Chapter 14: The Federal Bureaucracy: Putting the Nation’s Laws into Effect

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. An organization designed to carry out specific tasks according to a prescribed set of rules and procedures is referred to as a(n) ______.

a. democracy

b. anarchy

c. bureaucracy

d. hierarchy

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand how federal bureaucratic action involves many different agencies and evolves over time, often in response to lessons learned from past actions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. In the months that followed the landfall of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the American federal bureaucracy ______.

a. demonstrated a lack of power

b. increased in national prominence

c. increased in regulatory authority

d. failed to achieve statutory goals

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand how federal bureaucratic action involves many different agencies and evolves over time, often in response to lessons learned from past actions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Uncomfortable Lessons From Past Federal Responses: Katrina

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Of all of the concerns in New Orleans prior to Hurricane Katrina, perhaps most worrisome was the ______ system.

a. levee and pump

b. emergency preparedness

c. evacuation route

d. fire and EMS

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand how federal bureaucratic action involves many different agencies and evolves over time, often in response to lessons learned from past actions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Uncomfortable Lessons From Past Federal Responses: Katrina

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. In the days, weeks, and months that followed Hurricane Katrina, residents of the Gulf Coast were looking to the ______ to step in and lead the recovery effort.

a. American Red Cross

b. Federal Emergency and Management Agency

c. Salvation Army

d. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand how federal bureaucratic action involves many different agencies and evolves over time, often in response to lessons learned from past actions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Uncomfortable Lessons From Past Federal Responses: Katrina

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Which of the following was used as the shelter of last resort for New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina?

a. Bourbon Street

b. Louisiana State University

c. The New Orleans Superdome

d. The Fourth Ward

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand how federal bureaucratic action involves many different agencies and evolves over time, often in response to lessons learned from past actions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Uncomfortable Lessons From Past Federal Responses: Katrina

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The agency responsible for planning and operating the New Orleans levee and pump system was the ______.

a. American Red Cross

b. Federal Emergency and Management Agency

c. Salvation Army

d. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand how federal bureaucratic action involves many different agencies and evolves over time, often in response to lessons learned from past actions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Uncomfortable Lessons From Past Federal Responses: Katrina

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Unlike Congress, the president, and the Supreme Court, the federal bureaucracy differs in that it ______.

a. lacks the powers vested in the three branches of government

b. is more complicated and less effective

c. is not considered a part of American government

d. has a more direct impact on American lives

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Theories of Bureaucratic Organization Focus on Rules, People, and Tasks

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Driving much of the bureaucracy’s direct involvement in American lives are the demands of ______.

a. the president

b. Congress

c. the people themselves

d. the federal judiciary

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Theories of Bureaucratic Organization Focus on Rules, People, and Tasks

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. In addition to the federal bureaucracy, an additional category of public bureaucracies exists through ______.

a. state and local bureaucracies

b. legislative acts of Congress

c. presidential executive orders

d. judicial review and oversight

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Theories of Bureaucratic Organization Focus on Rules, People, and Tasks

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Privately owned corporations and companies that carry out specific tasks according to a prescribed set of rules and procedures are called ______.

a. public corporations

b. private bureaucracies

c. nongovernmental organizations

d. independent agencies

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Theories of Bureaucratic Organization Focus on Rules, People, and Tasks

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. The German sociologist who attempted to define the boundaries and characteristics of bureaucratic organization was ______.

a. Karl Marx

b. Sigmund Freud

c. Max Weber

d. Carl Jung

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Weber’s Theory Focuses on Rules

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. According to early research into bureaucracies by Max Weber, bureaucratic power rests upon ______.

a. individual bureaucrats

b. rational-legal authority

c. the laws of economics

d. the principles of management

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Weber’s Theory Focuses on Rules

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. An official employed within a government bureaucracy is called a(n) ______.

a. bureaucrat

b. autocrat

c. democrat

d. ethnocrat

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Weber’s Theory Focuses on Rules

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. The Weberian bureaucracy is characterized by which of the following organizational traits?

a. clear division of labor

b. hierarchal organization

c. impersonal relationships

d. all of these

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Weber’s Theory Focuses on Rules

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. The sets of rules governing the behavior of bureaucrats are commonly referred to as ______.

a. federal governmental regulations

b. bureaucratic operational guidelines

c. standard operating procedures

d. federal legislative agendas

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Weber’s Theory Focuses on Rules

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. According to Chester Barnard’s research at American Telephone and Telegraph in the early 20th century, ______ and NOT just rules and regulations are central to understanding bureaucracy.

a. legislation

b. people

c. labor

d. planning

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Barnard’s Theory Focuses on People

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. For Chester Barnard, the essence of a bureaucracy is that it involves ______ in pursuit of a joint objective.

a. clear division of labor

b. loosely organized operations

c. conscious coordination of activities

d. tightly bound rules and regulations

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Barnard’s Theory Focuses on People

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. The challenge that arises when one actor tasks another to carry out their wishes in the presence of uncertainty and unequal information is called the ______ problem.

a. principal–agent

b. employer–employee

c. manager–worker

d. owner–manager

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Barnard’s Theory Focuses on People

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. For Chester Barnard, ______ was central to the success of a bureaucracy and overcoming its challenges.

a. organization

b. leadership

c. power

d. labor

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Barnard’s Theory Focuses on People

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. According to Barnard, the job of the leader was to ______.

a. effectively acquire and wield power over the labor force

b. administer authority over clients and workers alike

c. secure the cooperation of those within the organization

d. delegate authority to specialized workers and supervisors

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Barnard’s Theory Focuses on People

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Inducements that leaders of a bureaucracy can offer to their employees to spur successful performance are known as ______.

a. perks

b. incentives

c. enticements

d. bribes

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Barnard’s Theory Focuses on People

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. When voters elect their members of Congress and those representatives do NOT carry out their constituents’ wishes once they are in Congress, ______ is present.

a. bureaucratic lack of accountability

b. a free rider problem

c. a principal-agent problem

d. a corrupt bargain

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Barnard’s Theory Focuses on People

Difficulty Level: Hard

23. Isabella went to city hall to submit a variance request for a deck on the second story of her home. She wants this deck because her neighbor, Yousef, just built a wall between their properties for privacy but this wall has obstructed the Isabella’s view of the valley below. Upon entering the permits office, Isabella sees Yousef working behind the counter. She worries he may drag his feet in approving the variance for her deck or even deny it for his own aims, i.e., that he wants to maintain his personal privacy. This situation exemplifies the ______.

a. standard operating procedure problem

b. principal-agent problem

c. incentivizing problem

d. Wilson’s theory of tasks

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Barnard’s Theory Focuses on People

Difficulty Level: Hard

24. When voters elect their members of Congress and those representatives do NOT carry out their constituents’ wishes once they are in Congress, ______ is present.

a. bureaucratic lack of accountability

b. a free rider problem

c. a principal-agent problem

d. a corrupt bargain

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Barnard’s Theory Focuses on People

Difficulty Level: Hard

25. Political scientist James Q. Wilson thought people mattered in bureaucracies, as did rules and procedures, but also ______.

a. actual tasks

b. selective information

c. institutional pressures

d. public demands

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Wilson’s Theory Focuses on Tasks

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Regarding bureaucratic accountability, when a person’s output is difficult to perceive and it is difficult to measure the outcomes of a task, then ______.

a. it is difficult to ascertain the success or failure of a policy

b. a stalemate results

c. bureaucratic inertia has been reached

d. effective management is almost impossible

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Wilson’s Theory Focuses on Tasks

Difficulty Level: Hard

27. For political scientist James Q. Wilson, ______ matter as much as individuals.

a. rules and procedures

b. incentives and salaries

c. punishments and rewards

d. organization and management

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Wilson’s Theory Focuses on Tasks

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Of special concern in James Q. Wilson’s analysis was the ability or inability to observe ______.

a. actions and consequences

b. inputs and processes

c. outputs and outcomes

d. costs and benefits

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Wilson’s Theory Focuses on Tasks

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. If outputs and outcomes are unknown by management, ______.

a. incentives are unclear

b. effective management is impossible

c. quality planning cannot be implemented

d. organizational structure cannot hold

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Wilson’s Theory Focuses on Tasks

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. In order to effectively manage a bureaucracy, James Q. Wilson argues both outputs and outcomes must be ______.

a. inherent

b. planned

c. visible

d. included

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Wilson’s Theory Focuses on Tasks

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. In the early years of its history, the American bureaucracy was ______ in comparison to what it turned into.

a. tiny

b. large

c. immeasurable

d. never considered

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Bureaucracy Has Developed in Response to Demands and Crises

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. A primary reason for the size of early American bureaucracy was its ______ society.

a. large manufacturing

b. autonomous and mostly agrarian

c. dependent and growing

d. independent and declining

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Bureaucracy Has Developed in Response to Demands and Crises

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. The American bureaucracy has grown to nearly ______ civilian employees.

a. 500,000

b. 1 million

c. 3 million

d. 10 million

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Bureaucracy Has Developed in Response to Demands and Crises

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. Which of the following best describes the pattern of growth for American bureaucracy?

a. steadily and predictably increasing

b. constant and unchanging

c. periods of little growth followed by periods of rapid growth

d. periods of rapid decline followed by periods of slight growth

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Bureaucracy Has Developed in Response to Demands and Crises

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. How is the American bureaucracy addressed in the Constitution?

a. It directly addresses the size and scope of the bureaucracy.

b. It outlines the bureaucratic hierarchy in great detail.

c. It defines the style and procedures of bureaucratic management.

d. It remains virtually silent on the subject of the bureaucracy.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Founders Were Skeptical of, and Unclear about, the Role of the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Much of the constitutional basis for the bureaucracy lies in ______.

a. Article I

b. Article II

c. Article III

d. the Bill of Rights

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Founders Were Skeptical of, and Unclear about, the Role of the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. The secretaries of the different department along with the vice president and the other heads of some major agencies that meet frequently are called the president’s ______.

a. advisors

b. commission

c. cabinet

d. staff

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Founders Were Skeptical of, and Unclear about, the Role of the Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. Which of the following was a problem with placing the bureaucracy in the hands of the legislature?

a. undue delay

b. inadequate information

c. managerial pressure

d. ineffective organization

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Delegates Aimed to Avoid Tyranny but Preserve Efficiency

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. The Senate’s major role in assuring a well-qualified bureaucracy is its ______.

a. oversight

b. legislative

c. advice and consent

d. committee

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Delegates Aimed to Avoid Tyranny but Preserve Efficiency

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. The delegates to the Constitutional Convention distrusted the administrative power of the Crown but also knew that legislative bodies could be inefficient and slow in carrying out administrative tasks, so they let the ______ nominate executive branch officials.

a. Supreme Court

b. states

c. president

d. Cabinet

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Delegates Aimed to Avoid Tyranny but Preserve Efficiency

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. The authority to remove a bureaucratic official from office lies with ______.

a. the secretary of the respective department

b. the Supreme Court

c. the Senate

d. the president

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: How Officers Would Be Removed Remained Unsettled

Difficulty Level: Easy

42. In settling on how executive branch officers were selected, the most contentious question facing the delegates in Philadelphia in 1787 was how these people would be ______.

a. selected

b. managed

c. paid

d. removed

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: How Officers Would Be Removed Remained Unsettled

Difficulty Level: Easy

43. In the 1926 case of Myers v. United States, which of the following was the most important outcome?

a. Executive-branch officials were granted tenure, making it difficult to remove them.

b. Presidents retained the authority to remove officials in the executive branch.

c. Executive-branch secretaries were placed on year-to-year contracts.

d. Executive-branch secretaries were placed under the civil service administration.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: How Officers Would Be Removed Remained Unsettled

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. In choosing men to serve as his cabinet secretaries, George Washington focused on their ______.

a. acumen and integrity

b. loyalty to him and skill

c. integrity and geographic origins

d. political clout and loyalty to him

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Washington Formed the First Administration and the First Cabinet Departments

Difficulty Level: Medium

45. When bureaucrats compete to take duties and responsibilities away from one another’s departments or keep their opponent from doing so, they are participating in ______.

a. turf wars

b. executive privilege

c. hierarchal dissonance

d. interpersonal relations

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Washington Formed the First Administration and the First Cabinet Departments

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. Beverly is a fervent believer in working hard for an election campaign and when that campaign’s candidate wins office, being rewarded for her service with a cushy, well-paying federal job. Based solely on this fact about her, Beverly most likely has a portrait of which president hanging in her office?

a. George Washington

b. Andrew Jackson

c. Chester Arthur

d. Lyndon Johnson

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Jacksonian Era Saw the Rise of Political Patronage

Difficulty Level: Medium

47. In his inaugural address in 1829, President Jackson railed against ______.

a. a highly unqualified bureaucratic system

b. the exertion of bureaucratic power over the people

c. an inability to exercise external control over the bureaucracy

d. a sense of “ownership” of important administrative positions

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Jacksonian Era Saw the Rise of Political Patronage

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. As a part of his reforms, Andrew Jackson employed political ______, filling administrative positions as rewards for support rather than solely based on merit.

a. merit

b. patronage

c. consideration

d. qualifications

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Jacksonian Era Saw the Rise of Political Patronage

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. Following a successful election, the opportunity to clean house of one’s opponents and install supporters in their place is referred to as the ______ system.

a. patronage

b. merit

c. spoils

d. insider

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Jacksonian Era Saw the Rise of Political Patronage

Difficulty Level: Easy

50. An initial consequence to the patronage system was to make the American bureaucracy ______.

a. more impartial, neutral, and driven by standard operating procedures and technical expertise

b. more independent from the legislature with regard to individual merit and qualifications

c. less dependent on the president with regard to who is chosen and the position they received

d. more partisan based, particularly with the appointment of members of the president’s party

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Jacksonian Era Saw the Rise of Political Patronage

Difficulty Level: Medium

51. Because individuals were changing with each new presidential administration, the need for ______ became important; otherwise little would get done.

a. standard operating procedures

b. constant supervision

c. merit-based employment

d. bureaucratic tenure

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Jacksonian Era Saw the Rise of Political Patronage

Difficulty Level: Medium

52. The Interstate Commerce Commission was created in 1887 to monitor price setting and other practices in by the ______.

a. railroads

b. agricultural sector

c. steel industry

d. state governments

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Post-Civil War, the Bureaucracy Grew Along with the Nation’s Territories

Difficulty Level: Easy

53. ______, like the Department of Agriculture, developed to serve the needs and interests of their clients, such as farmers.

a. Independent regulatory agencies

b. Clientele agencies

c. Special interest organizations

d. Lobbying groups

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Post-Civil War, the Bureaucracy Grew Along with the Nation’s Territories

Difficulty Level: Medium

54. During post–Civil War expansion, large corporations and railroads outgrew the ability of individual states to control and regulate them. This led to an increased federal role through the creation of ______.

a. independent federal agencies

b. more executive-level departments

c. expansion of federal regulation to state and local levels

d. increased federal authority over day-to-day state and local operations

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Post-Civil War, the Bureaucracy Grew Along with the Nation’s Territories

Difficulty Level: Medium

55. Organizations that exist outside the major cabinet departments and whose job is to monitor and regulate specific sectors of the economy are defined as ______.

a. public corporations

b. independent regulatory agencies

c. private bureaucracies

d. clientele agencies

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Post-Civil War, the Bureaucracy Grew Along with the Nation’s Territories

Difficulty Level: Easy

56. The public demand for a more active federal role and the creation of independent regulatory agencies after the Civil War was spurred by ______.

a. a rise in large corporations such as railroads that outgrew the regulatory authority of the states

b. the rising size of federal bureaucratic agencies that needed public oversight

c. an inflation in the scope and authority of state regulatory agencies over corporations

d. increased industrial capabilities in northern states and a growing agrarian society in the South

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Post-Civil War, the Bureaucracy Grew Along with the Nation’s Territories

Difficulty Level: Medium

57. Organizations that act to serve and promote the interests of their clients are known as ______.

a. public corporations

b. independent regulatory agencies

c. private bureaucracies

d. clientele agencies

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Post-Civil War, the Bureaucracy Grew Along with the Nation’s Territories

Difficulty Level: Medium

58. For political scientist Stephen Skowronek, the federal bureaucracy was ______.

a. more fragmented and decentralized than European counterparts

b. highly centralized in comparison to that in other Western nations

c. more hierarchal in nature when compared to other democratic institutions

d. more open and democratic than other bureaucratic systems around the world

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Post-Civil War, the Bureaucracy Grew Along with the Nation’s Territories

Difficulty Level: Medium

59. Political scientist Theda Skocpol explained America’s lack of developing a comprehensive social welfare system in comparison to that of Europe by describing the ______ as hostile to large-scale government intervention and American ______ as defending the benefits of political patronage.

a. state and local bureaucracies; political institutions

b. federal legislature; executive leadership

c. federal courts; political parties

d. political parties; state and local agencies

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Post-Civil War, the Bureaucracy Grew Along with the Nation’s Territories

Difficulty Level: Medium

60. Both the Skocpol and Skowronek studies highlight the question of American ______.

a. nationalism

b. leadership

c. interventionism

d. exceptionalism

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Post-Civil War, the Bureaucracy Grew Along with the Nation’s Territories

Difficulty Level: Medium

61. Scholars of American political development have highlighted the importance of ______, in which a set of political choices at one time produces a set of outcomes that shapes the possibilities for future politics and public policies.

a. organizational interdependence

b. path dependence

c. agency independence

d. decision centralism

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Post-Civil War, the Bureaucracy Grew Along with the Nation’s Territories

Difficulty Level: Medium

62. The period from 1890 to 1920 in which the role of the federal bureaucracy in the nation’s life expanded along with attempts to take politics out of the bureaucracy itself is described as the ______.

a. Progressive Era

b. Interdependent Era

c. Era of Good Feelings

d. Gilded Age

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bureaucratic Expansion in the Progressive Era Focused on Labor and Eliminating Patronage

Difficulty Level: Medium

63. The merit system produced the ______, as the permanent professional government employees concerned with administrative functions.

a. patronage service

b. cabinet

c. federal civil service

d. private administrative service

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bureaucratic Expansion in the Progressive Era Focused on Labor and Eliminating Patronage

Difficulty Level: Medium

64. In 1913, the Department of Labor was broken in two with Commerce focusing on ______ and Labor focusing on ______.

a. market growth and operations; employer–employee problems and management effectiveness

b. economic growth; employee–employer relations and workplace conditions

c. increasing sales and production; ending or alleviating union actions against employers

d. measuring and improving GDP; assisting businesses with smoothing over labor problems

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bureaucratic Expansion in the Progressive Era Focused on Labor and Eliminating Patronage

Difficulty Level: Medium

65. The Progressive Era witnessed ______.

a. expansion of the federal bureaucracy and attempts to limit it

b. decline in the federal bureaucracy and attempts to end it

c. expansion of the federal bureaucracy and attempts to reform it

d. contraction of the federal bureaucracy and attempts to confine it

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bureaucratic Expansion in the Progressive Era Focused on Labor and Eliminating Patronage

Difficulty Level: Medium

66. The focus of reform under the Progressive Era targeted ______.

a. a corrupt, inefficient, and too-political bureaucracy

b. a concise, effective, and apolitical system of bureaucracy

c. an inefficient and disorganized system of polarized bureaucracy

d. a system highly influenced by political parties and lacking authority

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bureaucratic Expansion in the Progressive Era Focused on Labor and Eliminating Patronage

Difficulty Level: Medium

67. The ______ created the first U.S. Civil Service Commission to draw up and enforce rules on hiring, promotion, and tenure of office within the civil service.

a. federal civil service

b. merit system

c. spoils system

d. Pendleton Act

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bureaucratic Expansion in the Progressive Era Focused on Labor and Eliminating Patronage

Difficulty Level: Medium

68. In 1883, Congress passed the ______, commonly referred to as the ______, in order to create the first U.S. Civil Service Commission.

a. Government Service Regulation Act; Arthur Act

b. Merit System Act; Comstock Act

c. Civil Service Reform Act; Pendleton Act

d. Government Work Authorization Act; Work Authorization Act

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bureaucratic Expansion in the Progressive Era Focused on Labor and Eliminating Patronage

Difficulty Level: Medium

69. The system of hiring and promotion based on the results of competitive tests, education, and other qualifications rather than politics and personal consideration was called the ______.

a. merit system

b. civil service system

c. spoils system

d. front lobby system

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bureaucratic Expansion in the Progressive Era Focused on Labor and Eliminating Patronage

Difficulty Level: Medium

70. President Roosevelt’s efforts to combat the crisis of the ______, called the ______, resulted in an unprecedented expansion of the size of the bureaucracy in the federal government.

a. First World War; Secret Expansion

b. Great Recession; Great Society

c. Great Depression; New Deal

d. Second World War; Marshall Plan

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: 20th Century Crises Expanded Clientele Agencies and the Military Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

71. While Abraham Lincoln promised an end to federal expansion following the Civil War, after World War II, ______.

a. no such retrenchment occurred, leading to a continued expansion of war powers abroad

b. a similar reduction in federal power was seen in foreign and domestic troop levels

c. American forces remained abroad, leading to a “freeze” in formal and informal hostilities

d. America and its former enemies, Germany and Japan, entered a new era of nonviolent competition

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: 20th Century Crises Expanded Clientele Agencies and the Military Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

72. In 1947, President Harry S. Truman signed into law the ______, which created the National Security Council as well as the Central Intelligence Agency.

a. Marshall Plan

b. National Security Act

c. National Civil Service Act

d. Foreign Intelligence Act

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: 20th Century Crises Expanded Clientele Agencies and the Military Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

73. The CIA is an example of a(n) ______ in which agencies otherwise similar to cabinet departments exist outside the cabinet structure and usually have a narrower focus of mission.

a. private informational agency

b. autonomous congressional committee

c. independent executive agency

d. public governmental corporation

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: 20th Century Crises Expanded Clientele Agencies and the Military Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

74. Postwar economic prosperity allowed the nation to ______.

a. expand its foreign powers without additional funding

b. fund a large growth in national bureaucracy in defense and social services

c. fund even greater expansions of the American military complex without public accountability

d. avoid the bureaucracy through direct funding of military operations

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: In the Mid-20th Century, the Social Safety Net Grew

Difficulty Level: Medium

75. Health care, education, housing, transit, job training, and urban renewal were all targets of President Johnson’s ______ programs.

a. Great Society

b. Great Depression

c. Square Deal

d. New Deal

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: In the Mid-20th Century, the Social Safety Net Grew

Difficulty Level: Medium

76. Following the election of Ronald Reagan, the federal bureaucracy began to ______.

a. expand in size

b. maintain its 1980s levels

c. decline (retrench) in size and scope

d. become independent of public services

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Late 20th Century Brought Reform and Scaling Back

Difficulty Level: Medium

77. Under Bill Clinton (1993–2001), the one area in which the federal bureaucracy began to see a significant reduction was ______.

a. economic policy

b. educational policy

c. social policy

d. defense policy

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Late 20th Century Brought Reform and Scaling Back

Difficulty Level: Medium

78. Why do the Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of the Treasury have large budgets relative to more prestigious departments, like State and Justice?

a. They have many more employees nationwide.

b. They are younger, being founded later.

c. They oversee large federal payments.

d. They have historically been liked by presidents.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Federal Bureaucracy Is a Web of Organizations

Difficulty Level: Medium

79. As the head of the executive branch, the president is tasked to ensure that ______.

a. bureaucratic agencies are properly included in the federal hierarchy and the executive chain of command

b. the apparatus of the executive bureaucracy faithfully executes the laws of the nation

c. agencies included in the federal bureaucracy can effectively compete with private organizations on an economic basis

d. bureaucratic agencies do not duplicate government services and are as lean in size as possible

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Federal Bureaucracy Is a Web of Organizations

Difficulty Level: Medium

80. When the American people feel that the federal bureaucracy has failed, the president acts as a ______ for public outrage.

a. shaking stick

b. focal point

c. lightning rod

d. point of protest

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Federal Bureaucracy Is a Web of Organizations

Difficulty Level: Medium

81. The primary administrative units in the federal bureaucracy are ______.

a. state and local bureaucratic administrators

b. independent regulatory agencies

c. the 15 cabinet departments

d. the agencies designated public corporations

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Federal Bureaucracy Is a Web of Organizations

Difficulty Level: Medium

82. Cabinet departments are headed by ______.

a. cabinet secretaries

b. presidential delegates

c. congressional committee chairs

d. specialized bureaucratic supervisors

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Federal Bureaucracy Is a Web of Organizations

Difficulty Level: Medium

83. Which of the following would be considered an example of an independent executive agency?

a. the State Department

b. the Federal Bureau of Investigation

c. the Justice Department

d. the National Aeronautics and Space Administration

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Federal Bureaucracy Is a Web of Organizations

Difficulty Level: Medium

84. The FDIC is an example of a ______.

a. government department

b. regulatory agency

c. government corporation

d. private enterprise

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Federal Bureaucracy Is a Web of Organizations

Difficulty Level: Medium

85. XYZ Road Construction Company, a for-profit company, has been hired by the U.S. Department of Transportation to assist in construction a portion of a new federal interstate highway system. This is an example of a ______.

a. federal employee

b. government corporation

c. regulatory agency

d. private contractor

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Federal Bureaucracy Is a Web of Organizations

Difficulty Level: Medium

86. Besides the president (chief executive), at the top of the federal hierarchy of labor are ______.

a. civil service supervisors

b. privately hired managers

c. executive political appointees

d. senior executive service members

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bureaucratic Authority is Hierarchical

Difficulty Level: Medium

87. Of the roughly 6,500 political appointees in the executive branch, about ______ require Senate confirmation.

a. 500

b. 1,500

c. 3,000

d. 10,000

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bureaucratic Authority is Hierarchical

Difficulty Level: Medium

88. Federal employees with higher-level supervisory and administrative responsibilities who are paid and treated more like vice presidents of businesses than political figures are ______.

a. civil service supervisors

b. privately hired managers

c. executive political appointees

d. senior executive service members

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bureaucratic Authority is Hierarchical

Difficulty Level: Medium

89. Those federal employees whose ranks are clearly defined according to the General Service levels of government bureaucracy are referred to as ______.

a. career civil servants

b. temporary government workers

c. ad hoc federal employees

d. political appointees

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bureaucratic Authority is Hierarchical

Difficulty Level: Medium

90. In comparison to cabinet secretaries and executive political appointees, senior executive service members and career civil servants have more ______.

a. income

b. prestige

c. job security

d. political connections

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Bureaucratic Authority is Hierarchical

Difficulty Level: Easy

91. In which of the following scenarios is the federal employee acting illegally under the Hatch Act of 1939, as amended by the Federal Employees Political Activities Act of 1993?

a. The president campaigns for a candidate in the Colorado gubernatorial race.

b. The Secretary of the Interior records a television ad supporting a Congresswoman’s reelection.

c. A low-level employee at the Department of Agriculture contributes $50 to a senator’s PAC.

d. An IRS agent encourages a person under audit to vote for a particular candidate.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Core Tasks of the Bureaucracy Are Implementation, Rulemaking, Advising, and Representation

Difficulty Level: Hard

92. The bureaucracy’s role in putting into action the laws that Congress has passed is known as ______.

a. implementation

b. rulemaking

c. advising

d. representation

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Core Tasks of the Bureaucracy Are Implementation, Rulemaking, Advising, and Representation

Difficulty Level: Medium

93. When Congress allows bureaucrats to have some power to decide how a law is to be implemented and, at times, to interpret what a law actually means, Congress has opened up a space for ______.

a. political appointment

b. executive action

c. bureaucratic discretion

d. partisan representation

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Core Tasks of the Bureaucracy Are Implementation, Rulemaking, Advising, and Representation

Difficulty Level: Medium

94. The process through which the federal bureaucracy fills in critical details of a law is called ______.

a. implementation

b. rulemaking

c. advising

d. representation

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Core Tasks of the Bureaucracy Are Implementation, Rulemaking, Advising, and Representation

Difficulty Level: Medium

95. When the federal government settles disputes between parties that arise over the implementation of federal laws and presidential executive orders or in order to determine which individuals or groups are covered under a regulation or program, it is described as ______.

a. bureaucratic discretion

b. judicial review

c. executive action

d. bureaucratic adjudication

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Core Tasks of the Bureaucracy Are Implementation, Rulemaking, Advising, and Representation

Difficulty Level: Medium

96. A civil service that truly reflects the diversity of American people is described as a ______.

a. representative bureaucracy

b. responsive executive

c. reflective administration

d. reactive hierarchy

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Core Tasks of the Bureaucracy Are Implementation, Rulemaking, Advising, and Representation

Difficulty Level: Medium

97. One area in which federal employees are restricted from acting is in participation in the ______ process.

a. representative

b. political

c. implementation

d. regulatory

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Core Tasks of the Bureaucracy Are Implementation, Rulemaking, Advising, and Representation

Difficulty Level: Medium

98. The 1939 piece of legislation commonly known as the ______ restricted the actions of federal workers in the political realm with exceptions for the highest-level political appointees.

a. Hatch Act

b. Warren Act

c. Volstead Act

d. Comstock Act

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Core Tasks of the Bureaucracy Are Implementation, Rulemaking, Advising, and Representation

Difficulty Level: Easy

99. When bureaucrats decide how a law is to be implemented and even what Congress meant when it passed the law, they are exercising ______.

a. bureaucratic discretion

b. rulemaking power

c. an implementation directive

d. adjudicative power

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Core Tasks of the Bureaucracy Are Implementation, Rulemaking, Advising, and Representation

Difficulty Level: Medium

100. Problems that arise when bureaucracies stray from their established goals and devote their energies and efforts to nonessential tasks are commonly referred to as bureaucratic ______.

a. deliberation

b. drift

c. gridlock

d. capture

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe the tools of bureaucratic control, oversight, and reform.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Bureaucracy Is Constrained by Oversight and Reform

Difficulty Level: Easy

101. A problem that occurs when a bureaucrat’s own interests are more closely aligned with the targets of regulation than the mission of the agency, thus undermining effective regulation, is known as agency ______.

a. deliberation

b. drift

c. gridlock

d. capture

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe the tools of bureaucratic control, oversight, and reform.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Bureaucracy Is Constrained by Oversight and Reform

Difficulty Level: Easy

102. An IRS agent is charged with reviewing incoming tax returns for potential audits. Nonetheless, she spends most of her day talking with Congressional staffers on how to reform the convoluted federal tax code. This is an example of ______.

a. shirking

b. bureaucratic drift

c. agency capture

d. interagency rivalry

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe the tools of bureaucratic control, oversight, and reform.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Bureaucracy Is Constrained by Oversight and Reform

Difficulty Level: Medium

103. The single authority most in charge of controlling the federal bureaucracy is the ______.

a. White House chief of staff

b. General Service Administration

c. president of the United States

d. Speaker of the House

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe the tools of bureaucratic control, oversight, and reform.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The President

Difficulty Level: Easy

104. In order to influence the process of overseeing executive agencies, Congress has established the ______.

a. Executive Office of the President

b. Office of Management and Budget

c. General Accountability Office

d. General Service Administration

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe the tools of bureaucratic control, oversight, and reform.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Congress

Difficulty Level: Easy

105. When two or more agencies are charged with a similar mandate, particularly in times of budget cuts and scarce or dwindling appropriations, the condition is often described as interagency ______.

a. dispute

b. accommodation

c. communication

d. rivalry

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe the tools of bureaucratic control, oversight, and reform.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Other Influences: The Judiciary, the Media, and Public Opinion

Difficulty Level: Easy

106. Shifting control over the provision of certain governmental functions from the federal bureaucracy to the private sector is defined as ______.

a. privatization

b. devolution

c. industrialization

d. retrenchment

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe the tools of bureaucratic control, oversight, and reform.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reform Efforts Involve Devolution, Deregulation, Reinvention, and Privatization

Difficulty Level: Easy

107. In reforming bureaucracy, deregulation aims to aid, privatization seeks to provision functions for, and reinvention seeks to emulate ______.

a. agency capture

b. bureaucratic drift

c. private industry

d. state governments

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe the tools of bureaucratic control, oversight, and reform.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Reform Efforts Involve Devolution, Deregulation, Reinvention, and Privatization

Difficulty Level: Hard

True/False

1. The federal bureaucracy is persistently in the news, in both good times and bad.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand how federal bureaucratic action involves many different agencies and evolves over time, often in response to lessons learned from past actions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Federal and local officials were presented with data that predicted the path and potential of Hurricane Katrina with remarkable certainty.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand how federal bureaucratic action involves many different agencies and evolves over time, often in response to lessons learned from past actions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Uncomfortable Lessons From Past Federal Responses: Katrina

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. More than 75% of the people who died in Hurricane Katrina were elderly.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand how federal bureaucratic action involves many different agencies and evolves over time, often in response to lessons learned from past actions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Uncomfortable Lessons From Past Federal Responses: Katrina

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Private corporations and companies are considered bureaucracies.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Theories of Bureaucratic Organization Focus on Rules, People, and Tasks

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Hierarchal structure consists of super- and subordination in which there is a supervision of the lower offices by higher ones.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Weber’s Theory Focuses on Rules

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. The threat of firing an employee would be considered an incentive in Barnard’s people-centered model of bureaucracy.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Barnard’s Theory Focuses on People

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. James Q. Wilson’s model of bureaucracy focused on outputs and outcomes.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Wilson’s Theory Focuses on Tasks

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. In forming his first cabinet, George Washington tried to assure members of the new nation that his government would be competent and representative of all of the 13 states.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Washington Formed the First Administration and the First Cabinet Departments

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. The federal civil service system was promoted on the basis of the merit system, with hiring and promotion tied to the results of competitive tests, education, and other qualifications.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bureaucratic Expansion in the Progressive Era Focused on Labor and Eliminating Patronage

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. The First Civil Service Commission was created under the Hatch Act.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Bureaucratic Expansion in the Progressive Era Focused on Labor and Eliminating Patronage

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. The CIA is an example of an independent executive agency.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: 20th Century Crises Expanded Clientele Agencies and the Military Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. As a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, one area of the federal bureaucracy that continued to grow was defense.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Late 20th Century Brought Reform and Scaling Back

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. From 1947 to 2004, per-capita federal expenditures continued to rise.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Practicing Political Science: The Growth of the Federal Bureaucracy

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. The primary administrative units of the federal bureaucracy are the three branches of government.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Federal Bureaucracy Is a Web of Organizations

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Cabinet departments vary in size and budget.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Federal Bureaucracy Is a Web of Organizations

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Government corporations act as administrative links within the federal government.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Federal Bureaucracy Is a Web of Organizations

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. The organization of authority within the federal bureaucracy and the tasks they undertake have little impact on how well a bureaucracy functions.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Functioning Bureaucracy Depends on Effective Organization

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Bureaucrats can often act as representatives of the American public.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Core Tasks of the Bureaucracy Are Implementation, Rulemaking, Advising, and Representation

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Images of bureaucrats who mindlessly follow rules and operating procedures whether or not they actually get things done have historically been given the term “red tape.”

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe the tools of bureaucratic control, oversight, and reform.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Bureaucracy Is Constrained by Oversight and Reform

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. When bureaucrats in regulatory agencies undermine effective regulation in order to promote their own interests at the expense of the agency’s mission, it can be described as bureaucratic drift.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe the tools of bureaucratic control, oversight, and reform.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Bureaucracy Is Constrained by Oversight and Reform

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. By dividing authority over the federal bureaucracy among different branches, federal agencies and bureaus are often required to answer to more than one overseer.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe the tools of bureaucratic control, oversight, and reform.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Separation of Powers Makes Overseeing the Bureaucracy Difficult

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. Congress formally controls most of the federal bureaucracy.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe the tools of bureaucratic control, oversight, and reform.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The President

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Decisions by the federal judiciary can significantly impact bureaucratic behavior.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe the tools of bureaucratic control, oversight, and reform.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Other Influences: The Judiciary, the Media, and Public Opinion

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Devolution is aimed at transferring the duties of the federal bureaucracy to private businesses and organizations.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe the tools of bureaucratic control, oversight, and reform.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Reform Efforts Involve Devolution, Deregulation, Reinvention, and Privatization

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. The organizations and sub-organizations within the executive branch that are tasked with putting the laws of the nation into effect are called the ______.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand how federal bureaucratic action involves many different agencies and evolves over time, often in response to lessons learned from past actions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. The federal agency responsible for leading recovery efforts in time of a disaster is called the ______.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand how federal bureaucratic action involves many different agencies and evolves over time, often in response to lessons learned from past actions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Uncomfortable Lessons From Past Federal Responses: Katrina

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Each individual in Max Weber’s complex organizational machine is referred to as a ______.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Weber’s Theory Focuses on Rules

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. President ______ signed into law the Civil Service Reform (Pendleton) Act of 1883.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American federal bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bureaucratic Expansion in the Progressive Era Focused on Labor and Eliminating Patronage

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. The U.S. Post Office is charged with carrying the mail but must also make sufficient revenue through its services to pay for itself, like any other business. Because of this, it could best be described as a government ______.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.4: Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy, including executive branch agencies, cabinet departments, and regulatory bodies.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Federal Bureaucracy Is a Web of Organizations

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Shifting control over the provision of certain governmental functions from the federal bureaucracy to the private sector is known as ______.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe the tools of bureaucratic control, oversight, and reform.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Reform Efforts Involve Devolution, Deregulation, Reinvention, and Privatization

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Why did the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) take such a public beating during and following Hurricane Katrina? What does this tell us about the relationship between the federal bureaucracy and the American public?

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.1: Understand how federal bureaucratic action involves many different agencies and evolves over time, often in response to lessons learned from past actions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Uncomfortable Lessons From Past Federal Responses: Katrina

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Describe bureaucracy and its defining characteristics according to Max Weber.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.2: Describe the key characteristics of bureaucratic organization and the theories that explain why that organization happens.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Weber’s Theory Focuses on Rules

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. How has the federal bureaucracy changed from the time of its creation until today?

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.3: Outline the historical development of the American bureaucracy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Bureaucracy Has Developed in Response to Demand and Crises

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Describe some public criticisms of the federal bureaucracy generally and bureaucrats specifically as they go about their duties.

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe the tools of bureaucratic control, oversight, and reform.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Bureaucracy Is Constrained by Oversight and Reform

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. What are some ways that the federal bureaucracy is controlled? What recommendations would you make for reform?

TOP: Learning Outcome: Explain the main institutions of American government, including their roles and interrelationships.

KEY: Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe the tools of bureaucratic control, oversight, and reform.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Separation of Powers Makes Overseeing the Bureaucracy Difficult

Difficulty Level: Hard