Ch.7 Why Humans Settled and Built Exam Questions - Anthropology Human 5e | Test Bank Lavenda by Robert H. Lavenda. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 7: Why Did Humans Settle Down, Build Cities, and Establish States?
Test Bank
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 01]
1) Human interference with the reproduction of another species, with the result that specific plants and animals become more useful to people and dependent on them is called
Feedback: Domestication refers to human interference with the reproduction of another species, with the result that specific plants and animals become more useful to people and dependent on them.
Page reference: How Is the Human Imagination Entangled with the Material World?
a. domestication.
b. sedentism.
c. niche construction.
d. dependency.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 02]
2) The space a species occupies and what it eats is called its
Feedback: Ecological niche is any species’ way of life: what it eats and how it finds mates, raises its young, relates to companions, and protects itself from predators.
Page reference: How Is the Human Imagination Entangled with the Material World?
a. constructed niche.
b. environment.
c. ecological niche.
d. evolutionary niche.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 03]
3) The sum of all the natural selection pressures to which a population is exposed is referred to as a(n)
Feedback: An evolutionary niche is the sum of all the natural selection pressures to which a population is exposed.
Page reference: How Is the Human Imagination Entangled with the Material World?
a. constructed niche.
b. environment.
c. ecological niche.
d. evolutionary niche.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 04]
4) The systematic modification of the environments of plants and animals to increase their productivity and usefulness is called
Feedback: Agriculture is the systematic modification of the environments of plants and animals to increase their productivity and usefulness.
Page reference: Is Plant Cultivation a Form of Niche Construction?
a. agriculture.
b. agronomy.
c. agroecology.
d. humanization.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 05]
5) The systematically modified environment (or constructed niche) which becomes the only environment within which domesticated plants can flourish is referred to as
Feedback: Agroecology refers to the systematically modified environment (or constructed niche) that becomes the only environment within which domesticated plants can flourish.
Page reference: Is Plant Cultivation a Form of Niche Construction?
a. agriculture.
b. agronomy.
c. agroecology.
d. humanization.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 06]
6) The process of increasingly permanent human habitation in one place is called
Feedback: Sedentism is the process of increasingly permanent human habitation in one place.
Page reference: Is Plant Cultivation a Form of Niche Construction?
a. agriculture.
b. niche construction.
c. sedentism.
d. domestication.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 07]
7) The stage in human-animal relationships that is characterized by selective hunting of herds is called
Feedback: Controlled hunting involves the selective hunting of herds—killing young males, for example. This is the beginning of regular human intervention in the herd species’ gene pool.
Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Explain the Origins of Animal Domestication?
a. random hunting.
b. controlled hunting.
c. herd following.
d. loose herding.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 08]
8) In Mesoamerica, which of the following appeared together?
Feedback: In Mesoamerica, maize and squash appear between 5,000 and 4,000 years ago, with beans appearing about 2,000 years ago (Smith 1995a).
Page reference: How Did Domestication, Cultivation, and Sedentism Begin in Southwest Asia?
a. squash, maize
b. beans, squash
c. peppers, maize
d. squash, potatoes
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 09]
9) The subsistence strategy based on collecting a wide range of plants and animals by hunting, fishing, and gathering is
Feedback: Some scholars have proposed universally applicable explanations that take several different phenomena into account. One such explanation, called broad-spectrum foraging, is based on a reconstruction of the environmental situation that followed the retreat of the most recent glaciers. The very large animals of the Ice Age began to die out and were replaced by increased numbers of smaller animals. As sea levels rose to cover the continental shelves, fish and shellfish became more plentiful in the warmer, shallower waters.
Page reference: What Were the Consequences of Domestication and Sedentism?
a. broad spectrum foraging theory.
b. conflict theory.
c. resource base transformation theory.
d. population pressure theory.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 10]
10) Social relations in which no great differences in wealth, power, or prestige divide members from one another are called
Feedback: Egalitarian social relations are social relations in which no great differences in wealth, power, or prestige divide members from one another.
Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Define Social Complexity?
a. egalitarian social relations.
b. simple social relations.
c. even social relations.
d. complex social relations.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 11]
11) The production of amounts of food that exceed the basic subsistence needs of the population is called
Feedback: Surplus production is the production of amounts of food that exceed the basic subsistence needs of the population.
Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Define Social Complexity?
a. surplus production.
b. agriculture.
c. pastoralism.
d. occupational specialization.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 12]
12) Particular dedication to various occupations or social roles usually found in socially complex societies is called
Feedback: Occupational specialization refers to specialization in various occupations (e.g., weaving or pot making) or in new social roles (e.g., king or priest) that is found in socially complex societies.
Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Define Social Complexity?
a. surplus production.
b. occupational specialization.
c. social stratification.
d. social class.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 13]
13) A ranked group within a hierarchically stratified society whose membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria is referred to
Feedback: Class refers to a ranked group within a hierarchically stratified society whose membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria.
Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Define Social Complexity?
a. complex society.
b. caste.
c. class.
d. occupational specialization.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 14]
14) Societies with large populations, an extensive division of labor, and occupational specialization are known as
Feedback: Complex societies are societies with large populations, an extensive division of labor, and occupational specialization.
Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Define Social Complexity?
a. complex societies.
b. modern societies.
c. egalitarian societies.
d. states.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 15]
15) A society in which one person and his relatives have privileged access to wealth, power, and prestige is called a
Feedback: A chiefdom is a form of social organization in which a leader (the chief) and close relatives are set apart from the rest of the society and allowed privileged access to wealth, power, and prestige.
Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Define Social Complexity?
a. band.
b. chiefdom.
c. rank society.
d. tribe.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 16]
16) In bands, labor is usually divided by
Feedback: A band is the characteristic form of social organization found among foragers. Bands are small, usually no more than 50 people, and labor is divided ordinarily on the basis of age and sex. All adults in band societies have roughly equal access to whatever material or social valuables are locally available.
Page reference: What Is the Archaeological Evidence for Social Complexity?
a. age and sex.
b. occupation.
c. location.
d. family.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 17]
17) Objects buried with a corpse are known as
Feedback: Grave goods are objects buried with a corpse.
Page reference: What Is the Archaeological Evidence for Social Complexity?
a. grave goods.
b. memorials.
c. funeral objects.
d. surplus production.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 18]
18) Sherds are pieces of broken
Feedback: Sherds are pieces of broken pots.
Page reference: What Is the Archaeological Evidence for Social Complexity?
a. bones.
b. promises.
c. tools.
d. pots.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Knowledge of Key Terms and Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 19]
19) Material goods paid by perpetrators to compensate their victims for their loss are referred to as
Feedback: Bloodwealth includes material goods paid by perpetrators to compensate their victims for their loss.
Page reference: How Can Anthropologists Explain the Rise of Complex Societies?
a. guilt money.
b. bloodwealth.
c. bridewealth.
d. loss prevention.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 20]
20) When an organism actively perturbs the environment or when it actively moves into a different environment, it is engaging in
Feedback: Niche construction is when an organism actively perturbs the environment or when it actively moves into a different environment, thereby modifying the selection pressures it is subject to.
Page reference: How Is the Human Imagination Entangled with the Material World?
a. domestication.
b. niche construction.
c. sedentism.
d. habitat realignment.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 21]
21) To be dispersed successfully in its wild state, wheat requires
Feedback: To be used successfully by human beings, wheat would require a much less brittle rachis, seed heads that mature at the same time, and a softer glume. It would also require a larger, more easily visible seed head (in terms of both kernel size and number of kernel rows on a stalk).
Page reference: Is Plant Cultivation a Form of Niche Construction?
a. a brittle rachis.
b. a soft glume.
c. a large seed head.
d. seeds that mature at the same time.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 22]
22) Why is the discovery of remains of many immature male herd animals at a site taken as evidence of human involvement with a herd?
Feedback: Controlled hunting involves the selective hunting of herds—killing young males, for example. This is the beginning of regular human intervention in the herd species’ gene pool.
Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Explain the Origins of Animal Domestication?
a. Hunters kill animals they find; they do not go out of their way to kill only young males.
b. Only a small number of males are required for reproduction in a managed herd.
c. Hunters are likely to kill leave the animals easiest to hunt.
d. Mature wild male herd animals are always on the outskirts of the herd.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 23]
23) The earliest evidence for goat herding is about
Feedback: The earliest evidence for goat herding is about 11,000–10,000 years before the present, in a narrow zone along the front of the Zagros Mountains. The earliest sites for domesticated sheep were perhaps in central Anatolia (the Asian part of modern Turkey).
Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Explain the Origins of Animal Domestication?
a. 7,0000 years ago.
b. 11,000 years ago.
c. 15,000 years ago.
d. 21,000 years ago.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 24]
24) Richard Meadow argues that herding represents a complete change in human attitudes toward and relationships with animals. Why?
Feedback: Richard Meadow (1989, 81), by contrast, has argued that herding represents a complete change in human attitudes toward and relationships with animals. At the very least, the human focus shifts from the hunted animal to the principal product of the living animal—its offspring. This shift, he suggests, is connected to a major shift in world-view that was involved in the other cultural processes—sedentism and plant cultivation—of post-Pleistocene southwestern Asia: the development of a concern for property and its maintenance over time.
Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Explain the Origins of Animal Domestication?
a. Animals are no longer for eating, they are for herding.
b. The focus shifts from the hunted animal to their offspring.
c. The focus shifts from meat to animal byproducts, especially milk and hides.
d. Animals become the objects of affection rather than fear.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 25]
25) The first evidence of the cultural tradition called the Natufian is found at about how many years before the present?
Feedback: Southwestern Asian domestication is thought to have begun about 12,500 years ago with the Natufian foragers, who relied on the intensive exploitation of wild cereals (notably wild wheat and barley), nuts (especially acorns, pistachios, and almonds), and wild game (especially gazelle and red deer) (Belfer-Cohen 1991, 167; Figures 7.7 and 7.8). Because of the climatic and ecological changes in the world that followed the retreat of the glaciers, the Natufians were able to exploit what were, at first, increasingly rich supplies of wild cereals and large herds of gazelle, which made sedentism possible.
Page reference: How Did Domestication, Cultivation, and Sedentism Begin in Southwest Asia?
a. 8,000
b. 10,300
c. 12,500
d. 15,500
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 26]
26) Which of the following is evidence that the Natufians lived in relatively permanent settlements?
Feedback: The remains of migratory birds and a great number of young gazelle bones indicate year-round hunting from the hamlets because migratory birds fly over the area during different seasons and young gazelles are born at one time only during the year.
Page reference: How Did Domestication, Cultivation, and Sedentism Begin in Southwest Asia?
a. There are bones of young gazelles and migratory birds at the sites.
b. There are no permanent buildings at settlement sites.
c. There are no cemeteries.
d. There is no evidence that they did not live in permanent settlements.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 27]
27) The appearance of domesticated plants is taken to be the end of one great cultural period and the beginning of another. The period that ENDS with the beginning of domestication is called the
Feedback: For archaeologists, domesticated plants signal the end of the Paleolithic and the beginning of the Neolithic. This transition from the Natufian culture is marked in the southern Levant by the appearance of a culture called the “Pre-Pottery Neolithic A” (PPNA), in which cultivation was practiced but pottery had not yet been invented.
Page reference: How Did Domestication, Cultivation, and Sedentism Begin in Southwest Asia?
a. Neolithic.
b. Natufian.
c. Paleolithic.
d. Premodern.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 28]
28) Which of the following was one of the first crops domesticated in Southwest Asia?
Feedback: The first evidence for domesticated cereals in this core Natufian area dates to about 10,300 years ago. Both wheat and barley were found at Jericho and barley alone at other sites.
Page reference: How Did Domestication, Cultivation, and Sedentism Begin in Southwest Asia?
a. Barley
b. Corn
c. Rice
d. Millet
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 29]
29) Archaeologists are coming to agree that domestication was everywhere invented by
Feedback: A large number of important plant domesticates came from eastern Asia, including rice, yam, tea, sugarcane, garlic, onion, apple, and carrot. Archaeologists are coming to agree that complex foragers living in areas of relatively abundant resources were probably responsible for domestication wherever it developed (Price and Gebauer 1995, 7; Smith 1995a, 213). Rich and complex archaeological and genetic evidence from specific areas of the world downplays single-cause explanations of domestication and stresses the need to consider each domestication event in its own terms.
Page reference: How Did Domestication, Cultivation, and Sedentism Begin in Southwest Asia?
a. simple foragers living in marginal environments.
b. complex foragers living in areas of relatively abundant resources.
c. herders who decided to settle down.
d. aliens from outer space.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 30]
30) Following Polanyi, Rhoda Halperin connects locational movements, or “changes of place,” with
Feedback: Economic relationships are understood as changes of hands, as when mongongo nuts are distributed to all members of the camp, whether or not they helped to gather them.
Page reference: What Were the Consequences of Domestication and Sedentism?
a. ecological relationships.
b. economic relationships.
c. geographical relationships.
d. trade relationships.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 31]
31) Which period of history began with the domestication of plants 10,300 years ago, and is referred to as the “New Stone Age”?
Feedback: Neolithic refers to the “New Stone Age,” which began with the domestication of plants 10,300 years ago.
Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Define Social Complexity?
a. Paleolithic
b. Neolithic
c. Mesolithic
d. Holocene
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 32]
32) Which of the following is archaeological evidence for social complexity?
Feedback: Among the most widespread indicators of social complexity are the remains of monumental architecture. Contemporary monumental architecture includes such structures as the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France; the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota; and the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Ancient monumental architecture included public buildings, private residences, tombs, settlement walls, irrigation canals, and so on. Together with monumental architecture, however, archaeologists usually find evidence of technologically simpler constructions. Assemblages that demonstrate such architectural variability contrast with those from earlier periods, when dwellings were simpler and more uniform and monumental structures were absent.
Page reference: What Is the Archaeological Evidence for Social Complexity?
a. Burials
b. Monumental architecture
c. Permanent settlements
d. Tools
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 33]
33) Archaeologists digging at a site in southwest Asia find a series of burials that differ in size, construction, and the quantity of objects found in each. The archaeologists might conclude that the society responsible for the burials was
Feedback: Differences in the size and construction of burials parallel differences in the size and construction of residences, and both suggest the emergence of a stratified society. Graves that are larger and built of more costly materials often contain a variety of objects, called grave goods, that were buried with the corpse.
Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Define Social Complexity?
a. egalitarian.
b. stratified.
c. unspecialized.
d. subjective.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 34]
34) In a rank society, a chief is given greater
Feedback: Chiefdoms, you will recall, are societies in which a leader (the chief) and close relatives are set apart from the rest of the society and allowed privileged access to wealth, power, and prestige.
Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Define Social Complexity?
a. prestige than other people, but not greater power or wealth.
b. prestige and wealth than other people, but not greater power.
c. wealth and power than other people, but not greater prestige.
d. wealth than other people, but not greater prestige and power.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 35]
35) When archaeologists find unique styles in architecture, pottery, textiles, and other artifacts distributed uniformly over a wide area, they call this a
Feedback: Archaeologists assume regional integration when they find unique styles in architecture, pottery, textiles, and other artifacts distributed uniformly over a wide area; such evidence is called a cultural horizon.
Page reference: What Is the Archaeological Evidence for Social Complexity?
a. cultural horizon.
b. imperial vista.
c. state.
d. stratified society.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 36]
36) Sociocultural features that have been suggested as leading to the rise of social complexity include
Feedback: If population pressure did not undermine the egalitarian social relations of village farmers, perhaps conflict with other villagers was to blame. If all available farmland were settled, for example, making it impossible for people to move away at times of conflict, the only solution, apart from chaos, would have been to establish rules to resolve conflicts, thus leading to the development of more complex political structures (Nissen 1988, 60–61). Sooner or later, however, if chaos could not be contained, warfare might have broken out between neighboring villages.
Page reference: How Can Anthropologists Explain the Rise of Complex Societies?
a. the presence of chiefdoms in the areas in which social complexity first began.
b. ineffective patterns of conflict resolution within the original social organization.
c. the innate human need to control others.
d. population decreases.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 37]
37) Which of the following describes the Early Horizon of Andean culture?
Feedback: The Chavín Horizon and the period in which it occurred is usually called the Early Horizon because this was the first time in Andean history that so many local communities had adopted a single cultural tradition
Page reference: How Can Anthropologists Explain the Rise of Complex Societies?
a. It was the first time that many communities had adopted a single cultural tradition.
b. It was the first known cultural tradition of the Chavín Horizon.
c. It was associated with the sixteenth-century cult of Pachacamac.
d. It was the first time a cultural tradition had been spread by conquest.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 38]
38) The rise of the Inka state dates to about
Feedback: After about 1000 C.E., Wari and Tiwanaku declined, ushering in the Late Intermediate period, which lasted until the rise of the Inkas in 1476 C.E.
Page reference: How Can Anthropologists Explain the Rise of Complex Societies?
a. 375 B.C.E.
b. 1035 C.E.
c. 1476 C.E.
d. 1525 C.E.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 39]
39) The distinctive Andean pattern of integrating economic resources from a variety of environments is called the
Feedback: William Isbell (1988) connects the administrative structure of Wari to an earlier, nonhierarchical form of social organization that had flourished in the Ayacucho Valley during the Early Intermediate period. In that system, highland communities founded colonies in the different ecological zones that ranged between the highlands and the coast, thus providing the highland communities and their various colonies with a full range of products from each zone. This distinctive Andean pattern of niche construction, which integrates economic resources from a variety of environments, is called the vertical archipelago system.
Page reference: How Can Anthropologists Explain the Rise of Complex Societies?
a. horizontal integration system.
b. late intermediate period.
c. local option system.
d. vertical archipelago system.
Type: true-false
Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 40]
40) Compared with wild wheat, domesticated wheat has a larger seed head.
Feedback: To be used successfully by human beings, wheat would require a much less brittle rachis, seed heads that mature at the same time, and a softer glume. It would also require a larger, more easily visible seed head (in terms of both kernel size and number of kernel rows on a stalk).
Page reference: Is Plant Cultivation a Form of Niche Construction?
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: [Comprehension of Fundamental Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 41]
41) The term “transegalitarian society” is designed to describe all societies that are neither egalitarian nor stratified.
Feedback: The ambiguity of terms like rank society or tribe has led some archaeologists to substitute the term transegalitarian society to describe all societies that are neither egalitarian nor socially stratified (Hayden 1995, 18). Seemingly poised between equality and hierarchy, transegalitarian societies have flourished at various times and places up to the present day, and they do not appear necessarily to be on the way to becoming anything else in particular.
Page reference: What Is the Archaeological Evidence for Social Complexity?
a. True
b. False
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 42]
42) A conflict among scholars concerning domestication centers on
Feedback: For many years, scholars have argued about the extent to which plant domestication was accidental or intentional.
Page reference: Is Plant Cultivation a Form of Niche Construction?
a. whether were people were aware of what they were doing in intervening in the gene pool of wild plants.
b. how plants could have evolved to meet the needs of the people who were eating them.
c. how specialized plants could have been made to thrive in disturbed environments.
d. how people were able to domesticate plants and animals at the same time.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 43]
43) According to Bruce Smith, the ancestors of domesticated seed plants were
Feedback: Bruce Smith emphasizes that activities that led to domestication were conscious, deliberate, active attempts by foraging peoples to “increase both the economic contribution and the reliability of one or more of the wild species they depended on for survival, and thus reduce risk and uncertainty” (1995a, 16). Such activities include burning off vegetation to encourage preferred plants that thrive in burned-over landscapes or to attract wild animals that feed on such plants (Figure 7.4). These are clear examples of niche construction. The ancestors of domesticated seed plants like wheat were weedy generalists that, in addition to their dietary appeal, thrived in disturbed environments. Such attributes made them prime candidates for domestication.
Page reference: Is Plant Cultivation a Form of Niche Construction?
a. weedy generalists that thrived in disturbed environments.
b. specialized plants with dietary appeal that required careful tending.
c. preferred plants that attracted wild animals that fed on them.
d. third choice plants that human beings ate only when necessary.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 44]
44) Which of the following is NOT evidence for animal domestication?
Feedback: Wenke (1999) identifies four main classes of evidence used by archaeologists to assess animal domestication. First, the presence of an animal species outside its natural range may indicate herding. Second, morphological changes occur in most animal populations as domestication progresses. Third, the abrupt population increase of some species relative to others at a site is often taken as evidence of domestication. Fourth, the age and sex of the animals whose bones are fossilized are used to infer the existence of animal domestication.
Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Explain the Origins of Animal Domestication?
a. Abrupt population increase of some species relative to others
b. Morphological changes in animal populations
c. Absence of animal species outside its natural range
d. Remains of juvenile animals at a site
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 45]
45) Which of the following characteristics is NOT desirable in an animal if domestication is the goal?
Feedback: Animal domestication is a consequence of people’s attempts to control the animals they were hunting, which assumes active human intervention in selecting which animals to domesticate and how to domesticate them. Animals are more mobile than plants, and although culling wild herds can induce some changes in the gene pool, it is only by confining animals or maintaining them in captivity that human beings can directly intervene in their breeding patterns. As we saw earlier, however, Zeder and others have begun to draw attention to the forms of mutualism between humans and animals that lay at the heart of domestication (Zeder 2016, 328), contributing to an emerging field of social zooarchaeology that draws attention to the animal side of human-animal mutualism (Honeychurch and Makarewicz, 2016, 350).
Page reference: How Do Anthropologists Explain the Origins of Animal Domestication?
a. Suitable for food
b. Multiple uses for human beings
c. Herd animal
d. Difficult to control
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 46]
46) Which of the following is NOT a theory for the cause of domestication?
Feedback: Recently, archaeologists have avoided grand theories claiming that a single, universal process was responsible for domestication wherever it occurred. Many prefer to take a regional approach, searching for causes particular to one area that may or may not apply to other areas. Currently, the most powerful explanations seem to be multiple strand theories that consider the combined local effect of climate, environment, population, technology, social organization, and diet on the emergence of domestication.
Page reference: Was There Only One Motor of Domestication?
a. Broad spectrum foraging
b. Climatic changes
c. Independent invention
d. Population pressure
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 47]
47) A population is living off a secure subsistence base, eating plants and animals caught by hunting, fishing, and gathering. The population expands, and as it does, it puts pressure on the resource base, forcing people to eat “third-choice” foods, especially grains. They discovered that the grain responded to human efforts to increase yields, and came to rely increasingly on it. This scenario would fit best with which of the following theories of agricultural development?
Feedback: Some scholars have proposed universally applicable explanations that take several different phenomena into account. One such explanation, called broad-spectrum foraging, is based on a reconstruction of the environmental situation that followed the retreat of the most recent glaciers. The very large animals of the Ice Age began to die out and were replaced by increased numbers of smaller animals. As sea levels rose to cover the continental shelves, fish and shellfish became more plentiful in the warmer, shallower waters.
Page reference: Was There Only One Motor of Domestication?
a. Broad spectrum foraging theory
b. Conflict theory
c. Resource base transformation theory
d. Population pressure theory
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 48]
48) According to the text, both Belfer-Cohen and Henry argue that extensive Natufian artistic activity was connected with
Feedback: Artistic production among the Natufians was high. Anna Belfer-Cohen and others suggest that artistic activity may be viewed as indirect evidence for a sedentary way of life that forces people to interact regularly with others who are not closely related to them. In these situations, the production of such objects as personal ornaments helps to create a sense of identity among smaller groups while allowing them to participate in a larger society (Belfer-Cohen 1988, 1991; Lewis-Williams 1984). Elaborate ritual and ceremonial activities would also have soothed interactions and reduced tensions in increasingly large communities where cooperation was essential (Henry 1989, 206).
Page reference: How Did Domestication, Cultivation, and Sedentism Begin in Southwest Asia?
a. burial activities.
b. handling social tensions.
c. hunting magic.
d. trade.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 49]
49) How do sedentism and domestication represent a change in worldview?
Feedback: Constructed agricultural niches, within which domesticated plants and animals could thrive, promoted sedentism and transformed human life in ways that still have repercussions today. First, land was no longer a free good, available to anyone; it was transformed into particular territories, collectively or individually owned, on which people raised crops and flocks. Thus, sedentism and a high level of resource extraction (whether by complex foraging or farming) led to concepts of property that were rare in previous foraging societies.
Page reference: What Were the Consequences of Domestication and Sedentism?
a. People are more aware of the value of the natural environment.
b. Land is transformed into owned territories.
c. Plants and animals become objects of worship.
d. Animal worship increases.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 50]
50) Which of the following is NOT a form of monumental architecture?
Feedback: Among the most widespread indicators of social complexity are the remains of monumental architecture. Contemporary monumental architecture includes such structures as the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France; the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota; and the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Ancient monumental architecture included public buildings, private residences, tombs, settlement walls, irrigation canals, and so on. Together with monumental architecture, however, archaeologists usually find evidence of technologically simpler constructions. Assemblages that demonstrate such architectural variability contrast with those from earlier periods, when dwellings were simpler and more uniform and monumental structures were absent.
Page reference: What Is the Archaeological Evidence for Social Complexity?
a. Farmhouse
b. Palace
c. Royal tomb
d. Temple
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 51]
51) Michael Hoffman suggested that the massive expenditure of resources by early elites on luxury goods was a
Feedback: Archaeologist Michael Hoffman, an expert on prehistoric Egypt, proposed that the key to understanding the first complex societies lies in their social organization. For the first time in human history, societies had been formed in which tremendous power was concentrated in the hands of a tiny elite—who undoubtedly found their privileges challenged by their new subjects. Under such circumstances, the production of monumental architecture and quantities of luxury goods served as evidence of the elite’s fitness to rule. Hoffman prefers to call these objects “powerfacts” rather than “artifacts” because their role was to demonstrate the superior power of the rulers (Hoffman 1991, 294; Hayden 1995, 67; Figure 7.19).
Page reference: What Is the Archaeological Evidence for Social Complexity?
a. motor for trade.
b. tribute to their leadership offered by the “ordinary people” of the society.
c. way of consolidating power by forcing possible enemies to work for them.
d. way of demonstrating the superior power of the rulers.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 52]
52) The Inka Empire differed from the earlier Chimú culture because it was based in
Feedback: Unlike Chimú, which was largely urban, the Inka Empire was based in rural villages. Society was organized in large kin groups called ayllu, which were then grouped together into higher-level units.
Page reference: How Can Anthropologists Explain the Rise of Complex Societies?
a. great cities.
b. the Pacific coast.
c. rural villages.
d. centralized power.
Type: true-false
Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 53]
53) A modern multiple strand theory of domestication will include the local effects of climate, environment, and social organization.
Feedback: The most powerful explanations seem to be multiple strand theories that consider the combined local effect of climate, environment, population, technology, social organization, and diet on the emergence of domestication. The multiple strand approach is well illustrated in an article by McCorriston and Hole (1991), and their work forms the basis for the following case study of domestication in ancient southwestern Asia.
Page reference: Was There Only One Motor of Domestication?
a. True
b. False
Type: true-false
Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 54]
54) A consequence of domestication us a decline in quality of diet.
Feedback: The influence of cereals on fertility was observed by Richard Lee (1992) among settled Ju/’hoansi, who had recently begun to eat cereals and experienced a marked rise in fertility. Renee Pennington (1992) notes that the increase in Ju/’hoansi reproductive success also seems to be related to a reduction in infant and child mortality rates. But diets based on high-carbohydrate grains are, perhaps surprisingly, less nutritious than the diets of hunters and gatherers.
Page reference: What Were the Consequences of Domestication and Sedentism?
a. True
b. False
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 55]
55) Define the differences between sedentism, domestication, and agriculture? Provide examples of each, and explain why each is important.
Feedback: Sedentism is the process of increasingly permanent human habitation in one place.
Domestication refers to human interference with the reproduction of another species, with the result that specific plants and animals become more useful to people and dependent on them. Agriculture is the systematic modification of the environments of plants and animals to increase their productivity and usefulness.
Page reference: How Is the Human Imagination Entangled with the Material World?
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 56]
56) Using the Natufians as an example, discuss the multiple strands that led them to domestication.
Feedback: Southwestern Asian domestication is thought to have begun about 12,500 years ago with the Natufian foragers, who relied on the intensive exploitation of wild cereals (notably wild wheat and barley), nuts (especially acorns, pistachios, and almonds), and wild game (especially gazelle and red deer) (Belfer-Cohen 1991, 167; Figures 7.7 and 7.8). Because of the climatic and ecological changes in the world that followed the retreat of the glaciers, the Natufians were able to exploit what were, at first, increasingly rich supplies of wild cereals and large herds of gazelle, which made sedentism possible.
Page reference: How Did Domestication, Cultivation, and Sedentism Begin in Southwest Asia?
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: [Application of Concepts: Chapter 07 Question 57]
57) Describe three of the explanations offered for the rise of social complexity. Describe how each accounts for the development of social complexity. What are the limitations of each theory?
Feedback: All the prime movers discussed so far involve technological, economic, environmental, or biological factors that would have forced societies into complexity no matter what their previous cultural traditions might have been. Realizing that these external factors were less powerful than once believed, many anthropologists turned their attention to internal, sociocultural factors that might have led to the rise of social complexity.
Page reference: How Can Anthropologists Explain the Rise of Complex Societies?
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: [Analysis and Synthesis: Chapter 07 Question 58]
58) Describe three of the human-plant relationships discussed in the text. Include an example for each relationship, indicate the significance of each, and articulate the energy balance of each.
Feedback: Anthropologists have identified four major ways in which humans relate to plant species: wild plant-food procurement, wild plant-food production, cultivation, and agriculture. In each successive form, the amount of energy people apply to get food from plants increases, but the energy they get back from plants increases even more.
Page reference: Is Plant Cultivation a Form of Niche Construction?
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: [Analysis and Synthesis: Chapter 07 Question 59]
59) Choose two or three explanations for the transition to domestication. What are the major points of each? What are the problems with each? Explain the importance of each explanation.
Feedback: Plant and animal domestication are usefully understood as forms of niche construction. Not only did human beings interfere with the reproduction of local species, to make them more useful for human purposes, but also they remodeled the environmental settings in which plants were grown or animals were fed and watered. When the invention of agriculture is viewed as niche construction, there is no question that it involved conscious human choice. Intelligent human beings consciously chose to domesticate wild plants that were easy to harvest, nourishing, and tasty; but they also had to consciously create the tools and plan the activities that would make cultivation of a domestic crop possible and successful.
Page reference: Is Plant Cultivation a Form of Niche Construction?
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: [Analysis and Synthesis: Chapter 07 Question 60]
60) Compare and contrast foraging and agriculture in terms of the relationship of people to the food supply. Compare and contrast tribes and chiefdoms with reference to stratification. How do these patterns interact with each other through time?
Feedback: Broad-spectrum foraging is a subsistence strategy based on collecting a wide range of plants and animals by hunting, fishing, and gathering. Agriculture is the systematic modification of the environments of plants and animals to increase their productivity and usefulness.
Page reference: How Is the Human Imagination Entangled with the Material World?