Test Bank Chapter 9 Community In The Network Society

Chapter 9

Community in the Network Society

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Who was the first to study the fundamentals of community and proposed the distinction between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft?
   1. Durkheim
   2. Tönnies
   3. Wellman
   4. Sunstein
2. Who first made the distinction between the community-lost, community-saved, and community-liberated perspectives?
   1. Tönnies
   2. Durkheim
   3. Sunstein
   4. Wellman
3. Those who identify with the community-lost perspective often ____________________
   1. see networked individualism as a form of community.
   2. feel that the “rich get richer” hypothesis is detrimental to a healthy community.
   3. idealize pastoral community.
   4. feel that “healthy community” and “networked community” are synonymous.
4. Why is Bourdieu’s definition of social capital unique?
   1. It describes social capital as only the accumulated actual resources to which individuals have access via their membership in groups and connections to networks.
   2. It describes social capital as the accumulated actual and potential resources to which individuals have access through their membership in groups and connections to networks.
   3. It describes social capital as only the accumulated potential resources to which individuals have access via their membership in groups and connections to networks.
   4. It excludes from the definition both the accumulated potential and actual resources to which individuals have access via their membership in groups and connections to networks.
5. Those who identify with the community-liberated perspective often _________________
   1. vilify pastoral community.
   2. think that technology will facilitate uprisings to overthrow capitalism.
   3. embrace scientific management.
   4. see community as radically transformed rather than lost or saved.
6. In a 2019 study of the nature of the personal networks of residents of East York, Toronto, Canada, the authors found that most of the older adults they interviewed belonged to the following group:
   1. older adults were primarily socially isolated individuals
   2. older adults were evenly distributed across all three groups: socially isolated, socially connected, and networked individuals
   3. older adults were primarily socially connected individuals
   4. older adults were both socially isolated individuals and socially isolated individuals
7. What could be considered as a private effect of social capital?
   1. Feeling safe at night on the street because neighbours are watching
   2. Being able to trust the police to keep you safe
   3. Encountering friendly people at the corner coffee shop
   4. Finding a job with the help of a friend
8. What is the key argument of the dystopian perspective of the Internet?
   1. The Internet draws people into their immediate environments.
   2. The Internet draws people away from their immediate environments.
   3. The Internet changes nothing in the way people interact with their immediate environments.
   4. The Internet reinforces people’s bond with their immediate environments.
9. What did Hampton’s 2014 study find about the use of mobile devices in public spaces?
   1. People’s use of cellphones in public spaces was much higher than expected.
   2. People’s use of cellphones in public spaces was much lower than expected.
   3. People’s use of cellphones in public spaces was slightly higher than expected.
   4. People’s use of cellphones in public spaces was exactly as expected.
10. What needs to be taken into consideration in order to better understand how the Internet has affected society?
    1. A user’s previous experience with the Internet
    2. A user’s personal characteristics (e.g., age, gender, personality)
    3. The type of use of the Internet (e.g., surfing, gaming, emailing)
    4. A user’s previous experience, personal characteristics, and type of Internet usage
11. Which three areas compose the bourgeois public sphere of debate?
    1. Status, domain of common concern, and inclusivity
    2. Status, domain of common concern, and importance
    3. Status, social capital, and inclusivity
    4. Social capital, cultural capital, and importance
12. Which theorist posits that using digital technologies can lead to a reduction of information in the public sphere?
    1. Tönnies
    2. Durkheim
    3. Sunstein
    4. Wellman
13. Oldenburg distinguishes between three types of social places. What would be considered an example of a second place?
    1. A restaurant
    2. A retirement home
    3. An apartment
    4. An office
14. What is the main limitation inherent in the term “Twitter Revolution”?
    1. It takes a socio-technical viewpoint.
    2. It takes a social determinism viewpoint.
    3. It takes a technological determinism viewpoint.
    4. It gives too much agency to the revolution.
15. Which of these places was considered an important third place in eighteen-century Europe?
    1. The enlightenment salon
    2. The court house
    3. The coffee shop
    4. The plaza
16. The concept of “alone together” was introduced by which of the following scholars ________.
    1. Tönnies
    2. Turkle
    3. Wellman
    4. Sunstein
17. What happened when the Egyptian government hit the Internet kill switch?
    1. The government was trying to get the participators out of their homes and protesting in the streets so that they could be identified and punished.
    2. The uprising ended because the protestors had no other platform through which to communicate.
    3. The government’s actions gave the social movement renewed strength and focus.
    4. Egypt became one of many countries to shut down the Internet effectively.
18. Much of the debate around the concept of community has focused on how much it has changed from what to our current high-tech society?
    1. Nationalistic solidarity of the World Wars I and II
    2. Early Puritan religious solidarity
    3. Renaissance period of creativity
    4. Pastoral community of the eighteenth century
19. What are some of the central changes that have occurred as a result of the digitization of the public sphere according to Gripsrud, Moe, and Splichal (2010)?
    1. Changes and processes occur on a global scale.
    2. Various media converge and blur.
    3. The media have become commercialized.
    4. All of the above
20. A Pew Research Center study found that people were a lot more willing to share their views about the Snowden–NSA story, both in person and on social media, like Facebook, if they thought their audience agreed with them. Which theory does this finding support?
    1. Spiral of silence
    2. Networked individualism
    3. Privacy paradox
    4. Actor network

True or False Questions

1. Gesellschaft is often used to represent the ideal type of society, one where people are closely connected, share an identity, and engage in reciprocity.
2. The benefits derived from social capital can be considered as solely public effects.
3. Evidence from a study suggests that the spiral of silence also applies to Facebook.
4. Evidence suggests that the Internet decreases social capital.
5. “Organic solidarity” describes a society based on shared understandings around social roles, revealing a cohesive social structure with a strong collective conscious.
6. The concept of the spiral of silence is that participants of the public sphere will be unwilling to share their opinions if they perceive they are in accordance with those of the majority.
7. Zuckerman has stated that “Tunisians took to the streets in reaction to a WikiLeaks cable.”
8. Protests in Egypt started on Twitter and Facebook, and then moved to the streets.
9. According to Srinivasan, 70% of the world’s population has basic Internet access.
10. Community can be considered static. As social, technological, and economic change takes place, community and its forms of expression remain unchanged.

Short Answer Questions

1. Define and contrast Durkheim’s terms of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft?
2. Explain the “rich get richer” hypothesis as it pertains to the Internet.
3. What is the difference between bonding and bridging social capital?
4. Habermas developed the notion of the public sphere based on historical analysis. What three areas did he propose composed the bourgeois public sphere?
5. Define the term digital public sphere.

Long Answer Questions

1. Putnam argues that social capital is in decline in North America. Define the social capital concept and discuss the evidence that Putnam puts forth to support his argument of decline. What role do you think digital media plays? Is digital media contributing to a further decline in social capital? Support your argument with evidence.
2. In the study by Wellman, Quan-Haase & Harper (2019), the authors identify three different types of categories: socially isolated, socially connected, and networked individuals. The authors found that the proportion of these three categories changed across the life course, with younger generations being more likely to be networked individuals than older adults. Why do you think that younger generations are more likely to be networked individuals? What is the role digital media in different types of personal network structures?