Test Bank Chapter 19 Chi-Square(2) Test For Qualitative Data

MULTIPLE‑CHOICE TEST ITEMS

CHAPTER 19

CHI‑SQUARE(χ²) TEST FOR QUALITATIVE DATA

19.1 The chi‑square test is designed for use when observations are classified according to

a) frequencies.

b) magnitude.

c) numerical value.

d) categories.

19.2 In the one-variable chi-square test, the null hypothesis makes a statement about two or more population proportions. If the null hypothesis specifies that voters are equally likely to prefer three political candidates for governor, each hypothesized population proportion equals

a) 1/1

b) 1/2

c) 1/3

d) some unknown proportion.

19.3 The null hypothesis is false if two or more population proportions differ

a) from each other.

b) appreciably from each other.

c) from the corresponding hypothesized proportions.

d) appreciably from the corresponding hypothesized proportions.

19.4 If the null hypothesis is true, discrepancies between observed and expected frequencies will tend to be

a) small enough to qualify as a rare outcome.

b) small enough to qualify as a common outcome.

c) large enough to qualify as a rare outcome.

d) large enough to qualify as a common outcome.

19.5 If the null hypothesis specifies that men and women are equally likely to attend graduate school, then among a random sample of 200 graduate students, the expected frequency of women equals

a) 50%

b) 50

c) 100

d) 200

19.6 The value of chi-square never can be

a) less than zero.

b) zero.

c) less than one.

d) more than one hundred.

19.7 The larger the discrepancies between observed and expected frequencies, the larger the

a) value of chi-square.

b) size of the treatment effect.

c) degrees of freedom.

d) sample size.

19.8 A discrepancy of a given size has a greater impact on the value of chi square if its

a) expected frequency is large.

b) expected frequency is small.

c) observed frequency is large.

d) observed frequency is small.

19.9 In the one-variable chi-square test, degrees of freedom equal

a) the total number of observations.

b) one less than the total number of observations.

c) the total number of categories.

d) one less than the total number of categories.

19.10 The null hypothesis should be rejected if the observed chi- square

a) exceeds the critical chi-square.

b) equals or exceeds the critical chi-square.

c) is exceeded by the critical chi-square.

d) equals or is exceeded by the critical chi-square.

19.11 Since all discrepancies between observed and expected frequencies are squared, the chi-square test is

a) biased.

b) insensitive to larger discrepancies.

c) inaccurate.

d) nondirectional.

19.12 A sample of 120 creative artists is used to test whether creative artists are equally likely to have been born under any of the twelve astrological signs. Assuming that the twelve astrological signs each contain an equal number of calendar days, the expected frequency for each category equals

a) 5

b) 10

c) 12

d) 120

19.13 A sample of 120 creative artists are used to test whether creative artists are equally likely to have been born under any of the twelve astrological signs. This test can described as a

a) one-variable chi square with 119 degrees of freedom.

b) one-variable chi square with 11 degrees of freedom.

c) two-variable chi square with 119 degrees of freedom.

d) two-variable chi square with 11 degrees of freedom.

19.14 In the two-variable case for chi-square, the null hypothesis makes a statement about the

a) equality of population proportions.

b) shape of the population distribution.

c) absence of a relationship between qualitative variables.

d) presence of a relationship between population variables.

19.15 Given the following observed frequencies,

CONSERVATIVE LIBERAL TOTAL

MALES 30 70 100

FEMALES 20 80 100

TOTAL 50 150 200

the expected frequency of liberals among males equals

a) 50

b) 70

c) 75

d) 100

19.16 Given the following observed frequencies,

CONSERVATIVE LIBERAL TOTAL

MALES 30 70 100

FEMALES 20 80 100

TOTAL 50 150 200

the number of degrees of freedom equals

a) 1

b) 2

c) 3

d) 4

19.17 (NOTE:This question requires Greek letters.)

Given [χ²(3, n = 56) = 11.69, p <. 01,], the 3 next to chi-square refers to the number of

a) degrees of freedom.

b) variables.

c) categories.

d) observations.

19.18 (NOTE:This question requires Greek letters.)

Given [χ²(3, n = 56) = 11.69, p <.01,], the .14 next to reflects the proportion of

a) unexplained variance between the two variables.

b) explained variance between the two variables.

c) unexplained variance in one variable.

d) explained variance in one variable.

19.19 The valid use of chi-square requires that the total number of observed frequencies should equal

a) the total number of subjects.

b) some (whole number) multiple of the total number of subjects.

c) at least one hundred.

d) the degrees of freedom.

19.20 The valid use of chi-square requires that every

a) observed frequency should be ten or more.

b) observed frequency should be five or more.

c) expected frequency should be ten or more.

d) expected frequency should be five or more.

19.21 Calculate the squared Cramer's phi coefficient when chi square is

a) significant.

b) large.

c) based on a large sample.

d) based on two variables.

19.22 The squared Cramer's phi coefficient supplies a rough estimate of the proportion of

a) error between two independent variables.

b) error between two qualitative variables.

c) predictability between two independent variables.

d) predictability between two qualitative variables.

19.23 In the aspirin study involving over 22,000 physicians, an odds ratio of .33 in favor of the aspirin group would signify that physicians in this group are

a) one-third less likely to have a heart attack.

b) one-third more likely to have a heart attack.

c) likely to have a heart attack with probability .33.

d) likely not to have a heart attack with probability .33.

19.24 Consider calculating an odds ratio to

a) determine the significance of chi-square.

b) evaluate the assumptions underlying chi-square.

c) clarify the importance of a significant chi-square.

d) all of the above.

19.25 You should question the importance of a statistically significant chi-square test that is based on

a) an unduly small sample size.

b) an excessively large sample size.

c) any type of extreme sample size.

d) qualitative observations.

19.26 The one-variable and two-variable chi-square tests are indistinguishable in terms of the

a) formula for chi-square.

b) formula for degrees of freedom.

c) calculation of expected frequencies.

d) statement of the null hypothesis.

19.27 Each person in a sample of 180 male college students is cross‑classified in terms of his own political preference (Democrat, Republican, Other) and that of his father (Democrat, Republican, Other). The null hypothesis should state that

a) population proportions are equally likely for the various political preferences of students.

b) population proportions are equally likely for the various political preferences of fathers.

c) there is no relationship between the political preferences of fathers and sons.

d) there is no relationship among the political preferences of sons.

19.28 Each person in a sample of 180 male college students is cross‑classified in terms of his own political preference (Democrat, Republican, Other) and that of his father (Democrat, Republican, Other). The statistical test can be described as a

a) one‑variable chi-square test with 179 degrees of freedom.

b) one‑variable chi-square test with 2 degrees of freedom.

c) two-variable chi-square test with 179 degrees of freedom.

d) two-variable chi-square test with 4 degrees of freedom.