Test Bank Chapter 10 Stage 3 Measurement Foundations

Business Research Methods, 13e (Schindler)

Chapter 10 Stage 3: Measurement Foundations

1) Measurement in research consists of assigning numbers to ________ in compliance with a set of rules.

A) events

B) objects

C) properties

D) activities

E) All of the above are correct.

2) A ________ is a scheme for assigning numbers or symbols to represent aspects of the event being measured.

A) measurement tool

B) mapping rule

C) ruler

D) scale

E) property

3) What is the goal of measurement in research?

A) To reflect both quantitative and qualitative concepts

B) To provide the highest-quality, lowest error data for data analysis

C) To describe, explain, and make predictions based on the information

D) To attach meaning to symbols

E) To specify the empirical information needed

4) A(n) ________ defines a variable in terms of specific measurement criteria.

A) operational definition

B) empirical definition

C) measurement rule

D) mapping rule

E) conceptual definition

5) Which of the following is not an example of an object?

A) Attitude

B) Furniture

C) Dog

D) Class affiliation

E) Weight

6) Weight, height, and temperature are all types of ________.

A) objects

B) physical properties

C) psychological properties

D) constructs

E) mapping rules

7) Attitudes are a type of ________.

A) object

B) physical property

C) psychological property

D) social property

E) mapping rule

8) Measuring a person's leadership ability involves measuring a(n) ________.

A) object

B) physical property

C) psychological property

D) social property

E) mapping rule

9) Which characteristic of mapping rules refers to the numbers used to group or sort responses when no order to the numbers exists?

A) Classification

B) Order

C) Distance

D) Origin

E) Exclusivity

10) Which characteristic of mapping rules refers to ordered numbers in which one number is greater than, less than, or equal to another number?

A) Classification

B) Order

C) Distance

D) Origin

E) Exclusivity

11) Order, one of the four characteristics of mapping rules, refers to ________.

A) the use of ordered numbers such that two is less than three but greater than one

B) the use of numbers used to group or sort responses when no order to the numbers exists

C) the use of a series of numbers in which each number is an equal distance from the next

D) the use of a series of numbers with a unique origin indicated by the number zero

E) the use of a number that is not used again

12) Which characteristic of mapping rules refers to a series of numbers in which each number in the series is an equal distance from the next number?

A) Classification

B) Order

C) Distance

D) Origin

E) Exclusivity

13) Distance, one of the four characteristics of mapping rules, refers to ________.

A) the use of ordered numbers such that two is less than three but greater than one

B) the use of numbers used to group or sort responses when no order to the numbers exists

C) the use of a series of numbers in which each number is an equal distance from the next

D) the use of a series of numbers with a unique origin indicated by the number zero

E) the use of a number that is not used again

14) Origin, one of the four characteristics of mapping rules, refers to ________.

A) the use of ordered numbers such that two is less than three but greater than one

B) the use of numbers used to group or sort responses when no order to the numbers exists

C) the use of a series of numbers in which each number is an equal distance from the next

D) the use of a series of numbers with a unique origin indicated by the number zero

E) the use of a number that is not used again

15) Which characteristics of data are exhibited by the variable gender?

A) Classification only

B) Classification and order

C) Classification, order, and distance

D) Classification, order, distance, and origin

E) Classification, order, distance, origin, and exclusivity

16) LeBron James wears the number 23 on his jersey. Which of the following characteristics is exhibited by this number?

A) Distance

B) Order

C) Classification

D) Origin

E) Exclusivity

17) To ride the roller coaster ride at an amusement park, customers must report their weight to the ride attendant. Which of the following characteristics are exhibited by weight?

A) Classification only

B) Classification and order

C) Classification, order, and distance

D) Classification, order, distance, and origin

E) Classification, order, distance, origin, and exclusivity

18) Attendance at a raceway's most recent two races has hit attendance records with 60,000 present at one and 65,000 present at another. Which of the following characteristics are exhibited by these attendance measures?

A) Classification only

B) Classification and order

C) Classification, order, and distance

D) Classification, order, distance, and origin

E) Classification, order, distance, origin, and exclusivity

19) The record low in Buffalo, New York for February 16th is 20 degrees below zero. Which of the following characteristics are exhibited by this temperature?

A) Classification only

B) Classification and order

C) Classification, order, and distance

D) Classification, order, distance, and origin

E) Classification, order, distance, origin, and exclusivity

20) The New York Times Dining Section rates the restaurants it reviews using a system such that one star means good, two stars means very good, three stars means excellent, and four stars means extraordinary. Which of the following characteristics are exhibited by this rating scheme?

A) Classification only

B) Classification and order

C) Classification, order, and distance

D) Classification, order, distance, and origin

E) Classification, order, distance, origin, and exclusivity

21) A nominal scale contains ________.

A) mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories as well as the property of order, but not distance or unique origin

B) the properties of order, classification, and equal distance between points but no unique origin

C) mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories, but without the properties of order, distance, and origin

D) the properties of classification, order, equal distance, and unique origin

E) the four major sources of error

22) In a survey of football fans, each participant is asked to indicate whether they have ever attended an NFL game. This question can be categorized as a(n) ________ scale.

A) ratio

B) interval

C) ordinal

D) nominal

E) semantic differential

23) When the response categories are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive, nominal scales must be limited to ________ groups.

A) two

B) three

C) five

D) ten

E) There is no limit

24) When analyzing nominal data, which measure of central tendency is appropriate?

A) mean

B) mode

C) median

D) range

E) dispersion

25) ________ describes how scores cluster or scatter in a distribution.

A) Mode

B) Mean

C) Median

D) Dispersion

E) Range

26) An ordinal scale contains ________.

A) mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories as well as the property of order, but not distance or unique origin

B) the properties of order, classification, and equal distance between points but no unique origin

C) mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories, but without the properties of order, distance, and origin

D) the properties of classification, order, equal distance, and unique origin

E) the four major sources of error

27) The appropriate measure of central tendency for an ordinal scale is the ________.

A) mode

B) mean

C) median

D) range

E) dispersion

28) An interval scale contains ________.

A) mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories as well as the property of order, but not distance or unique origin

B) the properties of order, classification, and equal distance between points but no unique origin

C) mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories, but without the properties of order, distance, and origin

D) the properties of classification, order, equal distance, and unique origin

E) the four major sources of error

29) Calendar time is expressed on a(n) ________ scale while minutes, hours, and days are expressed on a(n) ________ scale.

A) nominal; ordinal

B) ordinal; interval

C) interval; ratio

D) ordinal; ratio

E) nominal; interval

30) Which measure of central tendency is appropriate for interval scales?

A) Mode

B) Mean

C) Median

D) Range

E) Dispersion

31) The ________ is the midpoint of a distribution.

A) mode

B) median

C) mean

D) range

E) dispersion

32) In the results of the most recent exam taken in the business research class, the average score was a 74.4. More students earned a 78 than any other score, and half the grades were above 72 and half the grades were below 72.

What is the mode for the business research exam scores?

A) 74.4

B) 78

C) 72

D) 50

E) Between 50 and 100

33) In the results of the most recent exam taken in the business research class, the average score was a 74.4. More students earned a 78 than any other score, and half the grades were above 72 and half the grades were below 72.

What is the median for the business research exam scores?

A) 74.4

B) 78

C) 72

D) 50

E) Between 50 and 100

34) In the results of the most recent exam taken in the business research class, the average score was a 74.4. More students earned a 78 than any other score, and half the grades were above 72 and half the grades were below 72.

What is the arithmetic mean for the business research exam scores?

A) 74.4

B) 78

C) 72

D) 50

E) Between 50 and 100

35) A ratio scale contains ________.

A) mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories as well as the property of order, but not distance or unique origin

B) the properties of order, classification, and equal distance between points but no unique origin

C) mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories, but without the properties of order, distance, and origin

D) the properties of classification, order, equal distance, and unique origin

E) the four major sources of error

36) The population of a city is an example of ________ data.

A) ratio

B) interval

C) nominal

D) ordinal

E) dispersed

37) Random error in measurement is the error that occurs ________.

A) erratically

B) due to bias

C) systematically

D) due to sampling

E) None of the above is correct.

38) The effects of fatigue, boredom, and social class on the measurement of an object are all errors originating from the ________.

A) situational factors

B) participant

C) measurer

D) instrument

E) sample

39) Differences in participant responses associated with where the interview took place, such as at the mall, in a home, or over the telephone, are errors originating from the ________ associated with the study.

A) situational factors

B) participant

C) measurer

D) instrument

E) sample

40) ________ is the extent to which a measurement tool actually measures what we wish to measure.

A) Reliability

B) Validity

C) Practicality

D) Significance

E) Standardization

41) ________ is the extent to which a measurement is accurate and precise.

A) Reliability

B) Validity

C) Practicality

D) Significance

E) Standardization

42) Which of the following types of validity refers to the extent to which measurement questions provide adequate coverage of the investigative questions?

A) External

B) Content

C) Criterion-related

D) Construct

E) Discriminant

43) An attitude scale that correctly forecasts the outcome of a purchase decision has ________ validity.

A) discriminant

B) content

C) face

D) concurrent

E) predictive

44) Convergent validity and discriminant validity are components of ________ validity.

A) external

B) internal

C) criterion-related

D) construct

E) content

45) Which type of validity refers to the degree to which scores on one scale correlate with scores on other scales designed to assess the same construct?

A) Predictive

B) Concurrent

C) Convergent

D) Discriminant

E) Content

46) The U.S. News and World Report is assessing the reliability of its measure of academic reputation used in its annual ranking of colleges and universities. To do so, it administers the same questions on academic reputation to its sample of academic administrators in March and again in June.

Which type of test is used in the U.S. News and World Report example to assess reliability?

A) Split-half

B) Test-retest

C) Cronbach's alpha

D) Parallel forms

E) None of the above is correct.

47) The U.S. News and World Report is assessing the reliability of its measure of academic reputation used in its annual ranking of colleges and universities. To do so, it administers the same questions on academic reputation to its sample of academic administrators in March and again in June.

Which statistical technique listed below would be used to compare the results of the March survey to the results of the June survey in the U.S. News and World Report's assessment of reliability?

A) Mean

B) Dispersion

C) Correlation

D) Parallel forms

E) ANOVA

48) The U.S. News and World Report is assessing the reliability of its measure of academic reputation used in its annual ranking of colleges and universities. To do so, it administers the same questions on academic reputation to its sample of academic administrators in March and again in June.

If the U.S. News and World Report seeks to assess equivalence of alternate forms of measuring academic reputation, it should utilize a ________ type of test.

A) test-retest

B) Cronbach's alpha

C) parallel forms

D) split-half

E) KR20

49) The U.S. News and World Report is assessing the reliability of its measure of academic reputation used in its annual ranking of colleges and universities. To do so, it administers the same questions on academic reputation to its sample of academic administrators in March and again in June.

The U.S. News and World Report tested stability with a test-retest measure in its study of academic reputation; its measures were 2 days apart. It might experience what bias in its stability measure caused by ________.

A) time delay between measurement

B) participant's discernment of a study's disguised purpose

C) insufficient time between measurements

D) topic sensitivity

E) All of the above are correct.

50) The U.S. News and World Report is assessing the reliability of its measure of academic reputation used in its annual ranking of colleges and universities. To do so, it administers the same questions on academic reputation to its sample of academic administrators in March and again in June.

If the U.S. News and World Report tested alternate forms for measuring academic reputation, it was determining what reliability measure?

A) Equivalence

B) Internal consistency

C) Stability

D) Construct

E) Content

51) The U.S. News and World Report is assessing the reliability of its measure of academic reputation used in its annual ranking of colleges and universities. To do so, it administers the same questions on academic reputation to its sample of academic administrators in March and again in June.

If in the U.S. News and World Report's measurement of academic reputation, it determined using a parallel forms test that the questions chosen demonstrated a poor ability to categorize institutions, the researcher would be concerned about ________.

A) equivalence

B) internal consistency

C) stability

D) construct reliability

E) content reliability

52) The U.S. News and World Report is assessing the reliability of its measure of academic reputation used in its annual ranking of colleges and universities. To do so, it administers the same questions on academic reputation to its sample of academic administrators in March and again in June.

Assume in the U.S. News and World Report's measurement of academic reputation that the instrument is tested using a split-half technique. There is a high correlation between the two halves. The researcher determines that the measurement shows ________.

A) equivalence

B) internal consistency

C) stability

D) construct reliability

E) content reliability

53) The U.S. News and World Report is assessing the reliability of its measure of academic reputation used in its annual ranking of colleges and universities. To do so, it administers the same questions on academic reputation to its sample of academic administrators in March and again in June.

If in the U.S. News and World Report's measurement of academic reputation, after collecting the data, the researcher decides to use a different mapping rule on one question's responses to search for clearer patterns. The researcher is ________.

A) changing the objects being measured

B) changing the properties being measured

C) recoding the object or property

D) changing the practicality of the measure

E) None of the above is correct.

54) To recode a variable, we must reduce its statistical power.

55) The researcher has designed a pre-employment survey for identifying the best candidates for the company's forensic accounting positions. She must be certain that every candidate has an equal opportunity to score well when she chooses criteria to measure. She is concerned with which quality(ies) of criterion-related validity?

A) Relevance

B) Freedom from bias

C) Reliability

D) Availability

E) All of the above are correct.

56) If a survey is easy to administer, it rates highly on ________.

A) convenience

B) stability

C) economy

D) interpretability

E) All of the above are correct.

57) What are the four characteristics of mapping rules? Which of the four types of data corresponds with the possible combinations of these characteristics? Provide an example for each.

58) Name the four sources of error in measurement and provide an example for each.

59) Explain the three characteristics of a good measurement instrument.

60) What are the three dimensions of reliability? For each dimension, explain its meaning. What type of test can be used to assess each dimension?