Test Bank Chapter 3 Stress Its Meaning, Impact And Sources

CHAPTER 3: STRESS: ITS MEANING, IMPACT AND SOURCES

True/False Statements

1. Threat is the expectation of future harm.

Section Reference: Appraising Events as Stressful

2. The assessment of our resources available for coping with an event is

called primary appraisal.

Section Reference: Appraising Events as Stressful

3. A cognitive appraisal is necessary in order for stress to occur.

Section Reference: Appraising Events as Stressful

4. Albert Ellis believes that a person's irrational beliefs increase their

stress.

Section Reference: Appraising Events as Stressful

5. As a rule, life transitions are not stressful.

Section Reference: Appraising Events as Stressful

6. The first stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome is the stage of

resistance.

Section Reference: Biological Aspects of Stress

7. Selye believed that the physiological pattern of response to different

types of stress was the same.

Section Reference: Biological Aspects of Stress

8. The three types of conflict are approach/approach, approach/avoidance

and avoidance/avoidance.

Section Reference: Sources Within the Family

9. Children under five tend to grieve less over the loss of a parent than an

adolescent.

Section Reference: Sources Within the Family

10. A near perfect positive correlation exists between social readjustment

and illness.

Section Reference: Life Events

Matching

Match the following people with the descriptions in one through five

a. Walter Cannon

b. Hans Selye

c. Holmes and Rahe

d. Marianne Frankenhaeuser

e. Richard Lazarus

11. Described the General Adaptation Syndrome to chronic stress.

Section Reference: Biological Aspects of Stress

12. Examined the effects of effort and distress on stress.

Section Reference: Biological Aspects of Stress

13. In 1929, described the body's reaction to emergencies.

Section Reference: Biological Aspects of Stress

14. Related stress to cognitive appraisal.

Section Reference: Appraising Events as Stressful)

15. Related illness to social readjustment.

Section Reference: Life Events

Matching

Match the following with the descriptions in questions six through ten.

a. Polygraph

b. Social Readjustment Scale

c. Corticosteroids and catecholamines

d. Daily Hassles scale

e. Uplifts scale

16. Measures day-to-day unpleasant or potentially harmful events.

Section Reference: Daily Hassles

17. An electronic/mechanical measure of physiological changes.

Section Reference: Physiological Arousal

18. Was developed in the belief that pleasant events might lessen the effects of

hassles on health.

Section Reference: Daily Hassles

19. Indicates the results of stress as expressed by the adrenal glands.

Section Reference: Physiological Arousal

20. Provide the relative weighting of the stressfulness of different life changes.

Section Reference: Life Events

Multiple Choice

21. Which of the following statements about stress is true?

a) Stress is an uncommon experience.

b) Stress may be only a mild condition.

c) All individuals experience stress equally.

d) Stress is always of short duration.

Section Reference: What is Stress?

22. A stressor may be correctly defined as

a) an event that is physically or psychologically challenging.

b) a person under stress.

c) a medication taken to relieve stress.

d) none of the above

Section Reference: What is Stress?

23. Maryam is preparing to give an oral report for her psychology class. Her

stomach is tight and she perspires when she thinks about giving the report.

She describes these feelings as stress. This description focuses on stress as

a) stimulus.

b) response.

c) transaction.

d) chemical reaction.

Section Reference: What is Stress?

24. A person's psychological and physiological response to a stressor is called

a). a transaction.

b) discrepant behaviour.

c) strain.

d) avoidance

Section Reference: What is Stress?

25. The process approach to stress includes what component in addition to

stressors and strains?

a) the environment only

b) chronic living circumstances

c) the relationship between the person and environment

d) major life events

Section Reference: What is Stress?

26. The continuous interactions and adjustments between a person and the

environment are called

a) stressors

b) strains

c) transactions

d) appraisals

Section Reference: What is Stress?

27. Which is not one of the four components of the definition of stress?

a) person-environment transaction

b) perception of a discrepancy

c) biopsychosocial resources

d) biological markers of stress

Section Reference: What is Stress?

28. David complains that he has "too much to do and not enough time to do it."

His experience of stress represents the discrepancy between

a) stressors and strains.

b) demands and resources.

c) heredity and environment.

d) biological and psychological systems.

Section Reference: What is Stress?

29. Alice is a highly skilled computer specialist but spends the majority of her

time conducting minor systems checks. The resulting boredom she

experiences is stressful because

a) it creates an overutilization of available resources.

b) it creates an underutilization of available resources.

c) a lack of activity always creates stress.

d) she will soon forget about her available resources.

Section Reference: What is Stress?

30. Richard Lazarus' cognitive appraisal model of stress is important because

of its emphasis on

a) changing actual environmental stressors.

b) identifying physiological effects of stress.

c) the role of perception in stress.

d) the role of praise in reducing stress.

Section Reference: Appraising Events as Stressful

31. As you drive to school, the radio informs you that there is a traffic accident on an expressway near you. You determine that you will not be affected since you will exit well before any traffic jam will occur. The thought process in which you are engaging is called

a) primary appraisal.

b) secondary appraisal.

c) final appraisal.

d) a and c only

Section Reference: Appraising Events as Stressful

32. Assessing a potentially stressful event in comparison to previous personal

situations is called

a) primary appraisal.

b) secondary appraisal.

c) threat impact analysis.

d) rational emotion.

Appraising Events as Stressful)

33. Hiro has been accepted to medical school, which he sees as a real

opportunity to use his knowledge in biology and his skills with people. This

situation represents the concept of _____ in the cognitive appraisal process.

a) threat

b) harm-loss

c) challenge

d) transaction

Section Reference: Appraising Events as Stressful

34. One example of a vicarious transaction that might cause stress would be

a) fighting in a boxing match.

b) watching a couple argue at a party.

c) arguing with a bank teller over the balance of your checking account.

d) failing a midterm exam.

Section Reference: Appraising Events as Stressful

35. Which of the following conclusions has been reached about witnessing other people’s pain and suffering?

a) People can experience stress vicariously.

b) Empathic stress reactions depend on appraisal.

c) Vicarious stress is unaffected by appraisal processes.

d) Both a and b.

Section Reference: Appraising Events as Stressful

36. Ongoing assessment of available coping resources is called

a) primary appraisal.

b) secondary appraisal.

c) cope‑threat analysis.

d) biofeedback.

Section Reference: Appraising Events as Stressful

37. Which of the following statements about cognitive appraisal and stress is

NOT true?

a) Primary and secondary appraisals are highly interrelated.

b) Secondary appraisal doesn't always follow primary appraisal in time.

c) Stress cannot be experienced unless cognitive appraisal occurs.

d) Stress conditions often depend upon the outcome of our appraisals.

Section Reference: Appraising Events as Stressful

38. People with positive self‑esteem may experience less stress because

a) demands are perceived as challenges rather than threats.

b) threatening situations are more highly motivating to these individuals.

c) people with good self‑esteem have slower physiological responses to stressful situations.

d) they have an overly inflated sense of self-confidence.

Section Reference: Appraising Events as Stressful

39. When Cayne’s girlfriend breaks up with him he reacts by saying "I'll never be

happy. No one will ever love me!" According to Albert Ellis, Cayne’s _____ beliefs are

increasing his stress.

a) negative

b) irrational

c) transactional

d) self-pitying

Section Reference: Appraising Events as Stressful

40. Janelle is fired from her job. Which of the following characteristics of stressful

situations, as described in the text, does her situation reflect?

a) low desirability

b) ambiguity

c) difficult timing

d) posttraumatic stress disorder

Section Reference: Appraising Events as Stressful)

41. In his new job, Harold has been given very unclear guidelines about his

responsibilities. The stress he feels is probably related to

a) low controllability.

b) secondary appraisal.

c) situation ambiguity.

d) social readjustment.

Section Reference: Appraising Events as Stressful

42. Kevin was one of the few survivors of Hurricane Katrina in his New Orleans

neighbourhood. Since the hurricane he has had difficulty sleeping, gets extremely

anxious when hurricane warnings are issued and keeps reliving memories of his escape during

Katrina. Kevin is likely to be suffering from

a) a malfunctioning hypothalamus-pituitary adrenal axis.

b) harm ambiguity.

c) a disease of adaptation.

d) posttraumatic stress disorder.

Section Reference: Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

43. Walter Cannon's description of the body's reaction to emergencies has

been called the

a) parasympathetic response.

b) fight‑or‑flight response.

c) general adaptation syndrome.

d) cognitive appraisal approach.

Section Reference: Biological Aspects of Stress

44. Walter Cannon proposed that the fight‑or‑flight response

a) is related to epinephrine secretion.

b) is preparatory in nature.

c) may be harmful if prolonged.

d) all of the above

Section Reference: Biological Aspects of Stress

45. The sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system directly

mediate

a) only a few of our noticeable stress reactions.

b) physiological reactions to stress.

c) cognitive stress reactions.

d) primary but not secondary appraisals.

Section Reference: Biological Aspects of Stress)

46. The correct sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome is

a) alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

b) resistance, alarm, exhaustion.

c) alarm, exhaustion, resistance.

d) exhaustion, resistance, alarm.

Section Reference: Biological Aspects of Stress)

47. Which general adaptation syndrome stage is most like the fight‑or‑flight

response?

a) alarm

b) secondary appraisal

c) exhaustion

d) adaptation

Section Reference: Biological Aspects of Stress

48. Selye called the series of physiological reactions the body makes under

long‑lasting stress (the) _____ syndrome.

a) fight‑or‑flight

b) secondary appraisal

c) general adaptation

d) alarm

Section Reference: Biological Aspects of Stress

49. Which of the following statements about the general adaptation syndrome is correct?

a) It includes the role of psychosocial factors.

b) It assumes that all stressors produce the same physiological reactions.

c) It largely ignores biological responses to stress.

d) It assumes that children do not go through the same stages as adults.

Section Reference: Biological Aspects of Stress

50. Mason's work with stressors and hormones showing the sensitivity of

hormonal secretions to psychological influences is evidence against Selye's

notion of

a) the general adaptation syndrome.

b) the alarm stage.

c) the nonspecificity of the GAS.

d) the resistance stage.

Section Reference: Biological Aspects of Stress

51. According to the research by Frankenhaeuser and her colleagues, increased

catecholamine and cortical secretion is usually associated with experiences

involving

a) effort with distress.

b) effort without distress.

c) distress without effort.

d) neither effort nor distress.

Section Reference: Biological Aspects of Stress

52. According to the research by Frankenhaeuser and her colleagues, increased

catecholamine secretion only may be associated with experiences involving

a) effort with distress.

b) effort without distress.

c) distress without effort.

d) both effort and distress.

Section Reference: Biological Aspects of Stress

53. In their study of the relationship of achievement tests in elementary school

to stress, Tennes and Kreye found that stress significantly increased for

a) all children on test days.

b) children with above average intelligence but not for those with low intelligence.

c) children with low intelligence but not for those with above average intelligence.

d) none of the children showed increased stress on test days.

Section Reference: Biological Aspects of Stress

54. Research on the influence of intelligence on the stress experienced by

children taking achievement tests showed

a) it has no effect.

b) more intelligent children were more stressed than less intelligent children.

c) less intelligent children were more stressed than more intelligent children.

d) males were more stressed than females regardless of intelligence.

Section Reference: Biological Aspects of Stress

55. Research on children exposed to chronic noise levels at home showed that

they had

a) difficulty knowing which sounds to tune out.

b) increased ability to discriminate between words.

c) difficulty knowing which sounds to attend to.

d) both a and c

Section Reference: Psychosocial Aspects of Stress

56. Cohen and his colleagues concluded that children who live in noisy

environments may

a) develop generalized cognitive deficits.

b) increase their ability to distinguish sounds.

c) suffer physiologically but not cognitive deficits.

d) learn to ignore relevant information.

Section Reference: Psychosocial Aspects of Stress

57. Research suggests that Indigenous peoples in Canada show lower life expectancies compared to other Canadians, in addition to

a) higher rates of substance use.

b) higher rates of diabetes.

c) higher rates of major depression.

d) all of the above.

Section Reference: Psychosocial Aspects of Stress

58. Intergenerational trauma refers specifically to

a) the long-term impact of stress within individuals.

b) chronic stress experienced by a particular culture.

c) trauma experienced by earlier generations of a population that has an impact on subsequent

generations.

d) chronic stress experienced by earlier generations of a population.

Section Reference: Psychosocial Aspects of Stress

59. What is one effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine on memory?

a) They impair all types of memory.

b) They enhance memories of neutral events.

c) They interfere with memories of neutral events.

d) They enhance memories of stressors.

Section Reference: Psychosocial Aspects of Stress

60. Which statement regarding stress and cognition is NOT true?

a) Cognitions can affect the experience of stress.

b) Thinking about the stressful incident constantly reduces the stress.

c) Stress can affect cognitions.

d) Chronic stress can result from cognitive processes.

Section Reference: Psychosocial Aspects of Stress

61. Two babies, one 2 months old and the other 19 months old, are stung by

bees. The older baby's emotional response is likely to be _____ whereas the

younger baby is likely to show _____.

a) distress; anger

b) distress; distress

c) anger; anger

d) anger; distress

Section Reference: Psychosocial Aspects of Stress

62. Negative social behaviours tend to increase when stress is accompanied by

a) depression.

b) anger.

c) resistance.

d) poor impulse control.

Section Reference: Psychosocial Aspects of Stress

63. Dylan just received a reprimand at work for sloppy performance whereas

Nadie had a terrible argument with her best friend. Research supports which

of the following statements regarding their likely stress levels?

a) Dylan is probably experiencing much more stress than Nadie.

b) Nadie is probably experiencing much more stress than Dylan.

c) Neither is likely to experience stress.

d) Dylan and Nadie are likely to have similarly high stress levels.

Section Reference: Psychosocial Aspects of Stress

64. A medieval knight met a dragon while he was crossing a bridge over a

huge chasm. He perceived that his only options were to charge into battle with

the deadly beast or leap from the bridge. He was experiencing a(n)

a) approach‑approach conflict.

b) approach‑avoidance conflict.

c) avoidance‑avoidance conflict.

d) knightmare.

Section Reference: Sources Within the Person

65. Krystal has learned that she has a carcinoma that is best treated by a

radical surgery that involves removal of her right eye and cheekbone, which

would be quite disfiguring. However, if she doesn't undergo surgery, her

chances of survival are quite poor. Krystal is experiencing

a) an approach/approach conflict.

b) an approach/avoidance conflict.

c) an avoidance/avoidance conflict.

d) harm ambiguity.

Section Reference: Sources Within the Person

66. Which of the following statements about "temperamentally difficult" children

is NOT true?

a) They have a difficult time with new routines.

b) They show predictable sleep patterns.

c) They resist new foods.

d) They react negatively to new people.

Section Reference: Sources Within the Family

67. The Davises are getting a divorce. Which of the following is the best

strategy for helping their children cope with the situation?

a) Move to a new area so the children can "start over."

b) Tell the children every detail of the situation no matter how painful to them.

c) Keep the impending divorce from the children for as long as possible.

d) Make sure the children have regular contact with both parents.

Section Reference: Sources Within the Family

68. The stress experienced by a family when an adult is ill

a) may result from a strain on finances.

b) diminishes with recovery.

c) may restrict the family's time.

d) all of the above.

Section Reference: Sources Within the Family

69. Research has found that excessive workloads are associated with

a) increased accidents and health problems.

b) high unemployment and absenteeism.

c) greater cognitive appraisal.

d) happier marriages.

Section Reference: Sources in the Community and Society

70. The effects of local environmental hazards such as the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill have

a) little effect on stress levels of local residents.

b) created greater stress in those who hear about the event than in those who actually experience it.

c) lasting, long-term negative effects on those who experience it.

d) intense short-term but no long-term negative effects on local residents.

Section Reference: Sources in the Community and Society

71. Crossover occurs when

a) work stress is carried home by an individual.

b). work stress is carried to work by an individual.

c) work stress is carried home and affects someone else in the home.

d) work stress is carried home and is still felt the next day.

Section Reference: Sources in the Community and Society)

72. You are a researcher and need to include a physiological measure of

stress in your next experiment. Which of the following could you use?

a) an SRRS

b) polygraph

c) the GAS scale

d) the Daily Hassles scale

Section Reference: Physiological Arousal

73. Advantages of measuring physiological arousal to assess stress include

all of the following except

a) reliable measures.

b) low cost.

c) objective measures.

d) easily quantifiable measures.

Section Reference: Physiological Arousal

74. According to the findings on life events and age by Goldberg and Comstock,

which of the following people would have been likely to report the fewest

stressful life events in the year prior to the study?

a) Ann, a single person in her 20s

b) Bob, recently divorced in his 40s

c) Wayne, a married person in his 60s

d) all of the above were likely to have a very small number of stressful life events

Section Reference: Life Events

75. Subjects' scores on the SRRS and illness do not correlate very highly. The

best explanation for this finding is

a) stress and illness actually are unrelated.

b) some of the questions on the SRRS are vaguely worded.

c) illness may occur for many reasons other than stress.

d) both b and c

Section Reference: Life Events

76. The most frequent daily hassles found by Lazarus and his coworkers

included all of the following except

a) rising prices.

b) home maintenance.

c) too many things to do.

d) getting a task completed.

Section Reference: Daily Hassles

77. Research on the relationship of hassles and uplifts to health has shown

a) no real relationship of either factor to health.

b) some relationship of hassles to health.

c) some relationship of uplifts to health.

d) uplifts help protect from the effects of hassles.

Section Reference: Daily Hassles

78. The best way of summarizing the relationship of stress to health is

a) stress and health are consistently and strongly related

b) stress and health are unrelated

c) stress and health are consistently and moderately related.

d) stress is the primary component in the development of illness.

Section Reference: Can Stress be Good for You?

79. Taking into account only the relationship between stress and performance, on which test are you most likely to perform the best?

a) A practice exam which has no bearing on your grade.

b) A mid‑term which counts 25% of your grade.

c) A final exam which is 100% of your grade.

d) Stress and performance have been proven to be unrelated.

Section Reference: Can Stress be Good for You?

Short Answer Questions

80. Discuss the relationship between primary and secondary appraisal.

81. Compare and contrast Cannon's fight-or-flight response with Selye's general adaptation syndrome.

82. Using concepts from the text to answer this question, what stress factors might be affecting your performance on this exam?

Essay Questions

83. Ming and Adam, university students in their early 20s, unexpectedly find that they are about to become parents for the first time. Ming is ecstatic about the situation whereas Warren is pretty distressed. Using the cognitive appraisal approach, describe some of the factors that might be contributing to their varying experiences.

84. Philippe has started a new job and is experiencing a great deal of stress. What are some of the situational and personal factors that might be affecting him physically, psychologically, and emotionally?

85. Consider that you are a consultant to a stress researcher. She is beginning a new study and wants to incorporate some measures of stress. What advice would you give her?

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