Chapter 10: Community Policing and the Use of Force

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. When police officers build relationships with the public, it does which of the following?

A. It is assumed to make no difference in the likelihood of use of force.

B. enhances familiarity

C. contributes to negative stereotypes

D. increases the social distance between police and the public

Learning Objective: 10-4: Discuss how community policing and use of force are compatible.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Community Policing and Use of Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. According to former Attorney General Loretta Lynch, law enforcement officials and residents should view one another as ______, rather than as ______.

A. rivals; supporters

B. allies; adversaries

C. opponents; partners

D. resources; enemies

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify how procedural justice relates to police legitimacy.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Police Legitimacy and Procedural Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. According to the authors, police hope to promote which of the following through community policing?

A. cooperation

B. motivation

C. enthusiasm

D. innovation

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify how procedural justice relates to police legitimacy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Police Legitimacy and Procedural Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. The social contract between citizens and their government, an agreement where citizens give up certain rights in exchange for police services, is referred to as police ______.

A. ethics

B. authority

C. legitimacy

D. discretion

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify how procedural justice relates to police legitimacy.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Police Legitimacy

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. The expectation that police decisions and actions will be fair and just is referred to as ______.

A. police legitimacy

B. procedural justice

C. distributive justice

D. police authority

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify how procedural justice relates to police legitimacy.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Procedural Justice

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Procedural justice highlights which of the following beliefs about police?

A. that they are capable

B. that they are trustworthy

C. that they are biased

D. that they are powerful

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify how procedural justice relates to police legitimacy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Procedural Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Which of the following is considered to be the cornerstone of police legitimacy and trust?

A. perishable skills

B. use of force

C. procedural justice

D. officer discretion

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify how procedural justice relates to police legitimacy.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Procedural Justice

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. Which of the following was identified as a pillar of procedural justice?

A. opportunities for voice

B. ambiguity in processes

C. subjectivity in decision making

D. enhanced discretion

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify how procedural justice relates to police legitimacy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Procedural Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. The most common types of encounters people experience with police are when ______.

A. residents report a crime or problem to police

B. police provide assistance or service

C. residents are pulled over by police

D. police are investigating a crime

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify how procedural justice relates to police legitimacy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Procedural Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Which of the following reasons explains why it is difficult to collect and assess data on the prevalence rates of use of force?

A. The definition of use of force is too narrow.

B. The data come from only one source: court records.

C. Incidents of force are always reported.

D. The variety of types of force are numerous.

Learning Objective: 10-1: Define use of force, abuse of force, and lethal force.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Prevalence of Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Which of the following force options would yield the most accurate data?

A. deadly force

B. officer presence

C. verbalization

D. empty-hand control

Learning Objective: 10-1: Define use of force, abuse of force, and lethal force.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Prevalence of Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. According to the authors, the public is interested in accurate data about use of force for which reason?

A. transparency

B. training

C. compliance

D. discipline

Learning Objective: 10-1: Define use of force, abuse of force, and lethal force.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prevalence of Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. The amount of effort required by police to compel compliance of an unwilling subject is referred to as ______.

A. police legitimacy

B. officer discretion

C. use of force

D. procedural justice

Learning Objective: 10-1: Define use of force, abuse of force, and lethal force.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Use of Force Policies and Legal Case Precedent

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Which of the following statements pertaining to the use of force policies is true? Use of force policies are ______.

A. uniform across all law enforcement agencies in the United States

B. supposed to instruct law enforcements officers how to react in every case

C. updated and reviewed infrequently

D. modified based on legislative and legal actions

Learning Objective: 10-1: Define use of force, abuse of force, and lethal force.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Use of Force Policies

Difficulty Level: Hard

15. Prior to precedent-setting cases, the ______ Amendment was the standard in use of force cases.

A. Fourth

B. Sixth

C. Eighth

D. Fourteenth

Learning Objective: 10-1: Define use of force, abuse of force, and lethal force.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Legal Precedence and Liability

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Which constitutional amendment is applied in cases of abuse for those already convicted and in custody?

A. Eighth Amendment

B. Fourteenth Amendment

C. Sixth Amendment

D. Fourth Amendment

Learning Objective: 10-1: Define use of force, abuse of force, and lethal force.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Legal Precedence and Liability

Difficulty Level: Hard

17. Which of the following court cases established the fleeing felon rule?

A. Graham v. Connor (1989)

B. Tennessee v. Garner (1985)

C. Terry v. Ohio (1968)

D. Plakas v. Drinski (1993)

Learning Objective: 10-1: Define use of force, abuse of force, and lethal force.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Legal Precedence and Liability

Difficulty Level: Hard

18. Which of the following court cases established that officers can stop and frisk a subject based on reasonable suspicion and not the higher standard of probable case?

A. Graham v. Connor (1989)

B. Tennessee v. Garner (1985)

C. Terry v. Ohio (1968)

D. Plakas v. Drinski (1993)

Learning Objective: 10-1: Define use of force, abuse of force, and lethal force.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Legal Precedence and Liability

Difficulty Level: Hard

19. When an officer uses symbols of the job, such as the badge, gun, or uniform to gain compliance, they are using which level of force?

A. officer presence

B. verbalization

C. less-lethal

D. empty-hand control

Learning Objective: 10-3: Explain the definition and use of force models: continuum of force, ladder of force, wheel of force, and force options model.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Force Options Models

Difficulty Level: Hard

20. Using punches or kicks to restrain an individual is an example of which level of force?

A. officer presence

B. verbalization

C. empty-hand control

D. less-lethal

Learning Objective: 10-3: Explain the definition and use of force models: continuum of force, ladder of force, wheel of force, and force options model.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Force Options Models

Difficulty Level: Hard

21. If a police officer uses a baton or Taser to gain compliance when a subject has ignored previous commands, the level of force is considered to be ______.

A. less-lethal

B. lethal

C. empty-hand control

D. officer presence

Learning Objective: 10-3: Explain the definition and use of force models: continuum of force, ladder of force, wheel of force, and force options model.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Force Options Models

Difficulty Level: Hard

22. Which type of officers are faced with greater likelihood of conflict with subjects who are hostile?

A. detectives

B. patrol officers

C. traffic control officers

D. school resource officers

Learning Objective: 10-3: Explain the definition and use of force models: continuum of force, ladder of force, wheel of force, and force options model.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Job Assignments and Use of Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Most use of force incidents occur during ______.

A. custody

B. investigation

C. interrogation

D. arrest

Learning Objective: 10-3: Explain the definition and use of force models: continuum of force, ladder of force, wheel of force, and force options model.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Arrest Activity and Use of Force

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Which of the following is a common misconception about the use of force? Police shoot ______.

A. to minimize harm to others

B. to kill

C. at the center mass

D. to stop the threat

Learning Objective: 10-3: Explain the definition and use of force models: continuum of force, ladder of force, wheel of force, and force options model.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Misconceptions Regarding Use of Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Which of the following was identified as a way in which community policing can minimize the risks of abuse of force?

A. empowering officers to be innovative and creative in problem-solving strategies

B. directing officers, rather than coaching them

C. folding officers into police subculture

D. encouraging officers to think of short-term strategies to persistent problems

Learning Objective: 10-4: Discuss how community policing and use of force are compatible.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: How Can Community Police Reduce Use of Force Issues?

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Community policing is capable of erasing a history of public distrust.

Learning Objective: 10-4: Discuss how community policing and use of force are compatible.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Community Policing and Use of Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. It is difficult to confirm links between community policing and lowered rates of force by police.

Learning Objective: 10-4: Discuss how community policing and use of force are compatible.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Community Policing and Use of Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Community policing and use of force are not mutually exclusive, nor are they incompatible.

Learning Objective: 10-4: Discuss how community policing and use of force are compatible.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Police Legitimacy and Procedural Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. According to one source, a leading cause of death for young black men in America is being killed by police.

Learning Objective: 10-1: Define use of force, abuse of force, and lethal force.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Race and Use of Force

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Incidents involving police use of force, especially force that is lethal, have huge social costs such as the loss of police legitimacy.

Learning Objective: 10-1: Define use of force, abuse of force, and lethal force.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Legacy of Police Brutality

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. The line between use of force, deadly force, and excessive force is clear and distinct.

Learning Objective: 10-1: Define use of force, abuse of force, and lethal force.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Use of Force Policies and Legal Case Precedent

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Less than lethal weapons are those weapons that can be deployed by officers in resistant situations to help officers gain control without going hands-on physically with the suspect.

Learning Objective: 10-3: Explain the definition and use of force models: continuum of force, ladder of force, wheel of force, and force options model.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Training, Force Options Models, and Officer Discretion

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Any skill that diminishes after a period of nonuse is a perishable skill.

Learning Objective: 10-3: Explain the definition and use of force models: continuum of force, ladder of force, wheel of force, and force options model.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Training

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. The ladder force model puts the officer in the middle, at the hub of force options.

Learning Objective: 10-3: Explain the definition and use of force models: continuum of force, ladder of force, wheel of force, and force options model.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Force Options Models

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Officers who make more arrests increase their chances of having to resort to physical force.

Learning Objective: 10-3: Explain the definition and use of force models: continuum of force, ladder of force, wheel of force, and force options model.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Arrest Activity and Use of Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Explain the ways in which community policing lowers the use of force rates.

Learning Objective: 10-4: Discuss how community policing and use of force are compatible.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Community Policing and Use of Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Identify the four pillars of procedural justice. Why do you think these are important?

Learning Objective: 10-2: Identify how procedural justice relates to police legitimacy.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Procedural Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Explain why the data on prevalence rates of use of force are difficult to collect and assess.

Learning Objective: 10-1: Define use of force, abuse of force, and lethal force.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prevalence of Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Identify the five use of force levels, and provide an example of how each one is used.

Learning Objective: 10-3: Explain the definition and use of force models: continuum of force, ladder of force, wheel of force, and force options model.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Force Options Models

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Explain the common misconceptions of use of force.

Learning Objective: 10-3: Explain the definition and use of force models: continuum of force, ladder of force, wheel of force, and force options model.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Misconceptions Regarding Use of Force

Difficulty Level: Medium