Test Bank Chapter 6 How Do We Know About The Human Past?

Chapter 6: How Do We Know about the Human Past?

Test Bank

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 01]

1) A cultural anthropology of the human past focusing on material evidence of human modification of the physical environment is called

Feedback: Archaeology is the anthropology of the human past focusing on material evidence of human modification of the physical environment.

Page reference: What Is Archaeology?

a. archaeology.

b. anthropology.

c. paleontology.

d. niche construction.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 02]

2) All material objects constructed by humans or near-humans revealed by archaeology are considered part of the

Feedback: Archaeological record refers to all material objects constructed by humans or near-humans revealed by archaeology.

Page reference: What Is Archaeology?

a. archaeological record.

b. historical collection.

c. record of the past.

d. total material remains.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 03]

3) The archaeological approach that takes as its objective explaining the cultural processes that led to ways of life and material cultures of different kinds is called

Feedback: Processual archaeologists “sought to make archaeology an objective, empirical science in which hypotheses about all forms of cultural variation could be tested”.
Page reference: What Is Archaeology?

a. ethnoarchaeology.

b. processual archaeology.

c. postprocessual archaeology.

d. survey archaeology.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 04]

4) A precise geographical location of the remains of past human activity is an archaeological

Feedback: A site is a precise geographical location of the remains of past human activity.

Page reference: What Is Archaeology?

a. location.

b. place.

c. site.

d. zone.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 05]

5) Objects that have been deliberately and intelligently shaped by human or near-human activity are called

Feedback: Artifacts are objects that have been deliberately and intelligently shaped by human or near-human activity.
Page reference: What Is Archaeology?

a. artifacts.

b. commodities.

c. features.

d. midden.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 06]

6) The study of the way people in present-day societies use artifacts and structures on the sites where they live, and how these objects become part of the archaeological record is called

Feedback: Ethnoarchaeology is the study of the way present-day societies use artifacts and structures and how these objects become part of the archaeological record.

Page reference: What Is Archaeology?

a. ethnoarchaeology.

b. taphonomy.

c. survey archaeology.

d. excavation.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 07]

7) The study of the various processes that affect the formation of a particular site, explaining how certain objects in that site (such as bones or stone tools) came to be where they are found, is called

Feedback: Taphonomy refer to the study of the various processes that objects undergo in the course of becoming part of the fossil and archaeological records.

Page reference: What Is Archaeology?

a. ethnoarchaeology.

b. taphonomy.

c. survey archaeology.

d. excavation.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 08]

8) The physical examination of a geographical region in which promising sites are most likely to be found is

Feedback: Surveys are the physical examination of a geographical region in which promising sites are most likely to be found.

Page reference: What Is Archaeology?

a. ethnoarchaeology.

b. taphonomy.

c. survey archaeology.

d. excavation.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 09]

9) The systematic uncovering of archaeological remains through the removal of the deposits of soil and other material covering them and accompanying them is called

Feedback: Excavation refers to the systematic uncovering of archaeological remains through removal of the deposits of soil and other material covering them and accompanying them.

Page reference: What Is Archaeology?

a. ethnoarchaeology.

b. taphonomy.

c. survey archaeology.

d. excavation.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 10]

10) When artifacts and structures from a particular time and place are grouped together, they are called a(n)

Feedback: The artifacts and structures from a particular time and place in a site are called an assemblage.

Page reference: What Is Archaeology?

a. assemblage.

b. archaeological culture.

c. artifact distribution.

d. material culture.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 11]

11) The different ways that people in different societies go about meeting their subsistence needs are called

Feedback: Subsistence strategy refers to different ways that people in different societies go about meeting their basic material survival needs.
Page reference: How Do Archaeologists Interpret the Past?

a. feeding techniques.

b. farming.

c. food production.

d. subsistence strategies.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 12]

12) A small, egalitarian social grouping whose members neither farm nor herd, but depend on wild food resources is called a

Feedback: A band is the characteristic form of social organization found among foragers. Bands are small, usually no more than 50 people, and labor is divided ordinarily on the basis of age and sex. All adults in band societies have roughly equal access to whatever material or social valuables are locally available.
Page reference: How Do Archaeologists Interpret the Past?

a. band.

b. tribe.

c. chiefdom.

d. state.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 13]

13) A society generally larger than a band, whose members usually farm for a living is a

Feedback: A tribe is a society that is generally larger than a band, whose members usually farm or herd for a living. Social relations in a tribe are still relatively egalitarian, although there may be a chief who speaks for the group or organizes certain group activities.
Page reference: How Do Archaeologists Interpret the Past?

a. band.

b. tribe.

c. chiefdom.

d. state.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 14]

14) Special-purpose groupings that may be organized on the basis of sex, economic role or personal interest are called

Feedback: Sodalities are special-purpose groupings that may be organized on the basis of age, sex, economic role, and personal interest.

Page reference: How Do Archaeologists Interpret the Past?

a. associations.

b. clubs.

c. sodalities.

d. tribes.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 15]

15) A society in which one person and his relatives have privileged access to wealth, power, and prestige is called a

Feedback: A chiefdom is a form of social organization in which a leader (the chief) and close relatives are set apart from the rest of the society and allowed privileged access to wealth, power, and prestige.
Page reference: How Do Archaeologists Interpret the Past?

a. band.

b. chiefdom.

c. rank society.

d. tribe.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 16]

16) A person’s social position in a group is that person’s

Feedback: Status is a particular social position in a group.

Page reference: How Do Archaeologists Interpret the Past?

a. ranking.

b. role.

c. status.

d. hierarchy.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 17]

17) A stratified society that possesses a territory that is defended from outside enemies with an army and from internal disorder with police is called a

Feedback: A state is a stratified society that possesses a territory that is defended from outside enemies with an army and from internal disorder with police. A state, which has a separate set of governmental institutions designed to enforce laws and to collect taxes and tribute, is run by an elite that possesses a monopoly on the use of force.
Page reference: How Do Archaeologists Interpret the Past?

a. band.

b. tribe.

c. chiefdom.

d. state.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 18]

18) In the United States, the objections of Native American groups to the excavation of indigenous burials has become recognized in a law that is called

Feedback: NAGPRA requires all federal agencies and institutions that receive federal funds to inventory all American Indian and Native Hawaiian human remains in their possession, as well as funerary objects, sacred objects, and “objects of cultural patrimony.” NAGPRA protects American Indian graves and cultural objects on all federal and tribal lands (it does not extend protection to sites on private lands). The act also requires that anyone carrying out archaeological research on federal or tribal lands must consult with the Native American people who are affiliated or may be affiliated with those lands regarding the treatment and disposition of any finds. NAGPRA has made it necessary for archaeologists to take seriously the rights and attitudes of native peoples toward the past.
Page reference: Whose Past Is It?

a. Native People’s Protection Act.

b. North American Research and Publication Protection Act.

c. Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.

d. Native American Graves Preservation and Relocation Act

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 19]

19) In the United States, federal, state, and local legislative actions that require the consideration of environmental and cultural factors in the use of federal, state, or funds for development has led to the development of

Feedback: Cultural Resource Management is an attempt to ensure that cultural resources threatened by projects are properly managed—“recorded, evaluated, protected, or, if necessary, salvaged” (Fagan and DeCorse 2005, 483).

Page reference: How Is the Past Being Plundered?

a. historical archaeology.

b. collaborative archaeology.

c. feminist archaeology.

d. cultural resource management archaeology.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 20]

20) A research approach that explores why women’s contributions have been systematically written out of the archaeological record and suggests new approaches to the human past that include such contributions is

Feedback: Feminist archaeology is a research approach that explores why women’s contributions have been systematically written out of the archaeological record and suggests new approaches to the human past that include such contributions.
Page reference: What Are the Critical Issues in Contemporary Archaeology?

a. historical archaeology.

b. collaborative archaeology.

c. feminist archaeology.

d. cultural resource management archaeology.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 21]

21) The study of archaeological sites associated with written records is called

Feedback: Historical archaeology is the study of archaeological sites associated with written records, frequently the study of post-European contact sites in the world.
Page reference: What Are the Critical Issues in Contemporary Archaeology?

a. historical archaeology.

b. collaborative archaeology.

c. feminist archaeology.

d. cultural resource management archaeology.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 22]

22) The approach in archaeology that stresses the role of individual human agency in the archaeological record is called

Feedback: Processual archaeologists “sought to make archaeology an objective, empirical science in which hypotheses about all forms of cultural variation could be tested”. A variety of new approaches, which are sometimes called postprocessual or interpretive archaeology, stress the symbolic and cognitive aspects of social structures and social relations.
Page reference: What Is Archaeology?

a. reconstructing the materials remains of the past.

b. reconstructing the lifeways of the past.

c. processual archaeology.

d. postprocessual archaeology.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 23]

23) The remote-sensing technology that uses laser beams to penetrate heavy forest vegetation, providing high-resolution images of hidden archaeological features is called

Feedback: Another remote-sensing technology called LiDAR (light detecting and ranging) uses laser beams to penetrate heavy forest vegetation, providing high-resolution images of hidden archaeological features like ancient roads or settlements. LiDAR surveys in Central America “demonstrate that some ancient Mesoamerican sites are far more extensive and complex than was thought possible following popular sociopolitical models” (Chase et al. 2012, 12918; see also Preston 2013).

Page reference: What Is Archaeology?

a. radar.

b. LiDAR.

c. LaSER.

d. sonar.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 24]

24) The sensing method that reflects pulsed radar waves off features below the surface is called

Feedback: In recent years, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has become more readily available for archaeological use. GPR reflects pulsed radar waves off features below the surface. Because the radar waves pass through different kinds of materials at different rates, the echoes that are picked up reflect back changes in the soil and sediment encountered as well as the depth at which those changes are found.

Page reference: What Is Archaeology?

a. air photo analysis.

b. Geographic Information Systems (GIS).

c. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR).

d. Satellite Imaging Technology (SIT).

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 25]

25) A computer-aided system for the collection, storage, retrieval, analysis, and presentation of spatial data of all kinds is called

Feedback: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is also becoming increasingly important in archaeological research. A GIS is a “computer-aided system for the collection, storage, retrieval, analysis, and presentation of spatial data of all kinds” (Fagan and DeCorse 2005, 188). In essence, a GIS is a database with a map-based interface. Anything that can be given a location in space—information about topography, soil, elevation, geology, climate, vegetation, water resources, site location, and field boundaries, as well as aerial photos and satellite images—is entered into the database, and maps can be generated with the information the researcher wants.

Page reference: What Is Archaeology?

a. air photo analysis.

b. Geographic Information Systems (GIS).

c. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR).

d. Satellite Imaging Technology (SIT).

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 26]

26) A supporter of unilineal evolutionary theory who had widespread influence was

Feedback: The American Lewis Henry Morgan, for example, was struck by certain patterns he found, in which particular forms of social and political organization seemed regularly to correlate with particular forms of economic and technological organization, which he called “the arts of subsistence.” Morgan’s book Ancient Society, published in 1877, summarized the basic orientation of what became known as unilineal cultural evolutionism: “The latest investigations respecting the early condition of the human race are tending to the conclusion that man-kind commenced their career at the bottom of the scale and worked their way up from savagery to civilization through the slow accumulations of experimental knowledge” (Morgan [1877] 1963, 3).

Page reference: How Do Archaeologists Interpret the Past?

a. Franz Boas.

b. Bronislaw Malinowski.

c. Lewis Henry Morgan.

d. A. R. Radcliffe-Brown.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 27]

27) The 9300-year-old skeleton found in Washington state that touched off a legal battle over the repatriation of the skeleton:

Feedback: One case that has involved extensive legal action is that of Kennewick Man (also called the Ancient One), an 8,500-year-old skeleton found in the state of Washington in 1996, six years after the passage of NAGPRA (Figure 6.12). Since initial examination seemed to indicate that the remains belonged to a nineteenth-century white settler, scholars were surprised when the skeleton received a radiocarbon date of 9300 B.P. More study seemed essential to resolve the matter, but the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers intended to return the remains to the Umatilla tribe for reburial. Eight anthropologists sued the Corps of Engineers for permission to study the bones, contending that the bones could not be linked to any living tribe. The Umatilla insisted, however, that their traditions held that they had occupied the land from the beginning of time, which meant that the bones belonged to one of their ancestors and should be returned to them.

Page reference: Whose Past Is It?

a. Kennewick Man.

b. Neandertal Man.

c. Umatilla Man.

d. Washington Man.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 28]

28) In 2001, the Taliban in Afghanistan destroyed

Feedback: Many people in the world were shocked and appalled in March 2001, when the extremist Taliban government of Afghanistan decided to destroy the Bamiyan Buddhas, two giant sculptures carved into the face of a cliff about 1,500 years ago (Figure 6.13). Although almost no Buddhists live in Afghanistan today, these sculptures had long been part of the cultural heritage of the Afghan people.

Page reference: How Is the Past Being Plundered?

a. ancient early hominid sites.

b. early Muslim sacred sites.

c. giant statues of the Buddha.

d. ancient Hindu sculptures of Ganesh.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 29]

29) One of the greatest challenges to male bias in archaeological interpretation concerns the roles women played in

Feedback: For example, Joan Gero (1991) drew attention to male bias in discussions of the oldest, best-known collections of human artifacts: stone tools. Gero showed how traditional archaeological discussion of stone-tool technologies focused on highly formalized, elaborately retouched, standardized core tools. This focus, together with the assumption that such tools were made by men to hunt with, turns men and their activities into the driving force of cultural evolution. It simultaneously downplays or ignores the far more numerous flake tools that were probably made and used by women in such tasks as processing food or working wood and leather. Gero cited ethnographic and historical reports that describe women as active makers of stone tools, including more elaborate core tools, exposing as false the supposition that women are not strong or smart enough to produce them.

Page reference: What Are the Critical Issues in Contemporary Archaeology?

a. pottery production.

b. stone-tool manufacture.

c. hunting.

d. textile production.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 30]

30) The discussion of Chumash burial practices illustrates

Feedback: Hollimon concluded that the status of undertaker apparently was more significant in Chumash burial practices than the gender of the individual being buried.

Page reference: What Are the Critical Issues in Contemporary Archaeology?

a. that gender differences are universal.

b. the way “two-spirited” men remained male, even in burials.

c. that status in Chumash society was both based on gender, regardless of occupation.

d. that in burial, the status of undertaker was more significant than the gender of the individual.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 31]

31) Janet Spector’s archaeological work was unusual because

Feedback: In 1980, Spector and her team began to dig at a site near Jordan, Minnesota, known by the Dakota as Inyan Ceayak Atonwan, or “Village at the Rapids.” She examined historical documents that referred to the site for clues about what tasks were carried on by men and women at the site, as a guide to what kinds of material remains to look for. After several seasons, concerned that her work might be meaningless or offensive to the Dakota, Spector met a Dakota man who was a descendant of a man named Mazomani, one of the original inhabitants of the Village at the Rapids. Eventually, other descendants of Mazomani visited the site. By the 1985–1986 season, Dakota and non-Dakota were collaborating in teaching Dakota language, oral history, ethnobotany, ecology, and history at the site while digging continued.

Page reference: What Are the Critical Issues in Contemporary Archaeology?

a. she was the first woman ever to direct an archaeological excavation.

b. Dakota and non-Dakota were collaborating in teaching Dakota language, oral history, ethnobotany, ecology, and history at the site while digging continued.

c. her work brought to light detailed information about technological changes in Dakota textile production that had never before been documented archaeologically.

d. she was able to show that stone-tool manufacture and use remained important at Village at the Rapids, even after settlers began importing metal tools.

Type: true-false

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 32]

32) Digital heritage refers to curation in archaeological museums of artifacts connected with computerization.

Feedback: Digital heritage refers to digital information about the past available on the Internet. It can include a range of materials from digitized documents and photographs to images of artifacts to video and sound recordings.

Page reference: What Is Archaeology?

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 33]

33) Traditional archaeological interpretations of stone tools assume that stone tools were made for men to hunt with.

Feedback: For example, Joan Gero (1991) drew attention to male bias in discussions of the oldest, best-known collections of human artifacts: stone tools. Gero showed how traditional archaeological discussion of stone-tool technologies focused on highly formalized, elaborately retouched, standardized core tools. This focus, together with the assumption that such tools were made by men to hunt with, turns men and their activities into the driving force of cultural evolution. It simultaneously downplays or ignores the far more numerous flake tools that were probably made and used by women in such tasks as processing food or working wood and leather. Gero cited ethnographic and historical reports that describe women as active makers of stone tools, including more elaborate core tools, exposing as false the supposition that women are not strong or smart enough to produce them.

Page reference: What Are the Critical Issues in Contemporary Archaeology?

a. True

b. False

Type: true-false

Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 34]

34) Today, many archaeologists are taking the view that they must find a way to deal with a range of local and global stakeholders who have their own views of how cultural heritage should be managed.

Feedback: Today, many archaeologists have adopted the view that their first obligation should be to those local (and often marginalized) people with traditional connections to the archaeological sites where they work. But more and more archaeologists are finding that this kind of single-minded commitment is increasingly problematic because they and their local allies must find a way to deal with a range of other local and global stakeholders who have their own, often conflicting, ideas about how cultural heritage should be managed.

Page reference: What Are the Critical Issues in Contemporary Archaeology?

a. True

b. False

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 35]

35) To an archaeologist, which of the following would be considered a feature at an archaeological site?

Feedback: Features are nonportable remnants from the past, such as house walls or ditches.
Page reference: What Is Archaeology?

a. Bison bones

b. A spear point

c. The wall of a house

d. Pottery

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 36]

36) What Ian Hodder calls “interpretation at the trowel’s edge” involves

Feedback: Archaeologist Ian Hodder has argued that archaeology would benefit if discovery were not separated from interpretation in this way. For this reason, he advocates “interpretation at the trowel’s edge”: that is, “bringing forward interpretation to the moment of discovery” (Hodder 2010, 12) by making it possible for analytic specialists and interested groups of various kinds to converse with excavators working in the trenches, and by building specialist labs on the site itself.

Page reference: What Is Archaeology?

a. letting the material facts at the excavation site speak for themselves.

b. preventing analytic specialists and interested groups of various kinds from seeing excavated artifacts until they have been washed and organized in the laboratory.

c. bringing specialists and interested groups of various kinds to converse with excavators working in the trenches.

d. making sure that excavator’s trowels are always clean and sharp-edged.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 37]

37) When archaeologists excavate a site, they always

Feedback: It is important to remember that excavation is a form of destruction and a site, once excavated, is gone forever. Archaeologists today will excavate only a small part of a site on the assumption that future archaeologists will have better techniques and different questions if they return to the same site.

Page reference: What Is Archaeology?

a. refill the site with the unimportant artifacts when they are finished, since they may be of value later.

b. excavate a small part of a site to preserve the site for future archaeologists.

c. excavate as much as they can of a site to try to record as much of the context of the artifacts as possible.

d. nonintrusive techniques like ground-penetrating radar and sonar to avoid destruction.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 38]

38) Ian Hodder’s work in the 1980s among several contemporary ethnic groups in eastern Africa showed that

Feedback: Hodder’s ethnoarchaeological research among several contemporary ethnic groups in eastern Africa showed that artifact distributions do sometimes coincide with ethnic boundaries when the items in question are used as symbols of group identity. He found, for example, that the ear ornaments worn by women of the Tugen, Njemps, and Pokot groups were distinct from one another and that women from one group would never wear ear ornaments typical of another. However, other items of material culture, such as pots or tools, which were not used as symbols of group identity, were distributed in patterns very different from those typical of ear ornaments.

Page reference: What Is Archaeology?

a. tool styles were symbols of group identity.

b. pottery styles were symbols of group identity.

c. ear ornaments were symbols of group identity.

d. contemporary distribution of pottery styles corresponded to patterns of pottery style distribution discovered in the archaeological record of this region.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 39]

39) Looting archaeological sites

Feedback: There is nothing really new about looting—the tombs of the pharaohs of Egypt were looted in their own day—but the scale today surpasses anything that has come before. It is safe to say that any region of the world with archaeological sites also has organized looting, and the devastation looters leave behind makes any scientific analysis of a site impossible. We have seen how important it is for archaeologists to record the precise placement of every object they excavate.

Page reference: How Is the Past Being Plundered?

a. is a recent, tragic development that follows from the increase in public interest in archaeology.

b. can be stopped by improving security at archaeological sites and closing down shops that sell looted antiquities.

c. makes any scientific analysis of a site impossible.

d. by following the trail of looted artifacts, archaeologists can find new sites they had not known about.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 40]

40) Joan Gero’s analysis of stone-tool use over time at the site of Huaricoto in highland Peru argues that

Feedback: For example, Joan Gero (1991) drew attention to male bias in discussions of the oldest, best-known collections of human artifacts: stone tools. Gero showed how traditional archaeological discussion of stone-tool technologies focused on highly formalized, elaborately retouched, standardized core tools. This focus, together with the assumption that such tools were made by men to hunt with, turns men and their activities into the driving force of cultural evolution. It simultaneously downplays or ignores the far more numerous flake tools that were probably made and used by women in such tasks as processing food or working wood and leather. Gero cited ethnographic and historical reports that describe women as active makers of stone tools, including more elaborate core tools, exposing as false the supposition that women are not strong or smart enough to produce them.

Page reference: What Are the Critical Issues in Contemporary Archaeology?

a. female status may have been connected to stone-tool production during the early period, when the site was a ceremonial center.

b. female status may have been shifted to ceramic production during the later period, when the site had become a village settlement.

c. male status in the early period may have been connected to ceramic production during the early period, when the site was a ceremonial center.

d. women probably made and used stone tools during the later period, when the site had become a village settlement, but they were utilitarian flake tools.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 41]

41) What concept does Chip Colwell-Chanthaphonh suggest as “a frame archaeologists can use to begin deliberations on ethical predicaments”?

Feedback: Colwell-Chanthaphonh recommends what he calls “the principle of complex stewardship”: that is, “we should maximize the integrity of heritage objects for the good of the greatest number of people, but not absolutely” (160). To maximize the integrity of heritage objects would support those who want objects preserved.

Page reference: What Are the Critical Issues in Contemporary Archaeology?

a. Positivist archaeology

b. Cultural Resources Management

c. Complex stewardship

d. “Hands-off” archaeology

Type: true-false

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 42]

42) Archaeological sites do not play a role in identity formation.

Feedback: In recent years, archaeologists have explicitly had to come to terms with the fact that they are not the only people interested in what is buried in the ground, how it got there, how it should be interpreted, and to whom it belongs. In some cases, archaeological sites have come to play an important role in identity formation for people who see themselves as the descendants of the builders of the site. Machu Picchu in Andean Peru, the Pyramids in Egypt, the Acropolis in Athens, Great Zimbabwe in Zimbabwe, and Masada in Israel are just a few examples of ancient monuments that have great significance for people living in modern states today.

Page reference: Whose Past Is It?

a. True

b. False

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 43]

43) Describe the major differences between processual and postprocessual archaeology.

Feedback: Processual archaeologists “sought to make archaeology an objective, empirical science in which hypotheses about all forms of cultural variation could be tested”. A variety of new approaches, which are sometimes called postprocessual or interpretive archaeology, stress the symbolic and cognitive aspects of social structures and social relations.
Page reference: What Is Archaeology?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 44]

44) What does it mean to be a cosmopolitan archaeologist?

Feedback: For archaeologists, adopting a cosmopolitan orientation means giving up universalistic assumptions about the meaning of the past. It means acknowledging, for example, that preservation of material artifacts may in fact sometimes go against the wishes of local groups with close connections to those artifacts. Dealing with such challenges means that cosmopolitan archaeologists will no longer be able to avoid involvement in legal and political debates about the future of cultural heritage, even as they come to recognize that their views may carry less weight than the views of other stakeholders. “Cosmopolitans suppose . . . that all cultures have enough overlap in their vocabulary of values to begin a conversation. Yet counter to some universalists, they do not presume they can craft a consensus” (Meskell 2009, 7).

Page reference: What Are the Critical Issues in Contemporary Archaeology?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 06 Question 45]

45) What does it mean to practice “interpretation at the trowel’s edge”?

Feedback: Archaeologist Ian Hodder has argued that archaeology would benefit if discovery were not separated from interpretation in this way. For this reason, he advocates “interpretation at the trowel’s edge”: that is, “bringing forward interpretation to the moment of discovery” (Hodder 2010, 12) by making it possible for analytic specialists and interested groups of various kinds to converse with excavators working in the trenches, and by building specialist labs on the site itself.

Page reference: What Is Archaeology?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: [Analysis and Synthesis: Chapter 06 Question 46]

46) Compare and contrast archaeological survey work and excavation. Identify three strengths and weaknesses of each.

Feedback: Surveys are the physical examination of a geographical region in which promising sites are most likely to be found. Excavation refers to the systematic uncovering of archaeological remains through removal of the deposits of soil and other material covering them and accompanying them.

Page reference: What Is Archaeology?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: [Analysis and Synthesis: Chapter 06 Question 47]

47) Explain three principal points made by feminist archaeologists regarding the goals of archaeology. How can these points transform the subfield of archaeology?

Feedback: Feminist archaeology is a research approach that explores why women’s contributions have been systematically written out of the archaeological record and suggests new approaches to the human past that include such contributions.
Page reference: What Are the Critical Issues in Contemporary Archaeology?

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: [Analysis and Synthesis: Chapter 06 Question 48]

48) What is digital heritage, and why will it be increasingly significant to archaeologists and stakeholder communities in the twenty-first century?

Feedback: Digital heritage refers to digital information about the past available on the Internet. It can include a range of materials from digitized documents and photographs to images of artifacts to video and sound recordings.

Page reference: What Is Archaeology?