learning Objective: 9.5. Describe what a measure of association tells us compared with the Chi-square hypothesis test.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Measures of association: Determining the strength of the relationship between two categorical variables; Nominal-level variables
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. A measure of association for nominal-level variables that does not have the disadvantage of the contingency coefficient is ______.
a. Goodman’s gamma
b. Kruskal’s gamma
c. Cramer’s V
d. Yule’s Q
Learning Objective: 9.5. Describe what a measure of association tells us compared with the Chi-square hypothesis test.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Measures of association: Determining the strength of the relationship between two categorical variables; Nominal-level variables
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. The Goodman and Kruskal’s gamma measure of association is appropriate for ______.
a. ordinal-level variables
b. ratio-level variables
c. interval-level variables
d. nominal-level variables
Learning Objective: 9.6. Calculate and interpret measures of association appropriate for both nominal- and ordinal-level variables.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Measures of association: Determining the strength of the relationship between two categorical variables; Ordinal-level variables
Difficulty Level: Medium
16. Which of the following measure of association is best used for a Chi-square table that is 3 by 4 with ordinal-level variables?
a. φ
b. contingency coefficient
c. Yule’s Q
d. Goodman and Kruskal’s gamma
Learning Objective: 9.6. Calculate and interpret measures of association appropriate for both nominal- and ordinal-level variables.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Measures of association: Determining the strength of the relationship between two categorical variables; Ordinal-level variables
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
17. For a Chi-square test the researcher has to compare percentage differences found in the categories for the independent variable at the same category of the dependent variable.
Learning Objective: 9.3. Explain how to calculate and interpret the appropriate cell percentages in a cross-tabulation table when you want to determine whether the independent variable affects the dependent variable.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Chi-square test of independence
Difficulty Level: Medium
18. For a Chi-square table examining an independent variable with four groups and a dependent variable with three groups, the degrees of freedom to find the critical value would be 5.
Learning Objective: 9.3. Explain how to calculate and interpret the appropriate cell percentages in a cross-tabulation table when you want to determine whether the independent variable affects the dependent variable.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Chi-square test of independence
Difficulty Level: Easy
19. Chi-square allows for the rejection of a null hypothesis of independence but does not tell the researcher the magnitude or strength of that relationship.
Learning Objective: 9.3. Explain how to calculate and interpret the appropriate cell percentages in a cross-tabulation table when you want to determine whether the independent variable affects the dependent variable.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Measures of association: Determining the strength of the relationship between two categorical variables
Difficulty Level: Easy
20. Since the Chi-square does not indicate the strength of the association, a researcher must then conduct a separate test for the measure of association.
Learning Objective: 9.5. Describe what a measure of association tells us compared with the Chi-square hypothesis test.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Measures of association: Determining the strength of the relationship between two categorical variables
Difficulty Level: Easy
21. A Chi-square statistic can never be less than zero.
Learning Objective: 9.3. Explain how to calculate and interpret the appropriate cell percentages in a cross-tabulation table when you want to determine whether the independent variable affects the dependent variable.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Measures of association: Determining the strength of the relationship between two categorical variables
Difficulty Level: Easy
22. A significant Chi-square test suggests that the observed frequencies are different from the expected frequencies.
Learning Objective: 9.3. Explain how to calculate and interpret the appropriate cell percentages in a cross-tabulation table when you want to determine whether the independent variable affects the dependent variable.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Chi-square test of independence
Difficulty Level: Easy
23. If the observed frequencies are significantly different from the expected frequencies then the values of the variables are dependent on one another.
Learning Objective: 9.3. Explain how to calculate and interpret the appropriate cell percentages in a cross-tabulation table when you want to determine whether the independent variable affects the dependent variable.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Chi-square test of independence
Difficulty Level: Easy
24. The Chi-square test is able to test the independence of two ratio-level variables.
Learning Objective: 9.3. Explain how to calculate and interpret the appropriate cell percentages in a cross-tabulation table when you want to determine whether the independent variable affects the dependent variable.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: The Chi-square test of independence
Difficulty Level: Easy
Essay
25. What does it mean if a Chi-square test reveals a significant association between gender and crime type (violent or property)?
Learning Objective: 9.3. Explain how to calculate and interpret the appropriate cell percentages in a cross-tabulation table when you want to determine whether the independent variable affects the dependent variable.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension/Application
Answer Location: The Chi-square test of independence
Difficulty Level: Medium
Document Information
Connected Book
Answer Key + Test Bank | Statistics for Criminology and Criminal Justice 5e by Bachman
By Ronet D. Bachman