Test Bank Chapter 2 Sentencing & Correctional Policy

Chapter 2: Ideological and Theoretical Underpinnings to Sentencing and Correctional Policy

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. ______ is implemented by identifying inmates who are of particular concern to public safety and by providing those specific offenders with much longer sentences than would be given to other inmates.

a. Selective probation

b. Selective retribution

c. Selective incapacitation

d. Selective parole

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify and discuss different types of sanctions used in correctional operations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Incapacitation

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. ______ is the concept of punishing an offender in public so that other observers will refrain from future criminal behavior.

a. Specific deterrence

b. General retribution

c. Specific incapacitation

d. General deterrence

Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and discuss the philosophical underpinnings associated with correctional processes. | 2.2 Identify and discuss different types of sanctions used in correctional operations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Deterrence

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. ______ is a punishment to a particular offender in the hope that he or she will be discouraged from committing future crimes.

a. Specific deterrence

b. General retribution

c. Specific incapacitation

d. General deterrence

Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and discuss the philosophical underpinnings associated with correctional processes. | 2.2 Identify and discuss different types of sanctions used in correctional operations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Deterrence

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. ______ is focused on the reentry of the offender into society. The ultimate goal of these programs is to connect offenders to legitimate areas of society in a manner that is gainful and productive.

a. Corporal punishment

b. Retribution

c. Reintegration

d. Incarceration

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify and discuss different types of sanctions used in correctional operations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reintegration

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. In 2005, the Court held in United States v. Booker that federal judges no longer were required to follow the ______ that had been in effect since 1987.

a. corporal punishment

b. three strikes laws

c. capital punishment

d. sentencing guidelines

Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and discuss the philosophical underpinnings associated with correctional processes. | 2.2 Identify and discuss different types of sanctions used in correctional operations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application | Analysis

Answer Location: United States v. Booker on Determinate Sentencing

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. What focuses on restoring the health of the community, repairing the harm done, meeting victims’ needs, and emphasizing that the offender can and must contribute to those repairs?

a. intervention

b. incarceration

c. confinement

d. detention

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify and discuss different types of sanctions used in correctional operations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Restorative Justice

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. ______ refers to inconsistencies in sentencing and/or sanctions that result from the decision-making process.

a. Prejudice

b. Disparity

c. Discrimination

d. Detention

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify and discuss different types of sanctions used in correctional operations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sentencing Disparities

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. ______ is a differential response toward a group without providing any legally legitimate reasons for that response.

a. Prejudice

b. Disparity

c. Discrimination

d. Detention

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify and discuss different types of sanctions used in correctional operations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sentencing Disparities

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Which of the following individual personality traits is associated with criminal behavior?

a. mental instability

b. resentment

c. self-assertiveness

d. all of these

Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and discuss the philosophical underpinnings associated with correctional processes. | 2.5: Integrate philosophical underpinnings, types of sanctions, sentencing schemes, and criminological theories to develop a multifaceted understanding of corrections.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Application

Answer Location: Individual Traits

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Which act in 2014 was designed to adjust federal mandatory sentencing guidelines in an effort to reduce the size of the U.S. prison population?

a. Smarter Sentencing Act

b. Booker Act

c. Fair Sentencing Act

d. Criminal Offender Bill

Learning Objective: 2.3: Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Smarter Sentencing Act: Sentence Leniency to Relieve Disparities

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. What are unpleasant stimuli that are removed when a desired behavior occurs?

a. negative punishment

b. negative reinforcers

c. positive punishment

d. positive reinforcers

Learning Objective: 2.5: Integrate philosophical underpinnings, types of sanctions, sentencing schemes, and criminological theories to develop a multifaceted understanding of corrections.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Reinforcers and Punishments

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Which theory contends that offenders learn to engage in crime through exposure to and adoption of definitions favorable to the commission of a crime?

a. conflict theory

b. labeling theory

c. strain theory

d. social learning theory

Learning Objective: 2.4: Apply criminological theories to different correctional processes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Learning

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. The anomie theory contends that when individuals cannot obtain success goals, they will tend to experience a sense of pressure often called ______.

a. anxiety

b. strain

c. stress

d. pressure

Learning Objective: 2.4: Apply criminological theories to different correctional processes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Anomie/Strain

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Which theory contends that individuals become stabilized in criminal roles when they are labeled as criminals, are stigmatized, develop criminal identities, are sent to prison, and are excluded from conventional roles?

a. strain theory

b. differential association theory

c. social learning theory

d. social reaction theory

Learning Objective: 2.4: Apply criminological theories to different correctional processes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Labeling and Social Reaction

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Which theory is derived from the work of Karl Marx and contends that inequality and power are the central issues underlying crime and its control?

a. conflict theory

b. strain theory

c. social reaction theory

d. social learning theory

Learning Objective: 2.4: Apply criminological theories to different correctional processes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conflict Criminology

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Which famous labeling theorists suggested a particularly insightful addition to the labeling theory literature that is specifically suited for the field of community supervision?

a. William Penn

b. Edwin Sutherland

c. John Braithwaite

d. Howard Becker

Learning Objective: 2.4: Apply criminological theories to different correctional processes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Labeling and Social Reaction

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. The ______ specifies the exact length of the sentence to be served by the inmate.

a. indeterminate sentencing

b. determinate presumptive sentencing

c. three strikes sentencing

d. deterrence sentencing

Learning Objective: 2.3: Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Determinate Sentences

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Which of the following is not a philosophical underpinning in corrections?

a. rehabilitation

b. rehabilitation

c. retribution

d. incarceration

Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and discuss the philosophical underpinnings associated with correctional processes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Philosophical Underpinnings

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Which philosophical underpinning in corrections is intended to cause vicarious learning whereby observers see that offenders are punished for a given crime and themselves are discouraged from committing a like-mannered crime due to fear of punishment?

a. general deterrence

b. specific deterrence

c. mandatory minimum

d. restorative justice

Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and discuss the philosophical underpinnings associated with correctional processes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Deterrence

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Which geographic region imposes the harshest sentences in the United States?

a. Midwest

b. Northeast

c. South

d. North

Learning Objective: 2.3: Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sentencing Disparities

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Which factors make one’s commission of the crime more understandable?

a. aggravating factors

b. negative factors

c. mitigating factors

d. positive factors

Learning Objective: 2.3: Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sentencing Models

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. The purpose of ______ is to make available a continuum of sanctions scaled around one or more sanctioning goals.

a. intermediate sanctions

b. probation

c. incarceration

d. parole

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify and discuss different types of sanctions used in correctional operations. | 2.3 Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Probation and Intermediate Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. ______ is a term for interventions that focus on restoring the health of the community, repairing the harm done, meeting victims’ needs, and emphasizing that the offender can and must contribute to those repairs.

a. General deterrence

b. Specific incarceration

c. Restorative justice

d. Intermediate sanction

Learning Objective: 2.5: Integrate philosophical underpinnings, types of sanctions, sentencing schemes, and criminological theories to develop a multifaceted understanding of corrections.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Restorative Justice

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Less than ______ of all correctional offenders under supervision are in prisons or jails, but this type of sentence still draws public interest due to its ominous nature.

a. 30%

b. 15%

c. 10%

d. 5%

Learning Objective: 2.3: Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes. | 2.5 Integrate philosophical underpinnings, types of sanctions, sentencing schemes, and criminological theories to develop a multifaceted understanding of corrections.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Hard

25. ______ involves the concept that offenders committing a crime should be punished in a way that is equal to the severity of the crime they committed.

a. Retribution

b. Incarceration

c. Selective deterrence

d. Selective revenge

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify and discuss different types of sanctions used in correctional operations. | 2.3 Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Retribution

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. ______ incapacitation involves identifying inmates who are of particular concern to public safety and providing them with much longer sentences.

a. General

b. Measured

c. Selective

d. Determinate

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify and discuss different types of sanctions used in correctional operations. | 2.3 Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Incapacitation

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. This form of behavioral modification is based on the notion that certain environmental consequences occur that strengthen the likelihood of a given behavior, and other consequences tend to lessen the likelihood that a given behavior is repeated.

a. social learning

b. social observation

c. operant conditioning

d. selective conditioning

Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and discuss the philosophical underpinnings associated with correctional processes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Operant Conditioning

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. ______ circumstances magnify the offensive nature of the crime and tend to result in longer sentences.

a. Mitigating

b. Lessened

c. Reinforced

d. Aggravating

Learning Objective: 2.3: Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sentencing Models

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. ______ criminologists appealed to the use of reason in applying punishments, and that is precisely what a continuum seeks to achieve.

a. Chicago

b. Neo

c. Classical

d. Traditional

Learning Objective: 2.3: Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Continuum of Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. General deterrence is the concept of ______ an offender in public so that other observers will refrain from future criminal behavior.

a. punishing

b. retribution

c. incarcerating

d. discouraging

Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and discuss the philosophical underpinnings associated with correctional processes. | 2.2 Identify and discuss different types of sanctions used in correctional operations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Deterrence

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. ______ is the form of behavioral modification that is based on the notion that certain environmental consequences occur that strengthen the likelihood of a given behavior, and other consequences tend to lessen the likelihood that a given behavior is repeated.

a. Social learning

b. Social observation

c. Operant conditioning

d. Selective conditioning

Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and discuss the philosophical underpinnings associated with correctional processes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Operant Conditioning

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. ______ was a labeling theorist who suggested a particularly insightful addition to the labeling theory literature that is specifically suited for the field of community supervision?

a. William Penn

b. Edwin Sutherland

c. John Braithwaite

d. Howard Becker

Learning Objective: 2.4: Apply criminological theories to different correctional processes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Labeling and Social Reaction

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Reintegration is focused on the reentry of the offender into society. The ultimate goal of these programs is to connect offenders to legitimate areas of society in a manner that is gainful and ______.

a. inventive

b. harmful

c. productive

d. creative

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify and discuss different types of sanctions used in correctional operations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reintegration

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. In 2005, the Court held in ______ that federal judges no longer were required to follow the sentencing guidelines that had been in effect since 1987.

a. United States v. Booker

b. Atkins v. Virginia

c. Mapp v. Ohio

d. Terry v. Ohio

Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and discuss the philosophical underpinnings associated with correctional processes. | 2.2 Identify and discuss different types of sanctions used in correctional operations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application | Analysis

Answer Location: United States v. Booker on Determinate Sentencing

Difficulty Level: Hard

35. Less than 30% of all correctional offenders under supervision are in prisons or jails, but this type of sentence still draws public interest due to its ______ nature.

a. ominous

b. vague

c. insightful

d. clear

Learning Objective: 2.3: Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes. | 2.5 Integrate philosophical underpinnings, types of sanctions, sentencing schemes, and criminological theories to develop a multifaceted understanding of corrections.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Incarceration

Difficulty Level: Hard

36. Operant conditioning is the form of behavioral modification that is based on the notion that certain ______ consequences occur that strengthen the likelihood of a given behavior, and other consequences tend to lessen the likelihood that a given behavior is repeated.

a. natural

b. deviant

c. environmental

d. social

Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and discuss the philosophical underpinnings associated with correctional processes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Operant Conditioning

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. Disparity refers to ______ in sentencing and/or sanctions that result from the decision-making process.

a. consistencies

b. inconsistencies

c. prejudice

d. discrimination

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify and discuss different types of sanctions used in correctional operations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sentencing Disparities

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. John Braithwaite was a ______ theorist who suggested a particularly insightful addition to the labeling theory literature that is specifically suited for the field of community supervision?

a. labeling

b. disfunction

c. differential association

d. social disorganization

Learning Objective: 2.4: Apply criminological theories to different correctional processes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Labeling and Social Reaction

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. Which theory contends that offenders learn to engage in crime through exposure to and adoption of definitions favorable to the commission of a crime?

a. conflict theory

b. labeling theory

c. strain theory

d. social learning theory

Learning Objective: 2.4: Apply criminological theories to different correctional processes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Learning

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Negative reinforcers are unpleasant stimuli that are removed when a desired behavior occurs.

Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and discuss the philosophical underpinnings associated with correctional processes. | 2.5 Integrate philosophical underpinnings, types of sanctions, sentencing schemes, and criminological theories to develop a multifaceted understanding of corrections.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Reinforcers and Punishments

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. A positive punishment is one where a stimulus is applied to the offender when the offender commits an undesired behavior.

Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and discuss the philosophical underpinnings associated with correctional processes. | 2.5 Integrate philosophical underpinnings, types of sanctions, sentencing schemes, and criminological theories to develop a multifaceted understanding of corrections.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Reinforcers and Punishments

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Aggravating circumstances magnify the offensive nature of the crime and tend to result in longer sentences.

Learning Objective: 2.3: Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sentencing Models

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The southern and western regions of the United States impose harsher sentences than other regions of the United States.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify and discuss different types of sanctions used in correctional operations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sentencing Disparities

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Community corrections sanctions can be swifter in implementation, and they are much more certain in their application.

Learning Objective: 2.3: Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Classical Criminology, Behavioral Psychology, and Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Monetary fines are perhaps the least serious of sanctions, followed by a very wide range of intermediate community-based sanctions.

Learning Objective: 2.3: Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conclusion

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Negative reinforcement is the removal of a valued stimulus when the offender commits an undesired behavior.

Learning Objective: 2.5: Integrate philosophical underpinnings, types of sanctions, sentencing schemes, and criminological theories to develop a multifaceted understanding of corrections.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Reinforcers and Punishments

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Determinate sentencing consists of fixed periods of incarceration with no later flexibility in the term that is served.

Learning Objective: 2.3: Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Determinate Sentences

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Mitigating factors do not exonerate an offender but do make the commission of the crime more understandable and also help reduce the level of culpability the offender might have taken.

Learning Objective: 2.3: Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sentencing Models

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Classical criminologists appealed to the use of reason in applying punishments, and that is precisely what a continuum seeks to achieve.

Learning Objective: 2.3: Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Continuum of Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. The social control theory contends that offenders learn to engage in crime through exposure to and adoption of definitions that are favorable to the commission of crime.

Learning Objective: 2.4: Apply criminological theories to different correctional processes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Learning

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. The labeling theory contends that individuals become stabilized in criminal roles when they are labeled as criminals, are stigmatized, develop criminal identities, are sent to prison, and are excluded from conventional roles.

Learning Objective: 2.4: Apply criminological theories to different correctional processes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Labeling and Social Reaction

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. The social learning theory believes that inequality and power are the central issues underlying crime and its control.

Learning Objective: 2.4: Apply criminological theories to different correctional processes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conflict Criminology

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Disparities were noted to be especially problematic in the northeastern part of the United States, and it has been found that disparities with punishments exist with both prison sentences and the application of the death penalty.

Learning Objective: 2.5: Integrate philosophical underpinnings, types of sanctions, sentencing schemes, and criminological theories to develop a multifaceted understanding of corrections.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conclusion

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Behavioral psychologists state that if punishment is to be effective, certain considerations such as the punishment should be delivered immediately after the undesirable behavior occurs.

Learning Objective: 2.3: Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Classical Criminology, Behavioral Psychology, and Corrections

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Adam Smith was influenced by conflict theories due to his distaste for capitalism.

Learning Objective: 2.4: Apply criminological theories to different correctional processes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conflict Criminology

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Jeremy Bentham is known for advocating that punishments should be swift, severe, and certain.

Learning Objective: 2.4: Apply criminological theories to different correctional processes. | 2.5 Integrate philosophical underpinnings, types of sanctions, sentencing schemes, and criminological theories to develop a multifaceted understanding of corrections.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Classical Criminology, Behavioral Psychology, and Corrections

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. In January 2005, the United Supreme Court held in United States v. Katz that federal judges no longer are required to follow the sentencing guidelines in effect since 1987.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify and discuss different types of sanctions used in correctional operations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: United States v. Booker on Determinate Sentencing

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Penal codes with indeterminate sentencing stipulate minimum and maximum sentences that must be served in prison (2 to 9 years, 3 to 5 years, and so forth).

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify and discuss different types of sanctions used in correctional operations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Indeterminate Sentences

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. The Bureau of Justice Statistics (2008) defines prisons as “locally-operated correctional facilities that confine persons before or after adjudication. Inmates sentenced to jails usually have a sentence of a year or less, but jails also incarcerate persons in a wide variety of other categories.”

Learning Objective: 2.3: Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Incarceration Options

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. When using the term calibrate, it is meant that sanctions can be selected in such a manner that allows us to, through an additive process, weight the seriousness and number of the sanction(s) that are given so that the punishment effect is as proportional to the crime as can be arranged. The desire to establish proportionality harkens back to the thinking of classical criminologists, and this should not be surprising.

Learning Objective: 2.3: Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Continuum of Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Sentencing justice is a term for interventions that focus on restoring the health of the community, repairing the harm done, meeting victims’ needs, and emphasizing that the offender can and must contribute to those repairs.

Learning Objective: 2.3: Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Restorative Justice

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Restorative justice implies that an offender should be provided the means to achieve a constructive level of functioning in society, with an implicit expectation that such offenders will be deterred from reoffending due to their having worthwhile stakes in legitimate society stakes that they will not wish to lose as a consequence of criminal offending.

Learning Objective: 2.3: Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Rehabilitation

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Selective incapacitation involves identifying inmates who are of particular concern to public safety and providing them with much longer sentences.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify and discuss different types of sanctions used in correctional operations. | 2.3 Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Incapacitation

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Retribution involves the concept that offenders committing a crime should be punished in a way that is equal to the severity of the crime they committed.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify and discuss different types of sanctions used in correctional operations. | 2.3 Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Retribution

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. Harvard criminologists appealed to the use of reason in applying punishments, and that is precisely what a continuum seeks to achieve.

Learning Objective: 2.3: Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Continuum of Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. The social disorganization theory contends that individuals become stabilized in criminal roles when they are labeled as criminals, are stigmatized, develop criminal identities, are sent to prison, and are excluded from conventional roles?

Learning Objective: 2.4: Apply criminological theories to different correctional processes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Labeling and Social Reaction

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. Racism refers to inconsistencies in sentencing and/or sanctions that result from the decision-making process.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify and discuss different types of sanctions used in correctional operations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sentencing Disparities

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. Explain the difference between disparity and discrimination. Why are the terms frequently used in the field of corrections?

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify and discuss different types of sanctions used in correctional operations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sentencing Disparities

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Explain the core concepts of the social learning theory. How does the social learning theory relate to criminality?

Learning Objective: 2.4: Apply criminological theories to different correctional processes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Social Learning

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Define determinate presumptive sentence. When do judges utilize determinate presumptive sentence?

Learning Objective: 2.3: Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Determinate Sentences

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Define restorative justice. How does the concept affect the field of corrections? Provide an example of restorative justice being utilized to resolve crime.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify and discuss different types of sanctions used in correctional operations. | 2.3 Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge and Comprehension

Answer Location: Restorative Justice

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Which individual personality traits are related to criminal behavior?

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify and discuss different types of sanctions used in correctional operations. | 2.3 Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: IndividualTraits

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Compare and contrast indeterminate and determinate sentencing. What are the pros and cons of each?

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify and discuss different types of sanctions used in correctional operations. | 2.3 Evaluate the outcomes of different sentencing schemes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Rehabilitation

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Define indeterminate and determinate sentences. What are the main differences between determinate and indeterminate sentencing?

Learning Objective: 2.5: Integrate philosophical underpinnings, types of sanctions, sentencing schemes, and criminological theories to develop a multifaceted understanding of corrections.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sentencing Models

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Explain the labeling theory and the relation to criminal behavior.

Learning Objective: 2.4: Apply criminological theories to different correctional processes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Labeling and Social Reaction

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. The continuum of sanctions refers to a broad array of sentencing and punishment options that range from simple fines to incarceration and ultimately end with the death penalty. The reason for this variety of sanctions is manifold. Identify and define the top three reasons for the variety of sanctions.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify and discuss different types of sanctions used in correctional operations.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Continuum of Sanctions

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Describe the conflict theory. How does the conflict theory relate to corrections?

Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and discuss the philosophical underpinnings associated with correctional processes.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conflict Criminology

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Describe the strain theory and institutional anomie. How does the theory or concept relate to corrections?

Learning Objective: 2.5: Integrate philosophical underpinnings, types of sanctions, sentencing schemes, and criminological theories to develop a multifaceted understanding of corrections.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Anomie/Strain

Difficulty Level: Hard