Chapter 5: Groups, Organizations, and Bureaucracies

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Groups characterized by intense emotional ties, intimacy, and identification with membership in the group are referred to as which type of group?

a. secondary groups

b. primary groups

c. principal groups

d. reference groups

Learning Objective: 5.1: Describe primary and secondary groups and their effects.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Nature of Groups

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Large, impersonal groups with minimal emotional and intimate ties are referred to as which type of group?

a. secondary groups

b. principal groups

c. reference groups

d. primary groups

Learning Objective: 5.1: Describe primary and secondary groups and their effects.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Nature of Groups

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Which of the following represents the best example of a secondary group?

a. two friends who regularly play tennis

b. a father who helps his child with homework

c. a baseball league

d. a family who watches football together every Sunday

Learning Objective: 5.1: Describe primary and secondary groups and their effects.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Nature of Groups

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Which best represents a group that has a specific goal and is characterized by limited interaction?

a. secondary group

b. primary group

c. alliance

d. triad

Learning Objective: 5.1: Describe primary and secondary groups and their effects.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Nature of Groups

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Which of the following would be an example of interaction in a secondary group?

a. longtime friends going to a movie together

b. siblings spending time at the park together

c. college students listening to a statistics lecture

d. family members eating dinner together

Learning Objective: 5.1: Describe primary and secondary groups and their effects.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Nature of Groups

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. A group of people ride the same train to work each day. They greet each other when they get on and then proceed to read or work during the ride. When they arrive at the destination, they exit the train and go about their day. Which type of group is this?

a. primary group

b. secondary group

c. normative group

d. reference group

Learning Objective: 5.1: Describe primary and secondary groups and their effects.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Nature of Groups

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. Six adults socialize during their 10-year high school reunion. They all attended different colleges but keep in touch with each other via social media and get together each time they are back in town. Which type of group is this?

a. primary group

b. secondary group

c. normative group

d. coercive group

Learning Objective: 5.1: Describe primary and secondary groups and their effects.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Nature of Groups

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. What best describes Cooley’s looking-glass self?

a. when we evaluate ourselves based on how we think we appear to others

b. when our self-image is heavily—and often negatively—influenced by the media

c. when we shape ourselves to fit into certain reference groups

d. when we “perform” our day-to-day behavior like an actor on a stage

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Power of Groups

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Which reference group typically has the greatest impact on an individual?

a. work colleagues

b. school friends

c. family

d. athletic team members

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Does Size Matter?

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Three different two-person relationships occur in which type of group?

a. triad

b. dyad

c. reference group

d. secondary group

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Does Size Matter?

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Which type of group tends to be the most fragile and unstable?

a. a reference group

b. a dyad

c. a triad

d. a large group

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Does Size Matter?

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Which of the following represents an alliance or coalition?

a. Kathleen and Sarah buy three tickets for a movie and invite Chris as well.

b. Mariana and Brianne decide to go cycling without Brandon because he didn’t join them last week..

c. Ron leaves it up to Dominic and Tammy to finish the rest of a project without him.

d. Ken and Jessica decide to invite Robert for dinner next week.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Does Size Matter?

Difficulty Level: Hard

13. When a group’s size increases, which of the following typically occurs?

a. The intensity of relationships within the group increases.

b. Fewer two-person relationships are possible.

c. Group stability increases.

d. Members of the group become more similar to each other.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Does Size Matter?

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. The ability of groups to exclude outsiders from participating in the group or enjoying the group’s resources refers to which sociological concept?

a. social exclusion

b. social closure

c. fractioning

d. cliquishness

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Does Size Matter?

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. How would sociologists explain the concept of social closure?

a. Social closure provides for greater diversity within a multicultural society.

b. Groups with social closure provide benefits only to the society they serve.

c. Social closure serves to provide all groups with resources in society.

d. Groups that engage in social closure maintain a certain status by excluding other members of society.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Does Size Matter?

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Kyra and Adsila both want to join a large, popular sorority on campus. However, because they did not fit the physical standard of the “typical” sorority girl, they were not selected to join this organization. This is an example of which of the following?

a. coalition

b. social closure

a. trained incapacity

d. dyadic behavior

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Does Size Matter?

Difficulty Level: Hard

17. Three teenagers have a close friendship, but two of them are presently upset with the third person and decide to exclude him from some of their activities. Which concept does this represent?

a. social closure

b. coalition formation

c. groupthink

d. conformity

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Does Size Matter?

Difficulty Level: Hard

18. Researchers have found that exposure to different races, ethnicities, religions, and social classes may in fact lead to exclusion. This finding best illustrates the idea that exposure to different people or things may ______.

a. increase the threat level that people feel

b. increase inclusive feelings

c. decrease a group leader’s power

d. decrease the formation of alliances

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Does Size Matter?

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Cliquishness is likely to occur when only some members of a group belong to the same ______.

a. neighborhood

b. race or ethnicity

c. church

d. gym

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Does Size Matter?

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Which statement best represents a sociological approach to understanding leaders?

a. Leaders are able to influence the behavior of other members of a group.

b. Leaders are effective even when others do not follow them.

c. Leaders do not use force, coercion, or persuasion.

d. Leaders often achieve goals when there is a lot of resistance.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Group Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Nelson Mandela was a leader who instilled a sense of mission or higher purpose. He therefore best represents which type of leader?

a. transformational leader

b. transactional leader

c. laissez-faire leader

d. authoritarian leader

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Group Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. Martin’s biology class is divided into groups for a project. The leader of Martin’s group encourages each student to share ideas and suggestions. The members of his group feel equal and valued. Which type of leader does this group have?

a. a transactional leader

b. a bureaucratic leader

c. a transformational leader

d. an autocratic leader

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Group Leadership

Difficulty Level: Hard

23. Mr. Bell has taught eighth-grade English for the past five years. He has assigned the same books to his classes each year and does not take suggestions from students who want more diversity in the readings. Mr. Bell is an example of what type of leader?

a. transformational

b. transactional

c. personal

d. bureaucratic

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Group Leadership

Difficulty Level: Hard

24. What is the distinction between a transformational leader and a transactional leader?

a. A transformational leader does not care about followers, unlike transactional leaders.

b. A transactional leader has legitimate authority over followers, whereas transformational leaders do not.

c. Transformational leaders tend to inspire followers, whereas transactional leaders do not.

d. Transformational leaders have fewer followers than transactional leaders.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Types of Group Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Which statement best summarizes a transactional leader?

a. aims to please followers

b. inspires followers

c. is interested in personal power

d. gets the job done

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Group Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. A teaching assistant for an anthropology class is able to get the students to cooperate on a project even though there is no penalty for not participating. Which of the following best describes the teaching assistant?

a. The teaching assistant is acting as a transformational leader.

b. The teaching assistant is exercising legitimate authority.

c. The teaching assistant is using social closure to keep everyone focused on the task.

d. The teaching assistant is taking advantage of existing alliances among the students.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Group Leadership

Difficulty Level: Hard

27. Which of the following examples best demonstrates positional power?

a. Prisoners take over the jail during a prison riot.

b. A therapist hypnotizes a patient to help her quit smoking.

c. Employees follow the directions of their supervisors.

d. A charismatic speaker inspires people to join a social movement.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Group Leadership

Difficulty Level: Hard

28. Which of the following types of power is most likely to result in highly motivated and satisfied group members?

a. personal power

b. positional power

c. coercive power

d. authoritarian power

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Group Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. Who would be most likely to use personal power?

a. a transformational leader

b. a transactional leader

c. a bureaucratic leader

d. an authoritarian leader

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Group Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. Which of the following is an example of conformity?

a. Kennedy dyes her hair blue to stand out during School Spirit Week.

a. Katie’s friends all decide to wear purple on Fridays, but Sam wears green instead.

c. A committee ignores a member’s input because it would cause more work for the group.

d. A newly initiated gang member follows crew orders and has their emblem tattooed on his chest.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Conformity to Groups

Difficulty Level: Hard

31. Which of the following is one of the findings in Asch’s conformity experiment?

a. Many people discount their own perceptions rather than contradict group consensus.

b. Across the trials, 35% of subjects chose the correct answer.

c. The subject was more likely to assert that the lines were unequal when they were unequal.

d. Across the trials, nearly all subjects dissented at least once.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conformity to Groups

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. Which of the following is an accurate conclusion of Asch’s “vision test” experiment?

a. People learn the correct answer by watching others.

b. People conform when they get a reward for doing so.

c. People are conditioned to obey authority.

d. People are more likely to conform when others conform.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Conformity to Groups

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Which of the following behaviors is a kind of conformity?

a. forming a counterculture

b. showing obedience to authority

c. engaging in deviance

d. displaying transactional leadership

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Obedience to Authority

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. Which experiment attempted to explain how ordinary German citizens would participate in the Holocaust?

a. Sunstein and Hastie’s Colorado experiment

b. Simmel’s group size experiment

c. Asch’s vision test experiment

d. Milgram’s electric shock experiment

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Obedience to Authority

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. Stanley Milgram demonstrated that ordinary people will behave in a certain way when given orders by someone in a position of power or authority. What do ordinary people do in this situation?

a. They resist.

b. They conform.

c. They challenge.

d. They ignore.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Obedience to Authority

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. When members of a group ignore anything that goes against the group consensus it is known as what?

a. alliance

b. groupthink

c. conformity

d. obedience

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Groupthink

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. Which of the following examples best illustrates groupthink?

a. Weary from debating, a committee elects to put aside the topic until the next meeting.

b. A high school basketball team follows their coach’s orders and adheres to a 10 p.m. curfew.

c. After hearing feedback from constituents, a city council decides to pass a bill.

d. An advertising agency decides to air an ad that most members of the agency like, despite concerns that it is racially offensive.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Groupthink

Difficulty Level: Hard

38. Which of the following is an example of groupthink?

a. A group of scientists decides to go ahead and launch a space shuttle without stating misgivings about the decision, even though evidence shows that there is a flaw in the navigation system.

b. A group of politicians from one party decides to promote a new regulation on trade even though the opposing party is going to strongly lobby against it.

c. A group of students decides to hold a car wash as a fundraiser even though some of the members did not vote for this event.

d. A group of doctors releases a press statement about a new treatment procedure for people diagnosed with diabetes, stating that there might be some harm to some people.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Groupthink

Difficulty Level: Hard

39. Which of the following would be considered cultural capital?

a. studying for an exam

b. joining an exclusive club

c. getting a job on campus

d. moving to an apartment

Learning Objective: 5.3: Explain the sociological concepts of economic, cultural, and social capital.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Economic, Cultural, and Social Capital

Difficulty Level: Hard

40. Which type of capital refers to money and materials that can be used to produce goods and services?

a. structural

b. cultural

c. social

d. economic

Learning Objective: 5.3: Explain the sociological concepts of economic, cultural, and social capital.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Economic, Cultural, and Social Capital

Difficulty Level: Easy

41. Ashley was raised in a working class family and aspires to become a lawyer. She decides that the best way to achieve this goal is to attend college and obtain a law degree. Which concept relates to Ashley’s ambitions?

a. transformational leadership

b. normative behavior

c. cultural capital

d. legitimate authority

Learning Objective: 5.3: Explain the sociological concepts of economic, cultural, and social capital.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Economic, Cultural, and Social Capital

Difficulty Level: Hard

42. Which of the following is a form of social capital?

a. networks

b. income

c. material possessions

d. habits

Learning Objective: 5.3: Explain the sociological concepts of economic, cultural, and social capital.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Economic, Cultural, and Social Capital

Difficulty Level: Easy

43. Friendships provide people with what type of capital?

a. economic

b. cultural

c. social

d. personal

Learning Objective: 5.3: Explain the sociological concepts of economic, cultural, and social capital.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Economic, Cultural, and Social Capital

Difficulty Level: Easy

44. Which of the following is an example of social capital?

a. joining a sorority while in college

b. being born into a wealthy family

c. having a trust fund that is made available at the age of 18

d. holding a graduate degree

Learning Objective: 5.3: Explain the sociological concepts of economic, cultural, and social capital.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Economic, Cultural, and Social Capital

Difficulty Level: Hard

45. Which of the following best represents social capital?

a. obtaining a high school diploma

b. getting a pay raise

c. inheriting a successful business

d. networking with successful colleagues

Learning Objective: 5.3: Explain the sociological concepts of economic, cultural, and social capital.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Economic, Cultural, and Social Capital

Difficulty Level: Hard

46. Lin majored in criminal justice and is hired to work as a prison guard. The prison constitutes what type of organization for Lin?

a. coercive

b. normative

c. utilitarian

d. INGO

Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe three types of formal organizations.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Organizations

Difficulty Level: Hard

47. What type of organization does a college graduate join when finding a job?

a. an INGO

b. a utilitarian organization

c. a normative organization

d. a coercive organization

Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe three types of formal organizations.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Organizations

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. Which type of organization is designed to achieve particular objectives by means of explicit rules, regulations, and procedures?

a. global

b. informal

c. formal

d. rational

Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe three types of formal organizations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Organizations

Difficulty Level: Easy

49. What is the name for an organization that people join primarily because of some material benefit they expect to receive in return for membership?

a. Utilitarian

b. Informal

c. Coercive

d. Normative

Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe three types of formal organizations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Formal Organizations

Difficulty Level: Easy

50. Which scenario best illustrates a utilitarian organization?

a. A sophomore joins a popular social activism group to help save the environment.

b. A college student volunteers for a spring break work trip building schools in Brazil.

c. A student athlete joins the college tennis team that offered a scholarship.

d. A recent college graduate volunteers for the Red Cross.

Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe three types of formal organizations.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Formal Organizations

Difficulty Level: Hard

51. Which of the following examples best represents a utilitarian organization?

a. attending college and joining a sorority

b. working part-time at a gas station

c. being a volunteer firefighter

d. participating in community service

Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe three types of formal organizations.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Formal Organizations

Difficulty Level: Hard

52. Which type of organization would provide members with direction on how they should think and behave in society?

a. normative organization

b. informal organization

c. utilitarian organization

d. coercive organization

Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe three types of formal organizations.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Formal Organizations

Difficulty Level: Medium

53. Which is an example of a coercive organization?

a. high school

b. prison

c. church

d. college

Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe three types of formal organizations.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Formal Organizations

Difficulty Level: Hard

54. What are normative organizations also referred to as?

a. rational

b. formal

c. coercive

d. voluntary

Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe three types of formal organizations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Formal Organizations

Difficulty Level: Easy

55. The YMCA and the Red Cross are examples of ______ organizations.

a. utilitarian

b. coercive

c. normative

d. bureaucratic

Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe three types of formal organizations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Formal Organizations

Difficulty Level: Easy

56. Which best describes the authority structure of most large organizations today?

a. coercive

b. informal

c. transformational

d. bureaucratic

Learning Objective: 5.5: Apply a sociological lens to modern bureaucracies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bureaucracies

Difficulty Level: Medium

57. Which of the following is a characteristic of a bureaucracy?

a. Rules are informal and implied.

b. There is a clear hierarchy of authority.

c. The organization is staffed by volunteers.

d. It adheres to abstract principles.

Learning Objective: 5.5: Apply a sociological lens to modern bureaucracies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bureaucracies

Difficulty Level: Medium

58. What did Max Weber mean when he referred to bureaucracies as rational?

a. They are reasonable.

b. They are organized based on rules and regulations.

c. They are the ideal type of organization.

d. They are characteristic of modern society.

Learning Objective: 5.5: Apply a sociological lens to modern bureaucracies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bureaucracies

Difficulty Level: Medium

59. What is the purpose of specialized offices within a bureaucracy?

a. to create rules and regulations

b. to create impersonality in record keeping

c. to create a division of labor

d. to create a vertical hierarchy

Learning Objective: 5.5: Apply a sociological lens to modern bureaucracies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Written Rules and Regulations

Difficulty Level: Medium

60. An employee at the Department of Motor Vehicles oversees issues with titles. This employee performs all duties related to titles but does not work on registration or customer service. Which bureaucratic characteristic does this describe?

a. impersonality in record keeping

b. specialized offices

c. hierarchy

d. technically competent administrative staff

Learning Objective: 5.5: Apply a sociological lens to modern bureaucracies.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Written Rules and Regulations

Difficulty Level: Hard

61. The organizational chart of a bureaucracy can best be compared to which shape?

a. pyramid

b. rectangle

c. diamond

d. circle

Learning Objective: 5.5: Apply a sociological lens to modern bureaucracies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Written Rules and Regulations

Difficulty Level: Easy

62. How has the U.S. Internal Revenue Service become an iron cage of bureaucracy?

a. It has become rigid with rules and regulations that prevent autonomy and creativity.

b. It has become highly organized and provides a clear structure for service.

c. It allows employees to be creative within the bounds of the organizational structure.

d. It encourages taxpayers to consult with the organization prior to filing their taxes.

Learning Objective: 5.5: Apply a sociological lens to modern bureaucracies.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: A Critical Evaluation

Difficulty Level: Medium

63. Which of the following is a so-called irrationality of rationality?

a. trained incapacity

b. legitimate authority

c. positional power

d. groupthink

Learning Objective: 5.5: Apply a sociological lens to modern bureaucracies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Critical Evaluation

Difficulty Level: Easy

64. Which of the so-called irrationalities of rationality occurs when bureaucrats simply appear to be doing their jobs in order to keep them without worrying about efficiency?

a. goal displacement

b. trained incapacity

c. waste and incompetence

d. groupthink

Learning Objective: 5.5: Apply a sociological lens to modern bureaucracies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Critical Evaluation

Difficulty Level: Easy

65. Which of the following happens when bureaucracies lose sight of the original objectives they set out to accomplish?

a. impersonality in record keeping

b. reduced paperwork

c. trained incapacity

d. goal displacement

Learning Objective: 5.5: Apply a sociological lens to modern bureaucracies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Critical Evaluation

Difficulty Level: Easy

66. The tendency for a bureaucracy to become ruled autocratically by a small number of people is known as the iron law of ______.

a. economic capital

b. oligarchy

c. legitimate authority

d. groups

Learning Objective: 5.5: Apply a sociological lens to modern bureaucracies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bureaucracy and Democracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

67. Which of the following best demonstrates an incompatibility of bureaucracy and democracy?

a. iron law of oligarchy

b. iron cage of bureaucracy

c. goal displacement

d. waste and incompetence

Learning Objective: 5.5: Apply a sociological lens to modern bureaucracies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bureaucracy and Democracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

68. Which of the following is a main goal of international governmental organizations (IGOs)?

a. to facilitate and regulate interactions between the member countries

b. to send money to other nations

c. to protect social welfare and human rights

d. to increase donations from private citizens

Learning Objective: 5.5: Apply a sociological lens to modern bureaucracies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: International Governmental Organizations

Difficulty Level: Easy

69. Groups that seek to promote the global interests of their members by influencing government organizations are referred to as ______.

a. international nongovernmental organizations

b. international government organizations

c. nongovernmental coalitions

d. business alliances

Learning Objective: 5.5: Apply a sociological lens to modern bureaucracies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: International Nongovernmental Organizations

Difficulty Level: Medium

70. Which of the following illustrates the operation of an international governmental organization (IGO)?

a. Provinces in Canada suffer a severe drought that requires the Canadian government to send aid.

b. The African Union regulates trade between Central African and West African states.

c. China, Russia, and the United States send athletes to the Olympics.

d. Vietnam forms an organization that mediates conflict between provinces within the country.

Learning Objective: 5.5: Apply a sociological lens to modern bureaucracies.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: International Governmental Organizations

Difficulty Level: Hard

True/False

1. Social networking sites and virtual online groups can include primary or secondary groups.

Learning Objective: 5.1: Describe primary and secondary groups and their effects.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Nature of Groups

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. A dyad is the most fragile group.

Learning Objective: 5.1: Describe primary and secondary groups and their effects.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Nature of Groups

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Reference groups by which we judge our actions are both primary and secondary groups.

Learning Objective: 5.1: Describe primary and secondary groups and their effects.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Nature of Groups

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. A triad is the smallest group.

Learning Objective: 5.1: Describe primary and secondary groups and their effects.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Nature of Groups

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Families have the greatest impact in shaping our view of ourselves; however, peer groups during adolescence compete with the family in how we define ourselves.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Power of Groups

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. As group size increases, the intensity of relationships within the group increases while the overall group stability decreases.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Does Size Matter?

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Personal power is described as the ability to persuade followers.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Group Leadership

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Family, friends, professors, and acquaintances can all contribute to an individual’s social capital.

Learning Objective: 5.3: Explain the sociological concepts of economic, cultural, and social capital.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Economic, Cultural, and Social Capital

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Sociologists have found that race and gender have little effect on an individual’s social capital.

Learning Objective: 5.3: Explain the sociological concepts of economic, cultural, and social capital.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Economic, Cultural, and Social Capital

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. A coercive organization is an example of a total institution.

Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe three types of formal organizations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Types of Formal Organizations

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. Explain the difference between a primary group and a secondary group. Then provide an example of each group of which you are a member.

Learning Objective: 5.1: Describe primary and secondary groups and their effects.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Nature of Groups

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Describe two advantages and two potential disadvantages of groups.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Power of Groups

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Define dyads and triads. Illustrate the relationship in a dyadic group, including strength of bonds and stability and demonstrate how this relationship changes when a dyad becomes a triad.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Does Size Matter?

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. As group size increases, the intensity of relationships within the group decreases while overall group stability increases. Explain what is meant by this statement and provide an example regarding a student organization on campus.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Does Size Matter?

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Explain the difference between transformational and transactional leadership.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Types of Group Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Explain the concept of groupthink and why it is problematic. Illustrate it with an example that may occur in college during a group project involving five students.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Conformity to Groups

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. Explain the differences between positional power, personal power, and legitimate authority. Provide a brief example of each in a university-related setting.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Types of Group Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Describe the difference between social capital, economic capital, and cultural capital. Provide an example how all these types of capital relate to the life of a college student.

Learning Objective: 5.3: Explain the sociological concepts of economic, cultural, and social capital.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Economic, Cultural, and Social Capital

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Explain what is meant by the iron law of oligarchy and its relationship to democracy.

Learning Objective: 5.5: Apply a sociological lens to modern bureaucracies.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Bureaucracy and Democracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Briefly discuss why Weber stated that bureaucracies can become iron cages.

Learning Objective: 5.5: Apply a sociological lens to modern bureaucracies.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: A Critical Evaluation

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. The Internet has blurred the boundaries between primary and secondary groups. Briefly discuss this phenomenon and give an example in the context of Facebook.

Learning Objective: 5.1: Describe primary and secondary groups and their effects.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Nature of Groups

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. James and Lena are best friends and roommates but haven’t been getting along lately. Nkechi moves in next door, and the three of them all start hanging out together. Discuss the effect that size may have on the group’s relationships. Imagine a scenario where an alliance or coalition may form within the group and explain the group dynamics that may occur.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Does Size Matter?

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Discuss former President Trump and his “Make America Great Again” campaign in terms of leadership and power.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Types of Group Leadership

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Briefly describe Solomon Asch’s experiment and its outcomes. Explain the sociological implications in terms of group dynamics.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Discuss the power of groups in terms of their composition, leadership, and conformity.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Conformity to Groups

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. How does gender impact one’s access to social capital in the context of social networks?

Learning Objective: 5.3: Explain the sociological concepts of economic, cultural, and social capital.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Economic, Cultural, and Social Capital

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Describe the three types of formal organizations and provide a brief example of each.

Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe three types of formal organizations.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Formal Organizations

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Discuss how coercive organizations, such as prisons, are total institutions.

Learning Objective: 5.4: Describe three types of formal organizations.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Types of Formal Organizations

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Provide a definition of an IGO and an INGO. Discuss the differences in their missions, stakeholders, and programs. Give an example of each organization.

Learning Objective: 5.5: Apply a sociological lens to modern bureaucracies.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: International Governmental Organizations

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. How are universities bureaucracies? Illustrate your answer with brief examples.

Learning Objective: 5.5: Apply a sociological lens to modern bureaucracies.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Bureaucracies

Difficulty Level: Hard

10. What type of organization is Amnesty International and what is its mission?

Learning Objective: 5.5: Apply a sociological lens to modern bureaucracies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: International Nongovernmental Organizations

Difficulty Level: Medium