Test Bank Chapter 5 Groups, Networks, and Organizations

CHAPTER 5 Groups, Networks, and Organizations

CONCEPT MAP

1. What Are Social Groups?
   1. Groups: Variety and Characteristics
      1. In-groups and Out-groups
      2. Primary and Secondary Groups
      3. Reference Groups
   2. The Effects of Size
      1. Dyads
      2. Triads
      3. Larger Groups
   3. Types of Leadership
   4. Conformity
      1. Going Along with the Groups: Asch’s Research
      2. Obedience to Authority: Milgram’s Research
      3. Groupthink and Group Pressures to Conform: Janis’s Research
2. How Do We Benefit from Social Networks?
   1. The Internet as Social Network
3. How Do Organizations Function?
   1. Theories of Organizations
      1. Bureaucracy
      2. Formal and Informal Relations within Bureaucracies
      3. Bureaucracy and Democracy
      4. Gender and Organizations
4. Is Bureaucracy an Outdated Model?
   1. The Transformation of Management
   2. Technology and Modern Organizations
   3. The “McDonaldization” of Society
5. How Do Organizations and Groups Affect Your Life?
   1. Social Capital: The Ties That Bind

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following can be considered a social group as defined in your textbook?

2. Society is made up of numerous groups whose members come from diverse backgrounds. Such wide varieties of group types and our memberships in multiple groups reflect

3. When a group of people shares a common identity and members regularly interact with one another, sociologists refer to this group as a

4. The chapter opens with a discussion of Robert Champion’s hazing and death at the hands of his bandmates at Florida A&M University. What sociological or psychological research or experiment best exemplifies this type of experience?

5. Which of the following is a social aggregate?

6. People milling around in crowds, waiting for a bus, or strolling on a beach make up a

7. Which of the following would be considered a social category?

8. Which of the following is more likely to be an in-group?

9. During rush week, the brothers of the Alpha Gamma Gamma fraternity always make fun of their rival fraternity, Lambda Lambda Lambda. This teasing increases the bonding and sense of loyalty among Alpha Gamma Gamma members. Such camaraderie suggests they are members of

10. A new group has recently emerged, calling itself the “True Americans.” The group's activities show the members’ disdain and prejudicial attitudes toward recent immigrants to the United States. “True Americans” members would consider recent immigrants as a(n)

11. A brother and a sister enrolled in a large chemistry class would be considered a(n)

12. Which of the following is an example of a primary group?

13. Which of the following would be an example of why a person would want to be part of a secondary group?

14. Jamison spends most of his time at school and work, which leaves him with little time to socialize with family and friends. Lately, he has been feeling socially isolated because he

15. The group a person uses to measure their individual social worth is called

16. Someone doesn’t need to belong to a group to for it to be a reference group for them. Why is this true?

17. Most recent advertisements try to associate a product with a specific reference group. For this marketing strategy to be effective, which of the following must be true?

18. According to sociologists, what is the smallest size that can make up a social group?

19. Margaret and Lilly got divorced after three years of marriage and both established new relationships. Their divorce shows how fragile dyads are as social groups because

20. Every Sunday, Janet, Laney, and Harris get together for lunch, and Janet usually decides which restaurant the group will eat at. However, one Sunday, Laney and Harris told Janet they wanted to try a new restaurant in town. Laney and Harris formed a

21. Triads are usually more stable than dyads because

22. Which of the following is true regarding large groups?

23. According to Georg Simmel, an important aspect of groups is

24. The members of the drama club at Suzie's high school had a disagreement over who should play the leads in the upcoming production of Romeo and Juliet. Five of the members quit the club as a result of the disagreement. However, this had little impact on the stability of the drama club. According to the textbook, the remaining twenty-five members of the club were able to go forward with the production because

25. A ______ is a person who is able to influence the behavior of other group members.

26. Which of the following is the best example of a transformational leader?

27. Tanya has recently been appointed CEO of a corporation that specializes in computer software. The corporation has made a substantial profit since she joined due to her emphasizing the importance of deadlines and sales goals to her software design team. Tanya is best described as what type of leader?

28. Solomon Asch’s and Stanley Milgram’s experiments outlined in the book illustrate that

29. Why do sociologists think it is important to understand why people tend to conform to group pressure?

30. The research performed by Solomon Asch where he asked groups of participants to identify which lines were of equal length illustrated that

31. Stanley Milgram’s research showed that people are often willing to obey authority

32. How can Stanley Milgram's experiment help us better understand modern atrocities such as the Holocaust?

33. Groupthink takes place when

34. In general, nonwhites tend to have _______ social and professional networks than whites.

35. Jacob and Amara both graduated from college with high GPAs and good resumes in the field of accounting. A year after graduation, Jacob was working as a waiter, while Amara was working at an accounting firm headed by her father's best friend. Amara likely got this job because

36. The Internet helps users start new relationships that are, oftentimes, free of the emotional and social baggage of face-to-face encounters because online relationships

37. Which of the following best defines the concept of the digital divide, as outlined in your book?

38. In the United States, young adults use the Internet at ______ rates than older Americans.

39. Which statement best describes the character of the Internet in its earliest years?

40. A large group of people who engage in collective action to achieve a common purpose is called

41. People in modern societies depend on organizations to

42. Max Weber was the first to develop a systematic interpretation of

43. One criticism of formal organizations is that they

44. Max Weber argued that ______ is necessary in modern societies.

45. Max Weber believed the more an organization approaches the ideal type of bureaucracy, the more effective it will be in pursuing the objectives for which it was established. However, he also recognized that bureaucracies can create some negatives, such as

46. According to Max Weber's ideal type of bureaucracy

47. John Meyer and Brian Rowan's research outlining the informal networks that exist in all bureaucracies adds to Weber’s ideal type of bureaucracy by showing that informal relations

48. Members of organizations claim they follow the formal rules and procedures of their organization, despite acting at odds with such rules and procedures during their daily work lives. This contradictory use of rules in bureaucracy leads Meyer and Rowan to refer to them as

49. After being hired by Digi-Corp, each employee received a manual outlining the rules about how employees and managers should work together and interact. These rules are referred to as the _______ between employee and manager.

50. John Meyer and Brian Rowan argue that in organizations officially governed by formal rules and procedures, much of the work is usually done with minimal regard to the rules. What, then, is the role of rules in organizations, according to Meyer and Rowan?

51. At the Symantec Corporation, the CEO, the president, and the vice president make a majority of company decisions. As such, little decision-making power is given to upper-level managers or other employees. This type of concentration of power among a few people in an organization is called

52. Robert Michels's concept of the "iron law of oligarchy" demonstrates

53. Which of the following best characterizes the gendered nature of bureaucratic organizations according to feminist scholars?

54. Until the late twentieth century, organizational studies largely ignored

55. Rosabeth Moss Kanter’s work on the imbalance of gender roles within modern organizations suggests that

56. The proportion of female CEOs in corporate America has been increasing. What is one explanation for this change?

57. One advantage that modern large organizations have over traditional formal bureaucracies is that

58. The New York Times recently noted that a number of contemporary organizations—such as Google—are discarding traditional bureaucratic organizations for ones that are looser and less hierarchical. Compared to the traditional forms, what is one benefit a looser system is likely to achieve?

59. The “human resource management” type management theory regards a company's workforce as

60. Every Friday, Google, Inc., encourages all of its employees to attend a speaker series in which authors, athletes, and other famous and inspiring people speak. This weekly corporate event geared toward building rituals and traditions unique to that company is an example of the development of

61. Which of the following technological developments has allowed for the increased popularity of telecommuting?

62. What may be one advantage of telecommuting for workers?

63. ______ is an example of how large organizations have become more decentralized.

64. According to the textbook, the use of information and communications technology in corporations has reduced the rigid hierarchical structure of corporations, but at the same time it has created

65. The “McDonaldization” of society refers to

66. A latte from Starbucks will taste the same whether one purchases it in New York City or Albuquerque, New Mexico. Which aspect of George Ritzer's theory of McDonaldization does this demonstrate?

67. The widespread participation of people from various backgrounds in the Black Lives Matter movement might challenge which idea of Robert Putnam’s discussion of the decline of social capital?

68. Every day after school Maria goes to the local teen center, where she is a member of a student group organizing a multicultural festival for the community. This activity is likely to produce

69. Identify which of the following examples illustrates bonding social capital.

1. Today more of our social relationships are dominated by secondary groups instead of primary groups. Charles Horton Cooley worried about the loss of intimacy as secondary groups became more prominent and pervasive. Émile Durkheim and Georg Simmel saw some benefits of the development of more secondary groups. In three to five sentences, please explain what you think about the trend toward more secondary-group relationships in modern society, including its pros and cons.

2. Give an example of a dyad, a triad, and a larger group. In which groups are the relationships more intense? In which are they more stable? Please explain your examples and reasoning in three to five sentences.

3. In three to five sentences, compare transformational leadership and transactional leadership. Give an example of each from your own experience or from your knowledge of history.

4. In three to five sentences, explain how the studies performed by Solomon Asch, Stanley Milgram, or Irving Janis help us understand conformity. How do you think you would have responded as a subject in the study?

5. Please answer the following questions in three to five sentences. According to Irving Janis, what is groupthink? How and why can groupthink lead to bad decisions by otherwise smart and strong-willed individuals?

6. Social networks are beneficial to people, but those benefits are not equally available to everyone. In a couple of sentences, explain how existing levels of inequalities for marginalized groups (such as women, lower socioeconomic classes, and racial/ethnic minorities) are reproduced by a member’s social network. As part of your answer, provide an example of how such unequal situations are maintained.

7. In three to five sentences, explain how the Internet can affect social relationships and social networks. How can Internet access have both positive and negative impacts in our lives?

8. In a couple of sentences, please list and explain the characteristics of the "ideal type of bureaucracy" that Max Weber described. How are those characteristics evident or not evident in your college or university?

9. Weber developed his theories on bureaucracy and the ideal type during the industrial revolution. As such, his analysis and predictions were dependent on the economy that existed during that time. Since then, the economies of the United States and other nations have changed significantly, and scholars have sought to explain how we interact with these new systems. One of these updates is found in Ritzer's theory of McDonaldization. In a few sentences, identify and summarize one of the guiding principles of McDonaldization and provide an example of the principle in practice. Why do we like that principle?

10. In three to five sentences, please describe one organization that provides you with bridging social capital and explain why it does. In another couple of sentences, describe another organization that provides you with bonding social capital and explain why it does.